The Battle for Spain

by Antony Beevor

  Ares del Maestre

  Arganda

  Argèles-sur-Mer

  Argelia

  Argentina

  Arias Navarro, Carlos

  Arleguí y Bayonés, General Miguel

  Arles-sur-Tech

  Arman, Captain Pavel

  arms supplies, to nationalists, to republicans to Basque country

  Army of Africa africanistas and mentality units transported to mainland strength advance in south-west contribution to nationalist victory advance on Madrid professionalism and effectiveness and Franco’s rise to power

  Arquer, Jordi

  Artesa de Segre

  Ascanio, Major Guillermo

  Ascaso, Domingo

  Ascaso, Francisco

  Ascaso, Joaquín

  Ascó

  Asensio Cabanillas, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Carlos, and attack on Madrid, and Jarama offensive, and Brunete offensive

  Asensio Torrado, General

  Assault Guard (asaltos) role in coup détat purged communist influence, in Basque country, in Catalonia

  Asturias, general strike, 1934 rebellion under republicans military zone, Council of, fall of, guerrilla warfare, offensive arms factories

  ateneos libertarios

  Atholl, Katherine, Duchess of

  atrocities, religious, republican, nationalist, corpses displayed, statistics, reporting of, by SIM

  Aub, Max

  Auden, W. H.

  Auriol, Vincent

  Auschwitz (concentration camp)

  Austria

  Auxilio Social

  Aviazione Legionaria, see Legionary Air Force

  Avila

  Avilés

  Azañ y Díaz, Manuel, heads republican party, minister of war, confrontation with Church, in government, imprisoned, president, saves monks, and Miaja’s communism, and defence of Bilboa, conversations monitored, and republican power struggle, and killing of Nin, pessimism and realism, protests to League of Nations, ‘unforgettable’ meeting with Negrín, bids farewell to International Brigades, crosses into France, resigns, and coup against Negrín, death

  Azarola y Gresillón, Rear-Admiral

  Antonio

  Azcárete y Florez, Pablo de

  Aznar, Admiral Juan Bautista

  Badajoz, province of, massacre, guerrilla operations

  Badalona

  Badía, Josep

  Badía, Miguel

  Bahamonde y Sánchez de Castro, Antonio

  Bailby, Léon

  Bailén

  Balaguer

  Baldwin, Stanley, (later Earl)

  Baleares (nationalist cruiser)

  Balearic Islands

  Banco de Españ

  Banco de Vizcaya

  Banco Nacional Agrario

  banks, merchant, under Franco

  Banque Commerciale pour l’Europe du Nord

  Baquer, General Alonso

  Baráibar, Carlos de

  Barajas airfield

  Barbastro

  Barbieri, Franco

  Barceló Jover, Major Luis

  Barcelona, fin de siècle, Semana, Trágica (1909), disturbances, provisional government declared, military rising parliament reopened, assassinations, People’s Olympiad, political killings, under republicans, respect for buildings, hotels, deteriorating atmosphere and events of May (1937) German consulate anarchist strength, Soviet representation in, Azaña arrives, Durruti’s funeral, bombing of journalists, middle classes, prisons, newspapers, NKVD in,republican government in, Basque government in, spy network, reservoirs and power supplies, food shortages, demonstration against defeatism, Franco’s ambivalence over, fall of bridges, military parade, farewell parade for International Brigades, flight from city, fifth column miraculous Christ of Lepanto guerrilla operations

  Barletta (Italian battleship)

  Barrio, José del

  Barrón y Ortiz, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Fernando, and Jarama offensive, and Guadarrama offensive, and Brunete offensive, and Aragón offensive, and battle of Ebro and peace negotiations

  Barroso, Colonel Antonio

  Basque army, see Euzko Godarostea

  Basque country, Catholicism nationalism, autonomy, military rising, republicans hold, clergy shot, Church left untouched, separatism, flag, ambivalence towards Republic, nationalist advances in, military zone, independent army established, campaign in, class divisions, industry, treatment of prisoners, naval actions, relations with Valencia government, continuing war with Franco regime, government in Barcelona, arms factories

  Basque language

  Basque Nationalist Party, see PNV Bastico, General Ettore

  Batet Mestres, General Domingo

  battle shock

  Bautista Sánchez, Colonel (later General)

