The Science of Language
Page 45
structure of 236, 277–278
study of 36, 76, 79, 154See also linguistics
theories of 164, 193, 239, 243, 285
unboundedness 177, 262
uniqueness to humans 150
variation in the use of 164, 239–242
language faculty 74, 172, 177, 243, 260, 261, 270adicity requirements of 198, 199
perfection of 50
language of thought 27, 71, 189, 190, 220, 230, 269
Lasnik, Howard 85
learning 95, 180, 200, 226, 281, 282empiricism and 173, 179
learning a language 187, 225, 226
Lenneberg, Eric 21, 43, 47, 59
Lepore, E. 195
Lewis, David 153, 165, 220, 222, 223, 224
Lewontin, Richard 58, 157, 170, 172, 173, 175, 231
lexical items 62categories of 234
origin of 46
liberalism 98
linguistic communities 222
linguistic development 39See also development
linguistic practices 221, 223
linguistic principles 237, 276
linguistics 19, 36, 82, 145and biology 150
first factor considerations 45, 96, 148
and natural science 38
and politics 152
procedural theories in 149
second factor considerations 148, 277
structural 80
theories of 87, 265
third factor considerations:separate entry
Locke, John 26, 125, 267personal identity 31, 271
secondary qualities 256
logic, formal 251
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory 84–85
Lohndal, Terje 57
Lorenz, Konrad 21
Marx, Karl 122
mathematics 127, 165, 214, 215, 266capacity for 15, 136
formal functions in 166–169
and language 181
semantics for 251, 252
Mayr, Ernst 174
meaning 29, 98, 199, 206, 250, 252, 270, 273computational theory of 213
construction of a science of 226–230
externalist science of 209–220
methodology for a theory of 226, 227
study of 261
theories of 221
theory of 212, 214, 217, 226
Mehler, Jacques 55
Merge 16, 77, 91, 181, 236, 243, 263, 279–280 centrality of 41, 60, 62, 176, 245
consequences of 17
and edge properties 17, 41
Merge, external 17, 166, 201, 238, 263
Merge, internal 16, 25, 29, 85, 201, 238, 264
mutation giving rise to 43, 52
origin of 14, 15
Pair Merge 201, 264
and psychic identity 28
uniqueness to humans 25, 200, 205
metaphor 195
metaphysics 125, 157
Mikhail, John 63, 99, 100, 109, 129, 286
Mill, John Stuart 121, 122, 287
Miller, George 81
mindas a causal mechanism 138
computational sciences of 247
computational theory of 280
philosophy of 186, 255
place of language in 69–74
representational theory of 162, 188
science of 138–151, 212, 288
theory of 14
Minimalist Program 24, 83, 84, 233, 235–236, 237, 245, 246, 264and adaptationism 172
aim of 42, 199
simplicity and 80, 243, 285
modes of presentation (MOPs) 187, 190, 217, 219, 275roles of 218
morality 99, 100, 109, 287character of 110
conflicting systems 114
generation of action or judgment 110
moral truisms 101, 102
theories of 110, 135
trolley problems 109
and universalization 113–117
Moravcsik, Julius 164
morphemes 81, 149
morphology 52, 54, 195distributed 27
and syntax 200
Morris, Charles 250
Move 108
mutations 14, 43, 170, 171survival of 51, 53
mysterianism 97
Nagel, Thomas 98
Narita, Hiroki 57
nativism 187, 217, 283
natural numbers 204
natural sciences 18, 38
natural selection 58, 76, 104, 143, 157
Navajo language 277
neural networks 225
neurophysiology 74
Newton, Isaac 66, 67, 72, 88, 127, 134alchemy 67
nominalism 87, 91
non-violence 114
Norman Conquest 84
objective existence 169
optimism 118–123, 288
parameters 39–45, 54, 239–242, 277, 282, 283and acquisition of language 241
choice of 45, 83
developmental constraints in 243
functional categories 240
head-final 55, 240
headedness macroparameter 241, 276
linearization parameter 55
macroparameters 55
microparameters 55, 84, 241
polysynthesis 55
and simplicity 80
Peck, James 288
Peirce, Charles Sanders 96, 132, 184, 250abduction 168, 183, 246, 248
truth 133, 136
perfection 50–58, 172, 175, 263–264, 279
person, concept of 125, 126, 271, 284‘forensic' notion of 125
persuasion 114, 116
Pesetsky, David 30
Petitto, Laura-Ann 48, 78
phenomenalism 211
philosophers 129–131, 282, 283contribution of 129
contribution to science 129
philosophy 181accounts of visual sensations 255–257
of language 35, 273
of mind 186, 255
problems in 286
and psychology 140
phonemes 81
phonetic/phonological interfaces 161, 194, 253, 278
phonology 28, 40, 52, 54, 57, 109, 208
physicalism 187
physics 19, 65, 106, 144and chemistry 65
folk physics 72
theoretical 18, 65, 73, 100
Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo 140, 246, 279
Pietroski, Paulconcepts 47, 199, 200, 209
semantics 198, 211, 223, 229, 254
Pinker, Steven 166, 170, 172, 176
Pirahã language 30
Plato 115
Plato's Problem 23, 195, 236, 244, 246, 266
Poincaré, Henri 65
politics 116, 119, 145, 146, 152
poverty of the stimulus observations 5, 23, 40, 177, 200, 227, 233, 262
power 120
pragmatic information 30
