The Untold History of the United States

by Oliver Stone

  187 Seymour M. Hersh, “The Deal: Why Is Washington Going Easy on Pakistan’s Nuclear Black Marketers?,” New Yorker, March 8, 2004, 32.

  188 Pew Research Center, “Pew Global Attitudes Project: Spring 2007 Survey of 47 Publics” (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, 2007), 88; Pew Research Center, “Publics of Asian Powers Hold Negative Views of One Another,” September 21, 2006, http://pewglobal.org/2006/09/21/publics-of-asian-powers-hold-negative-views-of-one-another/.

  189 “Poll: Bin Laden tops Musharraf in Pakistan,” September 11, 2007, http://articles.cnn.com/2007-09-11/politics/poll.pakistanis_1_approval-rating-poll-qaeda?_s=PM:POLITICS.

  190 Nick Allen, “Soviet Break-up Was Geopolitical Disaster, Says Putin,” Daily Telegraph (London), April 26, 2005.

  191 Nick Allen, “Why Russia Is Putting Stalin Back on His Pedestal,” Daily Telegraph (London), April 20, 2005.

  192 William M. Arkin, “Secret Plan Outlines the Unthinkable,” Los Angeles Times, March 9, 2002.

  193 “America as Nuclear Rogue,” New York Times, March 12, 2002.

  194 Tadatoshi Akiba, “Peace Declaration, August 6, 2003,” www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/declaration/English/2003/index.html.

  195 Keir A. Leiber and Daryl G. Press, “The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy,” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2006, 42, 52.

  196 Peter Finn, “Russians Sense the Heat of Cold War,” Washington Post, April 3, 2006.

  197 Yegor Gaidar, “Nuclear Punditry Can Be a Dangerous Game,” Financial Times (London), March 29, 2006.

  198 “Russian and U.S. Citizens See Each Other as Potential Enemies?,” Pravda, April 24, 2006.

  199 “National Security,” program broadcast by Radio Russia on April 5, 2006, supplied by BBC Worldwide Monitoring; Fred Weir, “In Moscow, Buzz over Arms Race II,” Christian Science Monitor, April 24, 2006; Gaidar, “Nuclear Punditry Can Be a Dangerous Game.”

  200 Peter C. W. Flory, “Does Washington Really Have (Or Want) Nuclear Primacy?,” Foreign Affairs, September–October 2006, 149–150; Keith Payne, “A Matter of Record,” Foreign Affairs, September–October 2006, 152.

  201 Alexei Arbatov, “Cutting a Deal,” Foreign Affairs, September–October 2006, 153–154.

  202 Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press, “Lieber and Press Reply,” Foreign Affairs, September–October 2006, 154–157.

  203 William B. Scott, “USSC Prepares for Future Combat Missions in Space,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, August 5, 1996, 51.

  204 Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001), viii, xii.

  205 Sean Kay, Global Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Quest for Power and the Search for Peace (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 187.

  206 Jonathan Shainin, “Rods from God,” New York Times Magazine, December 10, 2006, 70.

  207 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 502.

  208 Ibid., 503.

  209 Nick Turse, “Planet Pentagon How the Pentagon Came to Own the Earth, Seas, and Skies,” July 11, 2007, www.tomdispatch.com/post/174818.

  210 “Department of Defense Base Structure Report, Fiscal Year 2008 Baseline,” www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/bsr/BSR2008Baseline.pdf.

  211 Thomas Donnelly and Vance Serchuk, “Toward a Global Cavalry: Overseas Rebasing and Defense Transformation,” American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, July 1, 2003, www.aei.org/outlook/17783.

  212 Douglas J. Feith, “Prepared Statement Before the House Armed Services Committee,” June 23, 2004, www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=133.

  213 Tom Engelhardt, The American Way of War: How Bush’s Wars Became Obama’s (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2010), 42.

