by Oliver Stone
59 Painter, Standing at Armageddon, 335.
60 “Stamping Out Treason,” Washington Post, April 12, 1918.
61 Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 355–356.
62 Painter, Standing at Armageddon, 336.
63 John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 212–213.
64 Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 169, 176–177; Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 143–145.
65 Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 59–60, 101; Connelly, 140; Kennedy, Over Here, 186.
66 Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 101–106; Kennedy, Over Here, 186–187.
67 Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 116–119.
68 Randolph Bourne, “Unfinished Fragment on the State,” in Untimely Papers, ed. James Oppenheim (New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1919), 145.
69 Jonathan B. Tucker, War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006), 10.
70 Wyndham D. Miles, “The Idea of Chemical Warfare in Modern Times,” Journal of the History of Ideas 31 (April–June 1970), 300–303.
71 “Declaration (IV, 2) Concerning Asphyxiating Gases,” Document 3 in Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff, ed. Documents on the Laws of War, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 60.
72 “Crazed by Gas Bombs,” Washington Post, April 26, 1915.
73 “New and Peculiar Military Cruelties Which Arise to Characterize Every War,” Washington Post, May 30, 1915.
74 “Topics of the Times,” New York Times, May 8, 1915.
75 James Hershberg, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 44.
76 David Jerome Rhees, “The Chemists’ Crusade: The Rise of an Industrial Science in Modern America, 1907–1922,” PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1987, 169; Hershberg, James B. Conant, 45–49.
77 Hershberg, James B. Conant, 42.
78 James A. Tyner, Military Legacies: A World Made by War (New York: Routledge, 2010), 98–99.
79 Robert A. Millikan, “The New Opportunities in Science,” Science 50 (September 26, 1919), 292.
80 John D. Moreno, Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: Routledge, 2001), 38–39; Andy Sagar, “ ‘Secret, Deadly Research’: Camp AU Scene of World War Training Trenches, Drill Field,” Eagle, American University, January 15, 1965.
81 Sagar, “ ‘Secret, Deadly Research.’ ”
82 Moreno, Undue Risk, 38–39; Sagar, “ ‘Secret, Deadly Research.’ ”
83 Martin K. Gordon, Barry R. Sude, Ruth Ann Overbeck, and Charles Hendricks, “A Brief History of the American University Experiment Station and U.S. Navy Bomb Disposal School, American University,” Office of History, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 1994, 12.
84 Hershberg, James B. Conant, 46–47.
85 Richard Barry, “America’s Most Terrible Weapon: The Greatest Poison Gas Plant in the World Ready for Action When the War Ended,” Current History (January 1919), 125, 127.
86 Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare (New York: Random House, 2002), 35.
87 Barry, “America’s Most Terrible Weapon,” 127–128.
88 Dominick Jenkins, The Final Frontier: America, Science, and Terror (London: Verso, 2002), 38.
89 Tucker, War of Nerves, 19–20.
90 Barry, “America’s Most Terrible Weapon,” 128.
91 Yuki Tanaka, “British ‘Humane Bombing’ in Iraq During the Interwar Era,” in Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young, ed. Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History (New York: New Press, 2009), 8, 11.
92 Spencer Tucker, ed., Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 57.
93 Tanaka, “British ‘Humane Bombing’ in Iraq,” 13–29.
94 Jenkins, The Final Frontier, 2–3.
95 Ibid., 12.
96 Will Irwin, “The Next War”: An Appeal to Common Sense (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1921), 37–38 (quotes in original).
97 “The Chemical Industry Show,” New York Times, September 26, 1917.
98 Daniel P. Jones, “American Chemists and the Geneva Protocol,” Isis, September 1980, 432, 438.
99 Ibid., 433, 438; Tucker, War of Nerves, 21–22.
100 Tucker, War of Nerves, 20.
101 Gardner, LaFeber, and McCormick, Creation of the American Empire, 336.
102 “President Wilson’s Message to Congress on War Aims,” Washington Post, January 9, 1918.
103 Gardner, LaFeber, and McCormick, Creation of the American Empire, 343.
104 Ibid., 343; Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 423.
105 Robert David Johnson, The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 82–83.
106 “Our Men in Russia at Foch’s Demand,” New York Times, January 10, 1919.
107 Johnson, The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations, 84, 320 (Table A.1, “Votes on Anti-imperialist Issues,” Section J).
108 H. G. Wells, The Shape of Things to Come (New York: Macmillan, 1933), 82.
109 Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War: And the Preservation of Peace (Doubleday, 1995), 285.
110 LaFeber, The American Age, 297.
111 Ibid., 299.
112 Ibid.
113 Woodrow Wilson, Woodrow Wilson: Essential Writings and Speeches of the Scholar-President, ed. Mario DiNunzio (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 36.
