by Oliver Stone
66 John E. Wilz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934–36 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963), 37.
67 “Arms and the Men,” Fortune, March 1934, 53.
68 “Congress Gets Message,” New York Times, May 19, 1934.
69 “Greed, Intrigue Laid to War Materials Ring,” Washington Post, June 23, 1934.
70 “Munitions Control by the Government Favored by Senatorial Inquiry Group,” New York Times, August 30, 1934.
71 “$1,245,000,000 Work to Du Ponts in War,” New York Times, September 13, 1934.
72 Robert C. Albright, “Du Ponts Paid 458 Per Cent on War Profits,” Washington Post, September 13, 1934.
73 Robert Albright, “Reich Builds Big Air Force with U.S. Aid, Inquiry Hears,” Washington Post, September 18, 1934.
74 “Plan of Legion to Curb Profits of War Hailed,” Washington Post, September 25, 1934.
75 “Nye Plans to Abolish War Profit,” Los Angeles Times, September 27, 1934.
76 “Arms Inquiry Just Starting, Nye Declares,” Washington Post, September 29, 1934.
77 “Look Before Leaping,” Washington Post, October 1, 1934.
78 “Nye Asks 98% Tax for War Incomes,” New York Times, October 4, 1934.
79 Constance Drexel, “State Ownership Not Arms Problem Remedy,” Washington Post, December 4, 1934.
80 “The Problem of Munitions,” Chicago Tribune, December 18, 1934; Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow,” Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1934.
81 “Roosevelt Asks Laws to Remove Profit from War,” Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1934.
82 Raymond Clapper, “Between You and Me,” Washington Post, December 14, 1934.
83 Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Policy, 80, 82.
84 “800% War Profit Told at Inquiry; Du Pont Deal Up,” Washington Post, December 14, 1934.
85 “Senator Nye’s Third Degree,” Chicago Tribune, December 24, 1934.
86 “Roosevelt Backs Munitions Inquiry,” New York Times, December 27, 1934.
87 “Urge Continuing Munitions Inquiry,” New York Times, January 11, 1935.
88 “Grace Challenges 100% War Tax Plan,” New York Times, February 26, 1935; “Huge War Profits Laid to Bethlehem,” New York Times, February 27, 1935.
89 Eunice Barnard, “Educators Assail Hearst ‘Influence,’ ” New York Times, February 25, 1935; Eunice Barnard, “Nye Asks for Data for Press Inquiry,” New York Times, February 28, 1935.
90 L. C. Speers, “Issue of War Profits Is Now Taking Form,” New York Times, March 24, 1935; Robert C. Albright, “President Hears Drastic Plan to Take Profit Out of War,” Washington Post, March 24, 1935; Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Policy, 85.
91 “House and Senate Clash on Drastic Bills to End All Profiteering in War,” New York Times, April 3, 1935.
92 “Hostility to War Rules House Votes as Army Parades,” New York Times, April 7, 1935.
93 Arthur Krock, “In the Nation,” New York Times, April 11, 1935.
94 “Hedging on Aims Denied by Baruch,” New York Times, April 17, 1935.
95 “Nye Submits Bill for Big War Taxes,” New York Times, May 4, 1935.
96 “The Communistic War Bill,” Chicago Tribune, September 18, 1935.
97 Newton D. Baker, “Our Entry into the War,” New York Times, November 13, 1935.
98 Thomas W. Lamont, “Mr. Lamont Excepts,” New York Times, October 25, 1935.
99 “2 Morgan Aides Deny Blocking Arms Inquiry,” Washington Post, January 7, 1936.
100 Ibid; “Morgan Testifies as Nye Bares Data on War Loans Curbs,” New York Times, January 8, 1936.
101 Felix Bruner, “Nye Assailed as Senators Leave Arms Investigation,” Washington Post, January 17, 1936.
102 “Southerner Shakes with Rage as He Defends Chief in Senate,” Washington Post, January 18, 1936.
103 “Funds Spent, Nye Declares Arms Inquiry Is Postponed,” Washington Post, January 20, 1936.
104 “Senate Votes Funds for Nye Wind-up,” New York Times, January 31, 1936.
105 Ray Tucker, “Hard Road to Peace Revealed by Inquiry,” New York Times, February 9, 1936.
106 “An Inquiry Ends Well,” New York Times, February 9, 1936.
107 “Nye Denies Inquiry ‘Cleared’ Morgan,” New York Times, February 10, 1936.
108 George Gallup, “82% Majority Votes to End Profit of War,” Washington Post, March 8, 1936.
109 “Munitions Report May Challenge Arms Industry,” Atlanta Constitution, March 8, 1936.
110 “On Nationalizing Munitions,” Washington Post, March 9, 1936.
111 Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Policy, 91–92.