  Juan

  Bayo Girón, Alberto

  Beckett, Samuel

  Behn, Sosthenes

  Beigbeder, Colonel

  Beimler, Hans

  Belchite, battle of

  Bell, Julian

  Belloc, Hilaire

  Ben Mizzian, Major Mohamed

  Beorleguí y Canet, Major Alfonso

  Berenguer Fusté, General Dámaso

  Bergamin, José

  Bergonzoli, General Annibale

  Beria, Lavrenti

  Berlin, axis with Rome, Red Army in, reports to, Largo Caballero interrogated

  Bernal García, General Carlos

  Bernanos, Georges

  Berneri, Camillo

  Berti, General Mario

  Berzin, General Jan (‘Grishin’)

  Besteiro, Julián, presides over Cortes, warnings against civil war, visits London, opposition to Negrín government, death

  Bevin, Ernest

  Bianco, Vincenzo (‘Krieger’)

  Bilbao, general strike disturbances, military rising, threatened by nationalists, defence of, republican navy in, blockade of, nationalists reluctant to bomb, evacuation, nationalists enter, under Franco

  Bilbao, Ángel Crescenciano

  Bilbao, Tomás

  Biscay, Bay of

  Bismarck, Prince Otto von

  Bizkaya (trawler)

  Blanco, Segundo

  Blomberg, General Werner von

  Blue Division (División Azul)

  Blum, Léon

  Boadilla del Monte

  Bocheau, Pierre

  Bodosakis-Athanasiades, Prodromos

  Bolín, Luis, and international support for nationalists, and Franco’s rise to power, propaganda efforts

  Borbón-Parma, Prince Javier de

  Bordighera

  Borjas Blancas

  Borkenau, Franz

  Bosch Gimpera, Pere

  Bowers, Claude

  Bram

  Bramhill (ship)

  Brasillach, Robert

  Brecht, Bertolt

  Brenan, Gerald

  Breton, André

  Brigada Aérea Hispana

  Brigada Social

  Brihuega, battle of, (see Guadalajara, battle of)

  Britain, role in Spanish Civil War, fear of communism, Abdication crisis, prejudices, naval power, Stalin and, and International Brigades, fear of air attacks, reluctance to take sides, perceptions of Spanish Civil War, foreign policy, shifting sympathies, failure to halt air raids, failure to assist Catalans, treaty with Italy, puts pressure on nationalists, recognizes Franco regime, ignores requests for evacuation, restricts immigration, planned German invasion

  British Communist Party

  British Union of Fascists

  British volunteers

  Brooklyn Daily Eagle

  Broz, Josip (‘Tito’)

  Brunete, battle of losses at, propaganda about, mistakes at

  Buchenwald (concentration camp)

  Buckley, Henry

  Buiza, Admiral Miguel

  Bujaraloz

  Bulgarian volunteers

  Buñuel, Luis

  Burgos prison riots, military rising, political killings, Franco governme
nt in, under Franco, march pasts

  Burgos, Archbishop of

  Burgos Law of Political Responsibilities

  Burguete, General Ricardo

  caballeristas, (supporters of Largo Caballero)

  Cabanellas Ferrer, General Miguel, and Franco’s rise to power

  Cabello, Cándido

  Cabeza Grande, defence of

  Cáceres, province of, guerrilla operations

  Cádiz, Constitution of, province of, military rising, army landings, German, naval base

  Calder, Alexander

  Calvo Sotelo, José assassinated, as finance minister, admired by Eden, propaganda about

  Camacho Benítez, Colonel Antonio

  Cambó, Francesc

  Camp Lukács, (International Brigade punishment camp)

  Campbell, Roy

  Campeche (ship)

  Campilo (ship)

  Campins Aura, General Miguel

  Campos Guereta, Colonel Luis

  Canadian volunteers

  Canarias (nationalist cruiser)

  Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm

  Canary Islands

  Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio

  Capa, Robert

  Capdevielle, Juana

  Carabanchel

  carabineros

  Cárdenas, Juan

  Cárdenas, President Lázaro

  Cardozo, Harold

  Carlists (requetés), nineteenth-century revolts, begin military training, involvement in coupétat, barbarity, political killings, treatment of prisoners of war, politics, role in civil war, authoritarian values, and Franco’s rise to power, in attack on Madrid, military value and populist base, in Jarama offensive, fanatical chaplains, Navarrese brigades in nationalist power struggle, tercio of Nuestra Señora de Montserrat, at battle of Teruel, in Aragón offensive, under Franco, in battle of Catalonia, and Franco regime, religious convictions