  214 Thom Shanker, “Despite Slump, U.S. Role as Top Arms Supplier Grows,” New York Times, September 7, 2009.

  215 Brzezinski, “Terrorized by ‘War on Terror.’ ”

  216 Mike Allen and Edward Walsh, “Presidential Rivals Feast on Jokes, Jabs,” Washington Post, October 20, 2000.

  217 Louise Story, “Wall St. Profits Were a Mirage, but Huge Bonuses Were Real,” New York Times, December 18, 2008.

  218 David Goldman, “Most Firms Pay No Income Taxes—Congress,” August 12, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/08/12/news/economy/corporate_taxes.

  219 Lichtman, White Protestant Nation, 446.

  220 James T. Patterson, “Transformative Economic Policies: Tax Cutting, Stimuli, and Bailouts,” in Zelizer, The Presidency of George W. Bush, 130.

  221 Paul Harris, “Welcome to Richistan, USA,” Observer (London), July 22, 2007.

  222 Louise Story, “Top Hedge Fund Managers Do Well in a Down Year,” New York Times, March 25, 2009.

  223 International Labour Organization, World of Work Report 2008: Income Inequalities in the Age of Financial Globalization (Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies, 2008), www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/download/world08.pdf, xi.

  224 Tomoeh Murakami Tse, “Buffett Slams Tax System Disparities,” Washington Post, June 27, 2007.

  225 David Rothkopf, “They’re Global Citizens. They’re Hugely Rich. And They Pull the Strings,” Washington Post, May 4, 2008; David Brown, “Richest Tenth Own 85% of World’s Assets,” Times (London), December 6, 2006, www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article661055.ece.

  226 “Giving More Generously: What Rich Countries Gave in Foreign Aid Last Year,” Economist, March 31, 2009, www.economist.com/node/13400406?story_id=13400406.

  227 Mark Knoller, “President Bush by the Numbers,” February 11, 2009, www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/19/politics/bush_legacy/main4735360.shtml.

  228 Carol Morello and Dan Keating, “Millions More Thrust into Poverty,” Washington Post, September 11, 2009.

  229 Jodie T. Allen, “A Nation of ‘Haves’ and ‘Have-Nots’?,” Pew Research Center, September 13, 2007, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/593/haves-have-nots.

  230 Robert Reich, “America Is Becoming a Plutocracy,” October 18, 2010, www.salon.com/news/feature/2010/10/18/the_perfect_storm.

  231 “Bush’s Final Approval Rating: 22 Percent,” www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/16/opinion/polls/main4728399.shtml.

  CHAPTER 14: OBAMA: MANAGING A WOUNDED EMPIRE

  1 Emily Eakin, “Ideas & Trends: All Roads Lead to D.C.,” New York Times, March 31, 2002.

  2 Bob Woodward, Obama’s Wars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 11.

  3 Steven S. Clark, “Pharma Makes a Pragmatic Left Turn in this Election,” WTN News, November 3, 2008, wtnnews.com/articles/5185.

  4 Dan Froomkin, “White House Watch,” Washington Post, April 6, 2009.

  5 Matt Taibbi, “Obama’s Big Sellout,” December 13, 2009, Rolling Stone, www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/12/13-8; Jackie Calmes, “Obama’s Economic Team Shows Influence of Robert Rubin—With a Difference,” New York Times, November 24, 2008; Eric Dash, “Citigroup to Halt Dividend and Curb Pay,” New York Times, November 23, 2008; Amit R. Paley and David Cho, “Administration Seeks an Out on Bailout Rules for Firms,” Washington Post, April 4, 2009.

  6 James K. Galbraith, “It Was the Banks,” November 5, 2010, www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/05-13.

  7 Dan Froomkin, “Suskind’s ‘Confidence Men’ Raises Questions About Obama’s Credibility,” Huffington Post, December 2, 2011, www.commondreams.org/view/2011/12/02-8.

  8 Eric Alterman, “The Ingrates of Wall Street,” Nation, June 15, 2011, www.thenation.com/article/161447/ingrates-wall-street.