pragmatics 36, 130, 250–254, 289definition of 250
and reference 253
principles and parameters approach to linguistic theory 24, 53, 235, 236, 240, 245, 276language acquisition 60, 82, 83, 149
and simplicity 246
progress 118, 145, 183
projection problem 83, 89
prosody 37
psychic continuity 26, 205, 207, 271
psychology 219of belief and desire 138, 141
comparative 21
evolutionary 103–107, 111
folk psychology 72, 141
and philosophy 140
rationalistic 255
scientific 140
psychology, comparative 21
public intellectuals 122
Pustejovsky, James 164, 195
Putnam, Hilary 95, 126, 138
Quine, W. V. O. 32, 68, 89, 153, 215, 273, 288
rationalism 5, 178, 181, 260, 283
rationality 114, 140, 142, 178, 180, 181, 265scientific 105, 123
Rawls, John 129
realism 209, 211
reality, psychological 73
recursion 51, 62, 64, 77, 167, 176, 179, 204, 267See also Merge
reference 28, 29, 34
, 160, 215, 220, 250Chomsky's views 188, 253, 268, 269–270, 273
and concepts 206, 219
and truth 191, 207, 230, 251
Reinhart, Tanya 79
relation R 207
relativism 121
religious fanaticism 123
representation 31–32, 160, 162, 187, 257, 259discourse representation theory 207
internal 32
phonetic 32
Republican Party 119, 140
responsibility to protect 287
Rey, Georges 32, 273
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 142
Russell, Bertrand 65, 134
Salazar-Ciudad, J. 279
Schlegel, A.W. 63
science 18, 38, 75, 124–128, 165, 183, 211, 290achievements of 74, 183, 184
best explanation in 96
capacity to do 19, 72, 90, 128, 133, 134, 246
Chomsky's views on 183–185
cognitive faculties 127
concepts in 184
concepts of 279
data-orientated character of 65–68
evidence for theories of 66
experimental method 147
formal functions in 166–169
formal theories in 18–19, 289
goal of 88, 183
‘great leap forward' 72
history of 108
innovation in 74
limits of 105, 106
Machian tradition in 65
methodology of 243
of the mind 280
problems in 65–68
rationality in 116, 123
regulative ideal of 90
and simplicity 88, 246, 285
social implications of 98
syntax of 72
theories in 73, 167
and truth 184
second factor considerations 148, 277
Sellars, Wilfrid 153, 179, 220, 284behaviorism 180, 222, 284
concepts 279, 284
linguistic practices 223, 224, 239
meaning 220
mind 186, 283
semantic features 164, 211, 228, 253lexical 193
science of 190
semantic information 29, 189
semantic interface (SEM) 54, 189, 191, 194, 255, 258, 259, 270, 272, 278features at 161, 257
information provided at 29, 161, 260, 270, 285
production of concepts at 278
status and role of the information provided at 270
and syntax 40, 79
semantics 35, 36, 160, 193, 206–229, 250–254, 287Chomsky's views on 206
definition of 250
dynamic 207
externalist 208, 212, 215, 220–231
Fregean 216
functionist theory 229
internalist 208, 212, 227, 270
mathematical 251, 252
mental models 207
science of 210
as the study of signs 251
and syntax 207
theoretical aim of 208
senses 187, 215, 251
sensory experience 255–257 adverbial account of 256, 260
configuration by the mind 258
sensory-motor systems 14, 42, 48, 51, 78, 203adaptations of 77
and parameters 54
ship of Theseus 125, 271, 288
simple recurrent networks, Elman 283
simplicity 59–64, 86, 89, 243–246, 265, 281in Chomsky's work 80–85
different notions of 87
internal 80, 82, 285
internal notion of 87
in the language faculty 61
theoretical 80
Skinner, B. F. 67, 76, 158, 173, 285
slavery 118, 119, 143, 144
slime molds 175
Smith, Adam 106
social sciences 100, 138, 144, 145, 146
sociobiology 103–107
Spelke, Elizabeth 70, 100, 109, 177, 268
Spell Out 278
stereotypes 194
storytelling 27, 128
superior temporal gyrus (STG) 48, 78
Suppes, Patrick 88
syntax 36, 54, 112, 195, 250–254, 261, 288definition of 250
generative 232
mapping to the semantic interface 40
and morphology 200
narrow 79, 240, 269
and reference 269
and semantics 207
study of 269
Tarski, Alfred 215
teaching 115
theory of mind 14, 31
third factor 45, 46, 80, 82, 132, 167, 245, 277, 278, 283and language acquisition 59, 96
study of 147, 149, 236
Thompson, D'Arcy 21, 137, 171, 266
Thompson, Judith 100
thought 15, 44See also cognitive faculties, mind
Tinbergen, N. 21
Tomalin, Marcus 267, 285
Trivers, Robert 105, 106
trolley problems 109
truth 114, 206, 221, 229conditions for 273, 274
objective 135, 136
and reference 191, 207, 230, 251
and science 133, 184
truth indications 273, 274, 287
Turing, Alan 157, 171, 266computation 32, 266
morphogenesis 23, 76, 137, 172
Tversky, Amos 140
understanding 132, 192See also cognitive faculties, mind , thought
Universal Grammar 30, 39–45, 54, 99, 149, 154, 167, 245biological character of 23, 24, 154, 277
and Merge 246
nature of 41
principles of 80
simplicity and 59–64
unboundedness 82
universality, principle of 101, 111, 113–117