Making of the Atomic Bomb
Page 125
Rasetti, Ginestra, 209
Rasmussen, Knud, 226
Rath, Ernst vom, 249
Rathenau, Walther, 174
RDX, 577
reactors, see plutonium, production piles for
Reich Research Council, 402–3, 513
Reichstag, burning of, 25, 184, 185
relativity theory, 19, 152, 168–73, 185–86, 260
republic of science, 31–32, 33–35
“Resonance in uranium and thorium disintegrations and the phenomena of nuclear fission” (Bohr), 287–88
Reviews of Modern Physics, 346–47
rhenium, 230, 349
Ricerca Scientifica, 209, 211–12, 219, 226
Richards, T. W., 358
Riemann, Georg, 61, 76
Roberts, Richard B., 270–73, 477n
nuclear fission and, 283–84, 287, 289–90, 295, 315–16, 432
uranium cross section and, 334–35
Rome, University of, 207
Rommel, Erwin, 355
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 38, 41, 138
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 526, 614, 636, 657
Roosevelt, Franklin, 606
aerial bombing and, 309–10, 471, 476
atomic bomb project administration and, 378–79, 412, 423
atomic bomb’s political implications and, 526–27, 531, 534–38, 562, 620–21
Bohr and, 525–28, 531–32, 534–38, 561–62, 620
Bush and, 337–38, 365, 377–79, 387–88, 405–6, 412, 551, 605
Byrnes and, 618–20, 646
Churchill and, 471, 500, 520–21, 527–28, 530–31, 536–38
death of, 613–14, 617
Einstein’s letters to, 303–4, 305–9, 312–14, 331–32, 635–36
Frankfurter and, 525–27, 531–32, 536–38, 562
Hopkins and, 337–38
Iwo Jima and, 594
military aspects of nuclear fission and, 313–15, 337–38, 377–79, 387–88
nuclear chain reaction and, 306–9, 313, 317
Sachs’ meetings with, 313–15
Snow on, 537
Stalin and, 536
Stimson and, 618, 620–21
Szilard and, 635–36
Teller and, 335–36
unconditional surrender and, 521
Rosbaud, Paul, 236, 253, 256, 261
Rose, E. L., 465, 467–68
Rosenberg, Alfred, 183
Rosenfeld, Léon, 193
Bohr and, 58–59, 61–62, 76–77, 264–65, 267, 282, 284–86, 289n
Roskilde, Treaty of (1658), 256
Rotblat, Joseph, 356
Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, 86, 87, 90
Royal Astronomical Society, 169
Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 55
Royal Society of London, 37, 39, 96, 153, 169, 330
Rozental, Stefan, 56, 329, 482, 483
Russell, A. S., 82, 156
Russell, Bertrand, 123
Russia, Imperial, 178–79, 180–81, 183
Rust, Bernhard, 402–3
Rutherford, Ernest, 23, 80, 83, 109, 144, 191, 198, 202, 216, 221, 231, 292–93, 652
alpha scattering studied by, 47–51, 66, 130, 135–36, 151–52
ambitions of, 39
appearance of, 46, 134–35, 159
Aston and, 138, 141
atomic models of, 40–41, 50–51, 62, 71, 77, 83–85
atomic transformation and, 27–28, 38
awards and honors of, 37, 45, 159
Bohr and, 53, 66–69, 71, 75–77, 81, 86, 136, 139, 229–30
cathode ray experiments of, 39–40
Chadwick and, 36, 50, 124, 135, 138, 153–58, 162, 164
Curies and, 42, 44–45, 84
death of, 228–30
education of, 36–39
electron theory and, 40–41, 51
Eve and, 159, 230
Geiger and, 46–48, 158
heritage and childhood of, 36
Kapitza and, 38, 164
Marsden and, 38–39, 135–36
Moseley and, 82
neutron research of, 153–58, 162, 164
Oliphant and, 38, 134–35, 229
Oppenheimer and, 123, 125
personal life of, 158–59
radioactivity studied by, 42–46, 135–38, 170
radio wave research of, 36–38
refugee rescue efforts of, 193, 195
Snow on, 38
Szilard and, 27–28, 204, 215
Thomson and, 37, 38–39, 49, 123
Weizmann’s description of, 46–47
X-ray research of, 39, 43
Rutherford, Mary Newton, 38, 39, 46, 53, 80, 83, 229