  9 Nelson D. Schwartz and Louise Story, “Pay of Hedge Fund Managers Roared Back Last Year,” New York Times, April 1, 2010.

  10 Michael Luo, “In Banking, Emanuel Made Money and Connections,” New York Times, December 4, 2008.

  11 Ryan Lizza, “Inside the Crisis: Larry Summers and the White House Economic Team,” New Yorker, October 12, 2009, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/10/12/091012fa_fact_lizza?printable=true#ixzz1QgGbqGCw.

  12 Andrew Sum, Ishwar Khatiw
ada, Joseph McLaughlin, and Sheila Palma, “The ‘Jobless and Wageless’ Recovery from the Great Recession of 2007–2009: The Magnitude and Sources of Economic Growth Through 2011 and Their Impacts on Workers, Profits, and Stock Values,” May 2011, www.clms.neu.edu/publication/documents/Revised_Corporate_Report_May_27th.pdf; Jeff Madrick, “When Will Obama Sound the Alarm About Jobs?” June 9, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-madrick/when-will-obama-sound-the_b_874426.html.

  13 Harold Meyerson, “The Unshared Recovery,” Washington Post, September 6, 2010; Steven Rattner, “The Rich Get Even Richer,” Washington Post, March 25, 2012.

  14 Chris Hedges, “Nader Was Right: Liberals Are Going Nowhere With Obama,” August 10, 2009, www.truthdig.com/report/item/20090810_nader_was_right_liberals_are_going_nowhere_with_obama.

  15 Paul Krugman, “The Social Contract,” New York Times, September 23, 2011.

  16 Robert B. Reich, “How to End the Great Recession,” New York Times, September 3, 2010; Edward N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States,” March 2010, www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_589.pdf, 11.

  17 Charles M. Blow, “America’s Exploding Pipe Dream,” New York Times, October 29, 2011; www.sgi-network.org/pdf/SGI11_Social_Justice_OECD.pdf.

  18 Jason DeParle, “Harder for Americans to Rise from Economy’s Lower Rungs,” New York Times, January 5, 2012.

  19 Peter Whoriskey, “Executive Incentives,” Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2008, online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/st_ceos_20081111.html.

  20 William M. Isaac, “Obama’s Financial Reform Weak and Ineffective,” Forbes, April 22, 2010, www.forbes.com/2010/04/22/financial-reform-barack-obama-chris-dodd-opinions-contributors-william-m-isaac.html.

  21 Steven Pearlstein, “Whose Side Is Obama On?” Washington Post, November 25, 2009.

  22 Nicholas Confessore, “Obama Seeks to Win Back Wall St. Cash,” New York Times, June 13, 2011.

  23 Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Of the 1%, By the 1%, For the 1%,” Vanity Fair, May 2011, www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105.

  24 Jonathan D. Salant and Lizzie O’Leary, “Six Lobbyists Per Lawmaker Work on Health Overhaul (Update 2),” Bloomberg.com, August 14, 2009, www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aqMce51JoZWw.

  25 Glenn Greenwald, “White House as Helpless Victim on Healthcare,” December 16, 2009, www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/12/16/white_house.

  26 Robert Kuttner, “A Wake Up Call,” January 17, 2010, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-kuttner/a-wake-up-call_b_426467.html.

  27 Harold Meyerson, “Who’s Hurt by Paul Ryan’s Budget Proposal,” Washington Post, April 5, 2011.

  28 Thomas L. Friedman, “Still Digging,” New York Times, December 7, 2010.

  29 Paul Krugman, “The President Is Missing,” New York Times, April 10, 2011.

  30 Doug Cameron, “GE’s Immelt Receives Cash Bonus,” Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2011, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704893604576200850366030310.html; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Obama Sends Pro-Business Signal with Adviser Choice,” New York Times, January 21, 2011.