112 “Nye Group Urges U.S. Set Up Its Own Gun Plants,” Chicago Tribune, April 21, 1936.
113 Max Wallace, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003), 226.
114 Richard S. Tedlow, The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM’s Founding Father and Son (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 129.
115 “British, Nazi Trade Groups Reach Accord,” Chicago Tribune, March 17, 1939.
116 Theodore J. Kreps, “Cartels, a Phase of Business Haute Politique,” American Economic Review 35 (May 1945), 297.
117 Kevin Maney, The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson Sr. and the Making of IBM (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 206.
118 “Ford Says It’s All a Bluff,” New York Times, August 29, 1939; Wallace, The American Axis, 219.
119 GM spokesman John Mueller claimed that the company had lost day-to-day control over its German operations in September 1939. See Michael Dobbs, “Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration,” Washington Post, November 30, 1998; Wallace, The American Axis, 332; Bradford Snell, “American Ground Transport,” U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, February 26, 1974, 17–18.
120 Snell, “American Ground Transport,” 16.
121 Edwin Black, Nazi Nexus: America’s Corporate Connections to Hitler’s Holocaust (Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2009), 9.
122 Ibid., 10; Dobbs, “Ford and GM Scrutinized.”
123 Paul A. Lombardo, A Century of Eugenics in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 100; Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
124 Black, Nazi Nexus, 34–35.
125 Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 111; Black, Nazi Nexus, 25.
126 Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 116.
127 Ben Aris and Duncan Campbell, “How Bush’s Grandfather Helped Hitler’s Rise to Power,” Guardian, Sep. 25, 2004; Wallace, The American Axis, 349.
128 Black, Nazi Nexus, 119; Snell, “American Ground Transport,” 22.
129 Research Findings About Ford-Werke Under the Nazi Regime (Dearborn, MI: Ford Motor Company, 2001), 7, 121–122, http://media.ford.com/events/pdf/0_Research_Finding_Complete.pdf.
130 Jason Weixelbaum, “The Contradiction of Neutrality and International Finance: The Presidency of Thomas H. McKittrick at the Bank for International Settlements in Basle, Switzerland 1940–1946,” http://jasonweixelbaum.wordpress.com/#_ftn85.
131 Dobbs, “Ford and GM Scrutinized.”
132 Johnson, The Peace Progressives, 292.
133 George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 503–504.
134 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 395–396.
135 William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), 293.
136 Dominic Tierney, FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 68–69.
137 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 398–400.
CHAPTER 3: WORLD WA
R II: WHO REALLY DEFEATED GERMANY?
1 “The Debate in Commons,” New York Times, October 4, 1938.
2 David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War (New York: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), 42–49.
3 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007411.
4 Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Line of 4,500 Miles,” New York Times, September 4, 1940.
5 David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 456.
6 John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 123–125.
7 Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., “Who Was Henry A. Wallace? The Story of a Perplexing and Indomitably Naïve Public Servant,” Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2000.
8 Peter J. Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 184–186, 205–206.
9 Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 218.
10 Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, 222–223.
11 Charles Hurd, “President Moves,” New York Times, March 31, 1940.
12 George Bookman, “President Says Program Would Eliminate ‘Silly Foolish Dollar Sign,’ ” Washington Post, December 18, 1940.
13 “Mrs. Roosevelt Rebukes Congressmen of G.O.P.,” Los Angeles Times, January 8, 1941.
14 “Hoover Scores Surrender of Congress,” Washington Post, January 11, 1941.
15 “Wheeler Sees War in Bill,” Los Angeles Times, January 13, 1941.
16 Ibid.
17 Robert C. Albright, “President Calls Senator’s ‘Plow Under . . . Youth’ Remark ‘Rotten,’ ” Washington Post, January 15, 1941.
18 “Wheeler Asserts Bill Means War,” New York Times, January 13, 1941.
19 George C. Herring, Aid to Russia 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), 5.
20 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 475.
21 “Basic Fear of War Found in Surveys,” New York Times, October 22, 1939.
22 David Kennedy pushed the number up to 3.6 million; cf. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 482.
23 “Text of Pledge by Churchill to Give Russia Aid,” Chicago Tribune, June 23, 1941.
24 Turner Catledge, “Our Policy Stated,” New York Times, June 24, 1941.
25 Herring, Aid to Russia 1941–1946, 12.
26 “Our Alliance with Barbarism,” Chicago Tribune, September 2, 1941, 14.
27 Arthur Krock, “US Aid to Soviet Is Found Lagging,” New York Times, December 3, 1941.
28 Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1968), 139.
29 Ibid., 141–142.
30 Walter LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 381–382.
31 Justus D. Doenecke and John E. Wilz, From Isolation to War, 1931–1941 (American History Series) (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1991), 159–161, 168–176.
