The Untold History of the United States
Page 104
as neoconservative target, 522, 534–35, 544
nuclear energy in, 408–9, 410, 602
offer of cooperation by, 534
oil in, 190, 194–96, 217, 258–60, 408–9, 410, 602
U.S. hostages in, 410, 418–20
Iran-Contra scandal, 431, 455–59, 455, 466, 565
Iranian Revolution, 409–10, 411, 419
Iran-Iraq War, 419–20, 439, 455, 457, 463, 567
Iraq, 217, 338, 408, 419–20, 439, 455, 468, 482, 496, 507, 510, 523, 524, 528, 565, 581, 582
attempts to tie Al-Qaeda to, 502–3, 519, 520, 532
British bombing of, 23
civilian deaths in, 597–98, 599, 600
coalition government, 598
cost of war in, 529, 533
drones in, 574–75
on global corruption index, 533, 583
G. W. Bush and, 491, 501–3, 504, 510, 512–34, 544, 573, 595
Halliburton in, 531
“Mass Privatizations” proposed for, 530
Obama and, 549, 551, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 612
oil reserves in, 105
Operation Desert Storm and, 473–81, 481, 520
prisoners in, 511
right-wing credentials for U.S. jobs in, 530–31
staged scenes of jubilation in, 525–26
state-run oil companies in, 527–28
troop withdrawal from, 567, 594–95, 597–99, 605, 612, 615
UN sanctions against, 474–75, 491
U.S. atrocities in, 388
U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) in, 570
U.S. led war in, 15, 391, 512, 524–34, 538, 551, 544–45, 549, 562, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 599, 606, 612
WMD sought in, 491, 514–21, 538, 573
Iraqi National Congress (INC), 491, 514
Iraq Liberation Act, 493
Ireland, 5, 547
Irgun, 217, 219
Iron, Blood, and Profits (Seldes), 66
“iron curtain,” 191
Islam:
radical, 461, 467, 468, 486–88, 500
rebels in Philippines and, 574
Shiite, 457, 480, 528, 529, 531, 534, 595, 598
Sunni, 528, 532–33, 534, 598
Wahhabi, 461, 488, 600
Islamic fundamentalism, 413, 415–16, 420, 530, 532
CIA’s downplaying of, 409
Islamic militants, 535
Islamists, 413, 415–16, 486–90
isolationists, isolationism, 36, 83
as myth, 38
World War II and, 83, 94
Israel, 216–19, 224, 257, 282, 391, 392, 404, 408, 420, 430, 431, 456, 457, 463, 475, 488, 512, 518, 523, 534, 542, 545, 567, 573, 600–603
neoconservatives and, 518–19
Italy, 85, 111, 124, 146, 154, 184, 206, 544, 613
aerial warfare by, 23–24, 25, 157
Communists in, 188
election of 1948 in, 215
Fascist, 50–51, 87
Mussolini in, 45
U.S. ICBMs in, 302
in World War I, 4, 5, 23, 25, 31
in World War II, 44, 90, 98–99, 105
It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 52
ITT, 372–73, 376–77
Iwo Jima, 145, 175
IWW (Wobblies), 14–16, 15
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 196, 383–84, 402, 490
Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 384
Jaffe, Greg, 598–99
Jameson, J. Franklin, 8, 10
Japan, xi, xvi, xxxi, 4, 38, 69, 184, 236, 240, 266, 287, 305, 392, 402, 474, 477, 544, 605, 606, 609–12
aerial warfare by, 157
aggression in China by, 85, 88, 90
Army Ministry of, 175–76
atomic bombing of, xiv, 44, 118, 120, 129, 146, 157–80, 252
casualties of, 87, 138, 145, 168–69, 173
economy of, 90
Fukushima nuclear disaster in, 613
imperialism of, 31–32, 36, 45
income levels in, 554
Korean War and, 237–38, 251
Kwantung Army of, 87
League of Nations and, 26, 32, 45
Lucky Dragon incident and, 270–72
Manchurian seizure of, 45, 87
militarization of, 83, 87, 100
nuclear weapons of, 381–82
Okinawa treaty and U.S. bases in, 380–82
Pearl Harbor attack by, 82, 98–101, 100, 106, 131
per capita wealth in, 546
remilitarization of, 238–39, 381–82
Soviet involvement in war against, 111, 116, 122, 144
Soviets and, 188
Supreme War Council (Big Six) of, 147, 173–75
surrender sought by, 161–64, 172–76
“unconditional surrender” and, 145–48, 161–62
U.S. bombing of, 157–59, 227, 244, 303, 369
U.S. military bases in, 605, 609
in war against Russia, 28–29, 116