  31 Harold Meyerson, “Wall St. Attacks Obama for Tactic It Uses,” Washington Post, April 4, 2012; Zachary A. Goldfarb, “Obama Support for GE, Boeing, JPMorgan Doesn’t Always Go Both Ways,” Washington Post, July 19, 2012.

  32 Margaret Talev, “Obama Retakes the Oath of Office After Busy First Day,” McLatchy News, January 21, 2009, www.mcclatchydc.com/2009/01/21/60448/obama-retakes-the-oath-of-office.html.

  33 “Obama Administration in Danger of Establishing ‘New Normal’ with Worst Bush-Era Policies, Says ACLU,” July 29, 2010, www.aclu.org/national-security/obama-administration-danger-establishing-new-normal-worst-bush-era-policies-says-a.

  34 Charlie Savage, “Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A.,” New York Times, September 9, 2010.

  35 Jack Goldsmith, “The Cheney Fallacy,” New Republic, May 18, 2009, www.tnr.com/article/politics/the-cheney-fallacy?page=0,0&id=1e733cac-c273-48e5-9140-80443ed1f5e2&p=1.

  36 Jonathan Turley, “Taking Liberties: Obama May Prove Disastrous in Terms of Protecting Our Rights,” Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2011.

  37 Paul Richter, “State Department Spokesman P. J. Crowley Resigns,” New York Times, March 14, 2011.

  38 Marjorie Cohn, “Bradley Manning: Traitor or Hero,” Consortium News, December 24, 2011, www.consortiumnews.com/2011/12/24/bradley-manning-traitor-or-hero.

  39 “WikiLeaks Wins Australian Journalism Award,” AFP, November 27, 2011, www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQRUCe6qxRkV8J7Q8Ix6HUPcD_Eg; Glenn Greenwald, “WikiLeaks Wins Major Journalism Award in Australia,” November 27, 2011, www.salon.com/2011/11/27/wikileaks_wins_major_journalism_award_in_australia.

  40 Robert Scheer, “From Jefferson to Assange,” Nation, December 28, 2010, www.thenation.com/article/156909/jefferson-assange.

  41 Thomas R. Eddlem, “Gingrich Calls Assange an ‘Enemy Combatant,’ ” New American, December 9, 2010, www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/foreign-policy/5454-gingrich-calls-assange-an-enemy-combatant; Martin Beckford, “Sarah Palin: Hunt WikiLeaks Founder Like al-Qaeda and Taliban Leaders,” Telegraph (London), December 26, 2011, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8171269/Sarah-Palin-hunt-WikiLeaks-founder-like-al-Qaeda-and-Taliban-leaders.html.

  42 James C. Goodale, “WikiLeaks Probe: Pentagon Papers Injustice Déjà Vu,” Daily Beast, June 12, 2011, www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/06/13/wikileaks-probe-spoils-pentagon-papers-anniversary.html; Trevor Timm, “Cablegate One Year Later: How WikiLeaks Has Influenced Foreign Policy, Journalism, and the First Amendment,” Electronic Freedom Foundation, November 28, 2011, www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/11/cablegate-one-year-later-how-wikileaks-has-influenced-foreign-policy-journalism.

  43 R. Jeffrey Smith, “Classified Pentagon Report Upholds Thomas Drake’s Complaints About NSA,” Washington Post, June 23, 2011.

  44 Glenn Greenwald, “Climate of Fear: Jim Risen v. the Obama Administration,” June 23, 2011, www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/06/23/risen.

  45 Steven Erlanger, “Europeans Criticize Fierce U.S. Response to Leaks,” New York Times, December 10, 2010.

  46 Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, “A Hidden World, Growing Beyond Control,” Washington Post, July 19, 2010.

  47 Dana Priest and William M. Arkin, “Monitoring America,” Washington Post, December 20, 2010.

  48 Charlie Savage, “Senators Say Patriot Act Is Being Misinterpreted,” New York Times, May 27, 2011.

  49 Charlie Savage, “F.B.I. Agents Get Leeway to Push Privacy Bounds,” New York Times, June 13, 2011; David K. Shipler, “Free to Search and Seize,” New York Times, June 23, 2011.