Rydberg, Johannes, 73
Rydberg constant, 73, 75, 117–18
Ryder, Arthur, 445, 662
Sachs, Alexander, 316, 369–70
Einstein’s letters and, 305–9, 312–15, 332
Roosevelt’s meetings with, 313–15
Sacre du Mesa (Flanders and Gershwin), 566
Saipan, 554–56, 587–88, 593–94, 597
San Francisco Chronicle, 273
Sassoon, Siegfried, 102
Sato, Naotake, 684–85, 693, 736
Saturday Evening Post, 680
Savitch, Pavel, 234–35, 247
“scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom, The” (Rutherford), 50–51
Schacht, Hjalmar, 22
Schiller, J. C. F. von, 60
Schlossberger, S. V., 105
Schrödinger, Erwin, 128–29, 131
science, 31–36
discovery in, 151–52, 218
growing points in, 34, 38, 115
racism and, 243
republican model of, 31–32, 33–35
in time of war, 90, 95
voluntary limitation in, 35, 77
Scientific American, 310
Scientific Autobiography (Planck), 30
scientific opinion, 34–35
scintillation, 48–49, 157–58
Scott, C. P., 88, 89
Seaborg, Glenn T., 352
atomic bomb project administration and, 412–13, 431–32
Compton and, 381, 389
Goldschmidt and, 579
Oppenheimer and, 410–11, 420
personal life of, 410
pile studies and, 442
plutonium research of, 353–55, 366, 381, 389, 407–10, 413–15, 476–77, 547–48, 603, 604
Seaborg, Helen Griggs, 410
Sea Lion, Operation, 341–42
Search, The (Snow), 134
Second Air Force, U.S., 583–84, 652
Second Armored Division, U.S., 683
Segrè, Emilio, 164, 202, 231, 299
Bohr and, 114, 132
Bothe and, 159–60
Fermi and, 205–6, 208, 210–12, 240–42, 352, 395, 434, 444, 567–68, 674
fishing enjoyed by, 567–68
Los Alamos and, 451, 460–61, 540, 567–68
neutron bombardment experiments of, 208, 210–12, 216–19, 349
Oppenheimer and, 444, 449
plutonium research of, 353–55, 366
spontaneous fission and, 540–41, 548
Trinity and, 652–53, 667, 673, 674
Senate Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, 617
Serber, Robert:
atomic bomb design and, 416–17, 460–64, 578
critical-mass calculations of, 461
Oppenheimer and, 449
Teller and, 665
Trinity and, 665, 668–70, 673
sewer-pipe bomb, 478
Shakespeare, William, 468
shaped charges, 544
Shape of Things to Come, The (Wells), 14, 26
Sherrod, Robert, 554–55
shock waves, 671–72, 674
shock-wave theory, 415
Short, Walter, C., 390–91
Shumard, Robert H., 704
Siegbahn, Karl M. G., 236, 250
Silverplate, 584
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br /> Simon, Franz:
on gaseous-diffusion barriers, 495–96
isotope-separation experiments of, 339–40, 343, 345, 492
Sinclair, Upton, 186
Site X, see Clinton Engineer Works: Oak Ridge
Site Y, see Los Alamos
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, 487
slug canning, 557
Smith, Alice Kimball, 502
Smith, Cyril, 502, 657, 664
Smith, Frederick, 41
Smith, Herbert, 120–21, 122, 124, 445
Smith, Holland, 554
Smith, Walter Bedell, 629
Smuts, Jan Christian, 88, 90, 99–100
Snow, C. P., 134, 165, 319
on Bohr, 53–54, 57, 125, 529
on Churchill, 338, 529, 531, 537
on Einstein, 168–69, 304–5
on Roosevelt, 537
on Rutherford, 38
on Szilard, 21
on Tube Alloy discussions, 537
Society for Ethical Culture, 119
Soddy, Frederick, radioactivity studied by, 42–44, 67, 170
Solomons campaign, 518–20
Solvay Conferences (1927, 1933), 132–33, 198–200
Somervell, Brehon, 424–28
Somme, Battle of the (1916), 101
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 189, 364
Bohr and, 113–14, 115
Sörlie, Rölf, 515–17
Soviet Union:
Allied strategic bombing and, 469–70
arms race and, 527–31, 534, 536–38