32 Ronald H. Spector, In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia (New York: Random House, 2007), 95.
33 Henry R. Luce, “The American Century,” Life, February 1941, 61–65.
34 LaFeber, The American Age, 380.
35 Henry A. Wallace, The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace 1942–1946, ed. John Morton Blum (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 635–640.
36 Herring, Aid to Russia 1941–1946, 56, 58.
37 Herbert Feis, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 42.
38 Lloyd C. Gardner, Walter F. LaFeber, and Thomas J. McCormick, Creation of the American Empire, vol. 2: U.S. Diplomatic History Since 1893 (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976), 425.
39 John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990), 149.
40 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 573.
41 Allan M. Winkler, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America (New York: Longman, 2006), 235.
42 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 574.
43 Edward T. Folliard, “Molotov’s Visit to White House, Postwar Amity Pledge Revealed,” Washington Post, June 12, 1942.
44 “US Pledges Europe Attack,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 1942.
45 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 575–576.
46 Mark Sullivan, “A Military Question,” Washington Post, August 5, 1942.
47 Mark Sullivan, “Mark Sullivan,” Washington Post, July 12, 1942.
48 John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 69.
49 George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 547.
50 Mark A. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: American Military Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–1943 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 55–58, 110.
51 Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 579.
52 “Hull Lauds Soviet Stand,” New York Times, December 12, 1941.
53 Ralph Parker, “Russian War Zeal Lightens Big Task,” New York Times, April 4, 1942.
54 Orville Prescott, “Books of the Times,” New York Times, June 22, 1942.
55 Barnett Nover, “Twelve Months,” Washington Post, June 22, 1942.
56 Robert Joseph, “Filmland Salutes New Tovarichi,” New York Times, July 5, 1942.
57 Leland Stowe, “Second Front Held Vital,” Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1942.
58 Leland Stowe, “Second Front Decision Held Imperative Now: All Signs Point to Powerful Resistance in West if Allies Wait Until Spring,” Los Angeles Times, August 25, 1942.
59 George Gallup, “Allied Invasion of Europe Is Urged,” New York Times, July 17, 1942.
60 June Austin, “Letter to the Editor,” Washington Post, July 10, 1942.
61 “C.I.O. Leaders Ask President to Open Second Front at Once,” Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1942.
62 “C.I.O. Rally to Ask 2d Front,” New York Times, July 13, 1942.
63 “Moscow’s Newspapers Highlight Second Front,” Atlanta Constitution, August 2, 1942; “Sees Stand Vindicated,” New York Times, June 13, 1942.
64 “500 Writers Ask 2d Front,” New York Times, September 15, 1942.
65 “2d Front Demand Made at Red Rally,” New York Times, September 25, 1942.
66 “43 May Be Too Late for 2nd Front—Wilkie,” Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1942.
67 A. J. P. Taylor, The Second World War: An Illustrated History (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1975), 168.
68 Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 26.
69 Susan Butler, ed. My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 63.
70 Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Harper & Row, 1946), 83–85.
71 Lloyd C. Gardner, A Covenant with Power: America and World Order from Wilson to Reagan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 63.
72 Winston Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy: The Second World War, vol. vi (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 214–215; Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States, 154.
73 Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank Since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1973), 29.
74 Elizabeth Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World: America’s Vision for Human Rights (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005), 252.
75 Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Second World War (New
York: William Morrow, 1997), 140.
76 Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), 37.
77 Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 144.
78 Lloyd C. Gardner, Approaching Vietnam: From World War II through Dienbienphu (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988), 25.
79 Kimball, The Juggler, 149, 154.
80 Stephen F. Vogel, The Pentagon: A History: The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon—and to Restore It Sixty Years Later (New York: Random House, 2007), 42.
81 New York Times described it as a “great concrete doughnut of a building.” Newsweek criticized the building’s exterior as “penitentiary-like.” Years later, Norman Mailer would observe that the “pale yellow walls” of the Pentagon, which he anointed “the true and high church of the military-industrial complex,” were “reminiscent of some plastic plug coming out of the hole made in flesh by an unmentionable operation.” See “Mammoth Cave, Washington, DC,” New York Times, June 27, 1943; Vogel, The Pentagon: A History, 306; Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night: History as a Novel, the Novel as History (New York: Signet, 1968) 116, 132.
82 Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 227–228; Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties (New York: Perennial, 2001), 434.
83 LaFeber, The American Age, 413.
84 Howard Jones, Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1897 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 219.
85 Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 338.
86 Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947, 163.
87 H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 6.
88 Kenneth W. Thompson, Cold War Theories: World Polarization, 1943–1953 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 103.
89 “Report of President Roosevelt in Person to the Congress on the Crimea Conference,” New York Times, March 2, 1945.
90 Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), 870.
91 Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 43.