  50 Jonathan Turley, “Ten Reasons We’re No Longer the Land of the Free,” Washington Post, January 15, 2012.

  51 Karen DeYoung, “Familiar Faces and Some Prominent Newcomers,” Washington Post, March 3, 2008.

  52 Joshua E. Keating, “The Audacity of What?” Foreign Policy, January 24, 2011, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/24/the_audacity_of_what.

  53 Ryan Lizza, “How the Arab Spring Remade Obama’s Foreign Policy,” New Yorker, May 2, 2011, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/02/110502fa_fact_lizza?currentPage=all.

  54 Michael Abramowitz, Shailagh Murray, and Anne E. Kornblut, “Obama Close to Picking Clinton, Jones for Key Posts,” Washington Post, November 22, 2008.

  55 Eliot Cohen, “What’s Different About the Obama Foreign Policy,” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2009, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203946904574300402608475582.html.

  56 Robert Parry, “The Secret World of Robert Gates,” November 9, 2006, www.consortiumnews.com/2006/110906.html; Robert Parry, “How the War Hawks Caged Obama,” November 30, 2009, www.consortiumnews.com/2009/113009.html; Robert Parry, Secrecy & Privilege: Rise of the Bush Dynasty from Watergate to Iraq (Arlington, VA: Media Consortium, 2004).

  57 Mark Landler, “Clinton Speech Offers Policy Overview,” New York Times, S
eptember 8, 2010.

  58 Elisabeth Bumiller, “Gates on Leaks, Wiki and Otherwise,” New York Times, November 30, 2010.

  59 Andrew J. Bacevich, “Hillary Clinton’s ‘American Moment’ Was Nothing But American Blather,” New Republic, September 13, 2010, www.tnr.com/blog/foreign-policy/77612/hillary-clintons-american-moment-was-nothing-american-blather.

  60 Charlie Savage, “2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate,” New York Times, June 18, 2011.

  61 Charlie Savage, “Mostly in Echo, Rivals Discuss Reach of Power,” New York Times, December 30, 2011; Steve Chapman, “Mirror Images,” Chicago Tribune, January 5, 2012.

  62 Simon Jenkins, “U.S. Embassy Cables: The Job of the Media Is Not to Protect the Powerful from Embarrassment,” Guardian, November 28, 2010.

  63 Garry Wills, “Obama’s Legacy: Afghanistan,” New York Review of Books, July 27, 2010, www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/jul/27/obamas-legacy-afghanistan/.

  64 Karen DeYoung, “Afghan Conflict Will Be Reviewed,” Washington Post, January 13, 2009.

  65 White House Press Release, February 17, 2009, www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Statement-by-the-President-on-Afghanistan.

  66 Elisabeth Bumiller and Mark Mazetti, “A General Steps from the Shadows,” New York Times, May 12, 2009; Tom Engelhardt, The American Way of War: How Bush’s Wars Became Obama’s (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2010), 141.

  67 Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazetti, “Switch Signals New Path for Afghan War,” New York Times, May 12, 2009.

  68 Bob Woodward, “Obama: ‘We Need to Make Clear to People That the Cancer Is in Pakistan,’ ” Washington Post, September 29, 2010.

  69 David E. Sanger and Eric Schmitt, “Pakistani Nuclear Arms Pose Challenge to U.S. Policy,” New York Times, February 1, 2011.

  70 K. Alan Kronstadt, “Pakistan-U.S. Relations,” February 6, 2009, Congressional Research Service, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33498.pdf.

  71 Tim Reid, “We’ll Bomb You to Stone Age, US Told Pakistan,” Times (London), September 22, 2006, www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article647188.ece.

  72 Woodward, “Obama: ‘We Need to Make Clear to People That the Cancer Is in Pakistan.’ ”