German Army atrocities against, 475
German Army counterattacked by, 401–2, 469
German invasion of, 367, 501
international control of atomic bomb and, 644–46
Japanese surrender and, 684–86, 691, 692–93, 736
nuclear research in, 327, 500–502, 529, 638, 649–50
political implications of atomic bomb and, 527–31, 534, 536–38, 562, 620–21, 624–25, 633–34, 637–38, 642, 644
postwar aggression of, 645–46
Truman and, 621–23
uranium ore available to, 638, 649
Spaatz, Carl, 691, 736, 744
Hiroshima target suggested by, 696, 699
Spanish Civil War, 241, 446
Speaking Frankly (Byrnes), 683
Special Engineering Detachment (SED) GI’s, 658
spectroscopy, 72–75, 82–83
Spedding, Frank, 435, 439
Speer, Albert, 402–5, 418
Spitzer, Abe, 700–701
Stages on Life’s Way (Kierkegaard), 60, 63
Stalin, Joseph, 370, 469–70
atomic bombing of Hiroshima and, 736
Byrnes and, 646, 690, 692
Harriman and, 621
Japanese surrender and, 692
Poland and, 622–24
Potsdam Conference and, 682, 689–91
Roosevelt and, 536
Trinity and, 690
Truman and, 622–24, 625, 656, 685, 689–91
Stalingrad, 482
Standardized Casualty Rate, 734
Stassfurt mission, 607–9, 612–13
State Defense Committee, Soviet, 501
State Department, U.S., 437, 620, 630
Stern, Otto, 147, 173, 190–91, 208
Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 628
Stiborik, Joseph, 704, 706, 708
Stimson, Henry L., 361, 378, 412, 525
background of, 617–18
Bohr and, 651
Byrnes and, 682–83, 686–87, 742
Eisenhower and, 688
Groves and, 640–41
Harrison and, 685–87, 688–89
Interim Committee and, 628–30, 633–34, 642–44, 647–50
international control of atomic bomb and, 645
Japanese program of, 683–85, 689, 693, 742
George Marshall and, 618, 640–41, 642
Oppenheimer and, 643, 645
political implications of atomic bomb and, 561–62, 620–21, 624–26, 633–34, 642–43
Potsdam Conference and, 682–83
Roosevelt and, 618, 620–21
on targeting of atomic bomb, 640–41, 648–50, 686, 689–91
Trinity and, 685–87, 688
Truman and, 617–18, 622, 623–26, 628–29, 639–40, 650–51, 682–84, 686–87, 690–91, 742
use of atomic bomb approved by, 691, 693, 696, 697, 745
warning of atomic attack and, 639–40, 647–50, 682, 684
Stolper, Gustav, 304, 305
Stone & Webster, 412, 422–23, 429, 431–32, 487, 489–91
Strassmann, Fritz, 784
actinium-lanthanum experiment of, 253–55
Hahn’s collaboration with, 234, 247–48, 251–55, 257–58, 262
uranium research of, 234, 247–48, 251–55, 257–58, 261–62
Strategic Air Force, U.S., 691, 744
Strategic Bombing Survey, U.S., 596, 599
Strauss, Alice Hanauer, 238
Strauss, Lewis Lichtenstein:
background of, 237–40
Szilard and, 237–40, 267–68, 281, 287, 289, 292, 301, 507
Strauss, Rosa Lichtenstein, 237–38
Streicher, Julius, 25
strontium, 511
Strutt, John William, Lord Rayleigh, 62–63, 228
“Studies in the electron theory of metals” (Bohr), 64
Styer, Wilhelm, D., 425, 427–28
sub-atomic energy, 140–41
sub-critical uranium burner, 343
submarines, nuclear power for, 549–51
Sudetenland, 244–46
“Super-explosive U235” (Hagiwara), 375
Supreme Court, U.S., 619
surge generator, 238–40, 281
Suzuki, Kantaro, 693
Suzuki, Tatsusaburoõ, 327, 346
Swann, William F. G., 144
Sweden, 256, 483–84
Swedish Academy of Sciences, Physical Institute of, 236, 250
Sweeney, Charles W., 739–40
Szilard, Béla, 239
Szilard, Gertrud Weiss, 236–37, 507, 735
Szilard, Leo, 44, 264, 315
administration of atomic bomb project and, 412, 413, 422–24
appearance of, 13, 236–37, 507
on arms race, 635–36, 637