114 Paul F. Boller, Jr., Presidential Anecdotes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 220.
115 Gardner, LaFeber, and McCormick, Creation of the American Empire, 340–341.
116 Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 418, 426.
117 Gardner, LaFeber, and McCormick, Creation of the American Empire, 341.
118 Knock, To End All Wars, 223–224, 329, note 76.
119 Boller, Presidential Anecdotes, 220–221.
120 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 36–37, 268.
121 John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 77; John M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), 2; Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 422.
122 Gardner, Wilson and Revolutions, 341–342.
123 Ibid., 338–339.
124 Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955), 124–129.
125 Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (1972; reprint, Boston: South End Press, 1977), 126.
126 Olmsted, Real Enemies, 19.
127 66th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Documents: Addresses of President Wilson, 11, 120 (May–November 1919), 206.
128 Leroy Ashby, The Spearless Leader: Senator Borah and the Progressive Movement in the 1920’s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), 101.
129 Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 429.
130 Knock, To End All Wars, 186.
131 Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 206–208.
132 Sally Marks, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976), 13, 38–39.
133 David F. Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 31–45.
134 Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and
Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 176–183.
135 Ibid., 233.
136 Darlene Rivas, “Patriotism and Petroleum: Anti-Americanism in Venezuela from Gómez to Chávez,” in Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Alan L. McPherson (New York: Berghahn Books, 2006), 87.
137 Stephen G. Rabe, The Road to OPEC: United States Relations with Venezuela, 1919–1976 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), 22.
138 Yergin, The Prize, 233.
139 Rabe, The Road to OPEC, 17, 38, 43.
140 Ibid., 17–18, 36, 38.
141 Nikolas Kozloff, Hugo Chávez: Oil, Politics, and the Challenge to the U.S. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 15.
142 Yergin, The Prize, 233–236.
143 B. S. McBeth, Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908–1935 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 70.
144 Rivas, “Patriotism and Petroleum,” 93; Rabe, The Road to OPEC, 94–116; Yergin, The Prize, 436.
145 “Favors Body with Teeth,” New York Times, August 29, 1920.
146 “The Republic of Brown Bros.,” Nation, June 7, 1922, 667.
147 John Dos Passos, Three Soldiers (New York: George H. Doran, 1921), 209–211.
148 F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920), 282.
149 Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition (New York: Scribner, 2009), 61.
150 Kennedy, Over Here, 187–189; Loren Baritz, The Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974), 43–46.
151 Kennedy, Over Here, 188.
152 Merle Curti, “The Changing Concept of ‘Human Nature’ in the Literature of American Advertising,” The Business History Review 41 (Winter 1967), 337–353.
153 Noble T. Praigg. Advertising and Selling: By 150 Advertising and Sales Executives (New York: Doubleday, 1923), 442.
154 Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 69.
155 Ibid., 85.
156 H. L. Mencken, “The Husbandman,” in H. L. Mencken, A Mencken Chrestomathy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 360–361.
157 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1986), 16.
CHAPTER 2: THE NEW DEAL: “I WELCOME THEIR HATRED”
1 David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 163–164.
2 “Looking to Mr. Roosevelt,” New York Times, March 4, 1933.
3 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal, 1933–1935 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003), 13.
4 “Text of New President’s Address at Inauguration,” Los Angeles Times, March 5, 1955.
5 “The Michigan ‘Bank Holiday,’ ” New York Times, February 16, 1933; “More States Move to Protect Banks,” New York Times, March 1, 1933; “Banks Protected in 5 More States,” New York Times, March 2, 1933.
6 Anne O’Hare McCormick, “Main Street Reappraises Wall Street,” New York Times, February 28, 1932.
7 “Mitchell Called in Senate Inquiry,” New York Times, February 2, 1933.
8 Liaquat Ahamed, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World (New York: Penguin, 2009), 441; Jonathan Alter, The Defining Moment: FDR’s Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 150.
9 Barton J. Bernstein, “The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform,” in Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History, ed. Barton J. Bernstein (New York: Pantheon, 1968), 268.
10 Francis Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Harper Colophon, 1946), 328.
11 Stephen K Shaw, William D. Pederson, and Frank J. Williams, ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Transformation of the Supreme Court, vol. 3 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), 83.
12 Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941 (New York: Times Books, 1983), 158; Gary Orren, “The Struggle for Control of the Republican Party,” New York Times, August 17, 1976.
13 “The Nation: I’ve Had a Bum Rap,” Time, May 17, 1976, 19.
14 “National Affairs: Not Since the Armistice,” Time, September 25, 1933, 12.
15 Hugh S. Johnson, Blue Eagle, from Egg to Earth (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), 405; Perkins, 206; McElvaine, 161.
16 Arthur G. Dorland, “Current Events: The Break Down of the London Economic Conference,” Quarterly Review of Commerce, Autumn 1933, 36–37.