  Carls, Admiral Rolf

  Carrasco Amilibia, Colonel León

  Carrillo, Santiago

  Carrillo, Wenceslao

  Cartagena, prison riots, republican naval base, gold reserves shipped from, bombed, republican fleet leaves

  Cartier-Bresson, Henri

  Casablanca

  Casado López, Lieutenant-Colonel César

  Casado López, Lieutenant-Colonel Segismundo, and battle of Brunete, denied knowledge of airfields, opposition to Negrín government, promoted, negotiations leaves Spain

  Casares Quiroga, Santiago resigns as prime minister

  Casares, Maria

  casas del pueblo

  Casas Viejas

  Cascajo Ruiz, Colonel Ciriaco

  Caspe

  Castejón, Major Antonio and attack on Madrid

  Castellón de la Plana

  Castilblanco

  Castilla del Pino, Professor Carlos

  Castillo de Olite (ship)

  Castillo Sería, Lieutenant José

  Castor Ibáñez, Lieutenant-Commander

  Castro, Enrique

  Castro, Fidel

  Castro Delgado, Enrique

  Castro Veiga, José

  Catalonia, agriculture, industry and economy, anarchism, nationalism, autonomy and statute, Generalitat, general strike, clergy in, Central Committee of, Anti-Fascist Militias, political killings, self-government, militia system, political groupings, independent army established, relations with republican government, separatism, and republican power struggle, judicial system, press, divided from rest of Spain, defeatism, integrated into Spanish state, suspected French designs on, republicans rearm, battle for and fall, guerrilla operations

  Catholic Church, under, Second Republic, and education, identified with Spain, finances, Falange and, target for republicans, and political killings, nationalists and, and Franco’s rise to power, leaders, backing for Franco, and bombing of Guernica, social doctrine, under Franco, censorship, Carlists and

  Catholicism

  Caudé, wells of

  Caudwell, Christopher

  Cayatte, André

  Cazorla, José

  CEDA, (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas

  censorship

  Centaño, Lieutenant-Colonel José

  Cerro de los Angeles

  Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de

  Cervera

  Ceuta

  Chalmers-Mitchell, Sir Peter

  Chamberlain, Lady

  Chamberlain, Neville, friendliness towards Franco, as prime minister, misleads Commons

  Chapaprieta, Joaquin

  Chatfield, Admiral Lord

  Chautemps, Camille

  Checa, Pedro

  checas

  Chetwode, Sir Philip

  Chiang Kai-Shek

  Chicago Tribune

  Chile

  Chilton, Sir Henry

  China

  Chinese volunteers

  Churchill, Winston

  Churruca (destroyer)

  Ciano, Count Galeazzo, notes British friendliness to Mussolini, delight in bombing raids, signs pact with, Britain, anger with nationalists, and Negrín’s negotiations, fears European war, and fall of, Catalonia, proclaims fascist victory

  Cicognani, Cardinal Gaetano

  Ciempozuelos

  Císcar (republican destroyer)

  Cisneros, Cardinal Ximénez

  Ciudad de Barcelona (ship)

  Ciudad Real province of

  Ciutat, Major Francisco

  Civil Guard, (Guardia Civil, Sanjurjo’s power base, brutality, Popular Front and, role in coupétat, role in civil war, barracks, purged, in Madrid, disbanded in Basque country, intervene in Salamanca, come out of hiding, anti-guerrilla operations

  Claridad (socialist newspaper)

  Claudel, Paul

  CNT, (Confederación Nacional de Trabajo), membership, strikes, under Second Republic, and defence of Republic, increased strength, Barcelona conference, in Catalonia, women and, flag, and socialized industries, and militias, and Largo, Caballero government, foreign volunteers and, and defence of Madrid, arrest government ministers, in Málaga, war fund, at battle of Guadalajara, in Basque Country, and Stalin’s purges, and republican power struggle, and ‘events of May’, collectives destroyed, rift between leadership and membership, defence of El Mazuco pass, in Aragón, demonstrate against defeatism, concessions to government, leaders meet in Paris, joins anti-fascist front