atomic bomb’s use protested by, 697
on atomic energy, 25, 27–28, 213–14, 223, 268
Berlin described by, 18–19
biology as interest of, 26
Bush and, 413, 505–6, 508–9
Byrnes and, 636–38, 649
Compton and, 399–400, 423–24, 503–6, 635–36
on cyclotron, 21, 23
Der Bund and, 21–23, 292
eccentricities of, 506–7
education of, 14–20, 109
ego of, 21, 303
Einstein and, 14, 16, 20–21, 169, 174, 303–4, 305–8, 312–14, 331–32, 635–36
Fermi and, 280–81, 290–91, 298–303, 317, 331, 334, 338, 344–45, 374, 394–95, 442, 504–5, 508, 509
government surveillance of, 506–7, 638
Groves’s disagreements with, 502–3, 506, 508, 649
Hahn and, 45
heritage of, 13, 14, 27, 106–8
Hiroshima atomic bombing and, 735
on home refrigeration, 20–21, 174
Jewish emigration and, 26, 192–95
Laue and, 17, 19–20
Lavender and, 506, 507–8
Lindemann and, 222–25, 236, 246
Los Alamos described by, 451
Mandl and, 24–25, 26
Manhattan Project challenged by, 502–10
Meitner and, 25, 187
military aspects of nuclear fission and, 303–9, 312–17, 331, 338, 345, 346, 350, 369–70, 372
on neutrons, 28, 300
on nuclear chain reactions, 28, 203–4, 214–16, 221–25, 246–47, 254, 279–82, 289, 291–92, 298–308, 315–17, 331, 334, 338, 344, 394, 397, 442
nuclear
fission and, 267–68, 271, 287
nuclear physics as interest of, 23, 24–26
Oppenheimer and, 641–42
patents of, 14, 20–21, 223–25, 239, 254, 271, 504–8
pile studies and, 397, 411, 439, 442, 503
Planck and, 16–17, 70
Polanyi and, 25, 31, 70, 221–22, 224, 237
political implications of atomic bomb and, 635–38, 641–42, 649
politics as interest of, 14, 21–22, 24–25, 108, 508–9
Rabi and, 279–80
radioactivity research of, 44, 203–4, 238
Roosevelt and, 635–36
Rutherford and, 27–28, 204, 215
Snow on, 21
Strauss and, 237–40, 267–68, 281, 287, 289, 292, 301, 507
Teller and, 281, 289–92, 295, 303, 306–7, 697
on thermodynamic theories, 19–20
Truman and, 636, 649
Turner and, 346, 350
utopian plans of, 21–22, 24–25, 107
Weizmann and, 193, 221–22
Wells and, 14, 21, 24, 26, 107
Wigner and, 16, 18–19, 187, 266, 281–82, 292–93, 303–4, 312–13, 498, 507, 509
X-ray crystallography and, 20
Zinn and, 288–89, 291
Szilard-Chalmers effect, 215
Taft, William Howard, 525, 618
Takeuchi, Tadashi, 458
tamper, 214, 461, 545
tanks, 103
Target Committee, 626–28, 643
agenda of, 630–31
B-29 crew training reviewed by, 638–39
targets selected by, 631–32
Tatlock, Jean, 446, 571
Taylor, Geoffrey, 522, 545
Taylor instabilities, 545
tear gas, 90–92, 94–95
Technische Hochschule, 16, 87, 109
Teheran Conference (1943), 536
Teller, Edward, 127, 185, 428
appearance of, 538
atomic bomb design and, 416–20, 540
atomic bomb’s use supported by, 697
background of, 106–9, 111–13, 126, 179, 189, 415
Bethe and, 374, 415–19, 453, 524, 538–40, 543, 545–46
Bohr and, 500
Conant and, 563
critical-mass calculations of, 335, 540
emigration of, 189–90, 193–94
Fermi and, 231–32, 374–75, 565
Gamow and, 225, 269
on heavy-water piles, 524
hydrogen bomb and, 374–75, 416–18, 539–40, 543, 546, 563
implosion studies and, 540, 545–46
Los Alamos and, 460, 538–40, 543, 545–46, 565, 570
on morality of weapons work, 335–36
Neumann and, 480
nuclear chain reactions and, 289–301, 315–17
Oppenheimer and, 415, 417, 444, 449, 453–54, 511–12, 538–40, 546, 552, 570
plutonium extraction and, 410
radioactive warfare and, 510
Roosevelt and, 335–36
Serber and, 665
Szilard and, 281, 289–92, 295, 303, 306–7, 697
thermonuclear reactions and, 418–20