17 Michael Augspurger, “Henry Luce, Fortune, and the Attraction of Italian Fascism,” American Studies 41 (Spring 2000), 115.
18 “Cites Harm to U.S. in ‘Patriot Racket,’ ” Baltimore Sun, March 9, 1931.
19 Philip Jenkins, Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925–1950 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 91.
20 Ibid., 118; “Ballot on Gold 283–5,” New York Times, May 30, 1933.
21 Peter H. Amann, “A ‘Dog in the Nighttime’ Problem: American Fascism in the 1930s,” The History Teacher 19 (August 1986), 572; Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Vintage Books, 1983), 266–277.
22 Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 130.
23 Alan J. Lichtman, White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008), 76; Leo P. Ribuffo, The Old Christian Right (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983), 25–79, 80–127.
24 Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, 76; Jenkins, Hoods and Shirts, 101–104; Ribuffo, The Old Christian Right, 184–185.
25 Amann, “A ‘Dog in the Nighttime’ Problem,” 566.
26 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 154; Raymond Moley, After Seven Years (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939), 369–370.
27 “Defends Current Policy,” New York Times, November 10, 1933; Franklyn Waltman, Jr., “Morgan Call on President Is Surprise,” Washington Post, November 17, 1933; “More Loans Urged by Irénée DuPont,” New York Times, December 31, 1933.
28 “Moley Says Banks Back Gold Policy,” New York Times, December 4, 1933.
29 “Smith Hurls Broadside Against Gold Program,” Los Angeles Times, November 25, 1933.
30 Howard Wood, “Fears for Nation’s Future Lead Bankers to Speak Out,” Chicago Tribune, September 29, 1934.
31 “Business Body Demands U.S. Return to Gold,” Washington Post, November 4, 1933.
32 “Time to Stop Crying Wolf,” New York Times, May 4, 1934.
33 “Business: Reassurance,” Time, October 8, 1934, 56.
34 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 388–389; Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 101.
35 Arthur Krock, “Tide Sweeps Nation,” New York Times, November 7, 1934.
36 “Borah Demands a Rebuilt Party,” New York Times, November 9, 1934.
37 Oswald Garrison Villard, “Russia from a Car Window,” Nation, November 6, 1929, 517.
38 Louis Fischer, “Russia and the World Crisis,” Nation, November 25, 1931.
39 “6,000 Artisans Going to Russia, Glad to Take Wages in Roubles,” Business Week, September 2, 1931; “Amtorg Gets 100,000 Bids for Russia’s 6,000 Skilled Jobs,” Business Week, October 7, 1931.
40 Stuart Chase, “The Engineer as Poet,” New Republic, May 20, 1931; Stuart Chase, A New Deal (New York: Macmillan, 1932), 252.
41 Edmund Wilson, Travels in Two Democracies (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 321.
42 Edmund Wilson, “The Literary Consequences of the Crash,” The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the Twenties and Thirties (New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1952), 408; Peter J. Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 106–143.
43 “The Beleaguered City,” Los Angeles Times, July 17, 1934.
44 “Strike Condemned by Coast Papers,” New York Times, July 17, 1934.
45 Read Bain, “Scientist as Citizen,” Social Forces 11 (March 1933), 413–414.
46 Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory, 101–102.
47 Bernstein, “The New Deal,” 271.
48 Frank A. Warren, Liberals and Communism: The Red Decade Revisited (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966), 6.
49 John Dos Passos, “Whither the American Writer,” Modern Quarterly 6 (Summer 1932), 11–12.
50 For a chilling account of the murderous policies of Hitler and Stalin, see Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010). Millions of people died in Stalin’s deliberately induced Ukrainian famine of 1932 and 1933, during which thousands resorted to cannibalism.
51 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 278–279.
52 “Text of Roosevelt’s Closing Campaign Speech at Madison Square Garden,” Baltimore Sun, November 1, 1936.
53 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 286.
54 “President Sets a Record with Electoral Vote,” Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1936.
55 “Politics and Health,” Nation, July 30, 1938, 101.
56 “National Health Program Offered by Wagner in Social Security Bill,” New York Times, March 1, 1939.
57 Peter Kuznick, “Healing the Well-Heeled: The Committee of Physicians and the Defeat of the National Health Program in 1930’s America” (1989), unpublished paper; also see Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory, 86–87.
58 Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, 68.
59 Ibid., 60–62.
60 Ibid., 69–70.
61 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 83. “Gen. Butler Bares Fascist Plot to Seize Government by Force,” New York Times, November 21, 1934.
62 Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, 70.
63 Kathryn S. Olmsted, Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 30.
64 “Probing War’s Causes,” Washington Post, April 14, 1934.
65 Wayne Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Policy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1962), 71–73.