  CNT-FAI

  Codó

  Codovilla, Vittorio

  Cold War

  collectives, destroyed in Aragón

  Collioure

  Comintern, agents and advisers, and Largo Caballero government, role in Spanish Civil War, and formation of International Brigades, ambitions for republican Spain, and republican power struggle

  Comité des Forges

  commissars

  Communist Youth (Juventud Socialista Unificada)

  Comorera, Joan, and ‘events of May’

  Companys, Lluís, proclaims Catalan state, political realism, complaints against government, and ‘events of May’, sidelined, bids farewell to International Brigades, and fall of Catalonia, in France, executed

  Condés, Captain Fernando

  Condor Legion, trains militia, in Málaga campaign, receives Messerschmitt and Jarama offensive, in Basque campaign, develops tactics, and Brunete offensive, on northern front, upgrades aircraft, in Gudalajara offensive and battle of Teruel, Gruppe Droehne, reinforced, attacks Italians, withdrawn from fighting, and battle of Ebro, guarantees Franco victory, hands over to Spanish pilots, and fall of Catalonia, tracks republican fleet, role in republican collapse, participates in victory parade

  Confederation Générale du Travail

  Conservative Party

  Contreras, Carlos

  Cooper, Alfred Duff, (later Viscount Norwich)

  Čopič?, General Vladimir

  Coppi, General Giovanni

  CorberaEbre

  Cordillera Cantábrica

  Córdoba, protests, province of, political killings, fr
ont

  Cordon, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Antonio

  Cornford, John

  Corpe di Truppe Volontarie, (see CTV)

  Cortada, Roldán

  Cortés, Captain

  Corunna

  Corunna road battles

  Cot, Pierre

  Covadonga, as codeword

  Cowan, Denis

  Cowles, Virginia

  Cristóbal, Major

  Croix de Feu

  Cruz Salido, Francisco

  CTV (Corpe di Truppe Volontarie), on Guadalajara front, at Teruel, in Aragón offensive, in advance on Valencia

  Cuatro Caminos

  Cuenca, SIM prison

  Cuenca, Victoriano

  Cuerpo Legionario Italiano, (see also CTV)

  Cuesta de la Reina

  Cuesta Monereo, José

  Cunard, Nancy

  currency, hard, under Franco, see also gold reserves

  Curto, Inocencio

  Czechoslovakia

  Dachau (concentration camp)

  Daily Mail

  Daily Telegraph

  Daladier, Édouard

  Dato (gunboat)

  Dato e Iradier, Eduardo

  Dávila, General Fidel, conquest of northern front, and battle of Teruel, and battle of Catalonia, occupies Barcelona

  Dávila, Sancho

  Dawson, Geoffrey (Times editor)

  Day-Lewis, Cecil

  de Gaulle, Charles

  de Jouvenal, Bernard

  DEDIDE (Departamento Especial de Información del Estado)

  del Rio, Felipe

  Delaprée, Louis

  Delasalle, Major Gaston

  Delbos, Yvon

  Delgado Serrano, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) Francisco

  Delmer, Sefton

  desertion

  Deterding, Henry

  Deutschland (German warship)

  Diario Oficial

  Díaz, Francisca

  Díaz Alor, José

  Díaz Baza, Ángel

  Díaz Criado, Colonel Manuel

  Díaz Sandino, Colonelb Felipe

  Díaz Tendero, Captain Eleuterio

  Dimitrov, Georgi

  Domingo, Marcelino

  Dos Passos, John

  Doussinague, José María

  Doval Bravo, Major Lisardo

  Dronne, Captain Raymond

  Duchesne, Captain

  Duclos, Jacques

  Dulles, John Foster

  Durán, Gustavo

  Durango

  Durruti, Buenaventura, orders attack on Atarazanas barracks, and defence of Madrid, death and funeral, with prisoner

  Dzigan, Yefim

  Ebro, River, battle of, propaganda about, losses at, air tactics, mistakes at

  economy, Catalan, First World War boom, and shipment of gold reserves, crisis in republican zone, under Franco, see also agriculture; currency; gold reserves; industry; unemployment