in World War II, 44, 90, 98, 105, 111, 122, 137–38, 246, 248, 347, 508
Japanese, U.S. hatred of, 148–52, 150, 156, 158–59
Japanese-Americans:
battalions for, 154
internment of, 151–57, 153, 155
Japanese Defense Agency, 382
Java, 100
Jefferson, Thomas, xxv, xxvii, 2, 43
Jerusalem, 217
Jerusalem Post, 519
Jews, 87, 88
as Communists, 219
extermination of, 78–80, 214, 217
Israel and, 216–19, 518–19
in U.S., 687n
see also anti-Semitism
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), 85, 222–23, 251
jihadis, 468, 600
job creation, 555, 557–58, 560
John Paul II, Pope, 433
Johnson, Andrew, xvii, xxiv
Johnson, Chalmers, xvii, 604
Johnson, David, 234–35
Johnson, Hiram, 30, 35
Johnson, Hugh, 50–52, 53, 64, 69
Johnson, Lyndon, 268, 275, 278, 288, 292, 299, 305, 323, 325–26, 326, 327, 336, 339, 340, 342, 363, 382, 392, 445, 461
administration of, 418, 523
Great Society social programs of, 326, 353–54, 353
and Indonesia, 347–49
Latin American policy and, 341–47, 372
reelection not sought by, 341, 342, 358, 365
Vietnam and, 326–35, 338–41, 343, 346, 353–54, 353, 356, 358, 570, 578
“Wise Men” of, 341, 342
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 113, 147, 161, 176, 212–13, 253, 285–86, 291, 292, 294–95, 316, 322, 390, 523, 578
on atmospheric test ban treaty, 318
China atomic attack recommended by, 250, 268, 281–82, 295
on Cuba, 304
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 307–9, 312–13
détente opposed by, 399–400
hydrogen bomb demanded by, 229
on Iraq, 516, 535
Joint Intelligence Staff of, 148
on Korean War, 236, 239–40
MacArthur fired by, 242
on Nicaraguan contras, 431
nuclear death toll estimates of, 287
SAC Emergency War Plan supported by, 228
on Vietnam, 305, 315, 328, 330, 333–34, 360, 370
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 224
Jones, James, 567, 585
Jordan, 219, 420, 488, 601
civil war in, 282
J. P. Morgan & Company, 5, 36, 37, 64, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82, 254
JPMorgan Chase, 551, 560, 590
Justice Department, U.S., 8, 14, 36, 214, 385, 557, 561, 563–64, 568
on Iraq, 531
Radical Division of, 35
torture authorized by, 510, 511
Kabul, 459, 488
Kabul Bank, 584–85
Kagan, Robert, 490, 527
Kandahar, 597–98
Karamessines, Thomas Hercules, 374
Karzai, Ahmed Wali, 583, 594
Karzai, Hamid, 507, 581, 582–85, 588, 591, 592–94
Karzai, Mahmoud, 584–85
Kashmir, 468, 535
Kazakhstan, 253
KBR, 531
Kellogg, Brown & Root, 527–28, 530
Kelly, Edward, 140, 143
Kemp, Jack, 465, 524
Kennan, George F., 10, 190, 207, 209–11, 213–15, 220, 222, 229–31, 247, 296, 347, 486, 516
containment policy of, 211, 211, 438
Kennecott Copper, 372, 376
Kennedy, Caroline, 550
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 325
Kennedy, John F., 182, 268, 269, 338, 343, 344, 363, 372, 445, 566, 660n
administration of, 286, 290, 292, 542
American University commencement address of, 314, 316–18, 317, 447
anticommunism of, 287, 294
assassination of, 322–24, 325, 349
Bay of Pigs and, 291–96, 320, 322–23
Berlin Crisis and, 298–300
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 273, 305–13, 311, 322–23
Cuban opposition of, 303–4
inauguration of, 290, 291
Indonesia policy of, 348–49
missile gap and, 278–79, 302–3
in 1960 elections, 287–88
outreach to Khrushchev by, 318–19, 322–23, 380
Vienna summit with Khrushchev by, 295–97, 297
Vietnam and, 304–5, 314–16, 323, 326–27, 367, 385
in wake of Cuban Missile Crisis, 316–22, 550, 586
Kennedy, Joseph, 63, 269
Kennedy, Paul, xv, xvi
Kennedy, Robert F., 288, 295, 303, 308, 310–11, 316, 323, 328, 337, 345, 348–49
assassination of, 357
Kennedy, Ted, 550
Kent State University, 370
Kentucky, bank holiday in, 47
Kenya, 416, 490, 549
Kerry, John, 518, 588, 595–96
Kessler, Glenn, 500–501
Keynes, John Maynard, 32, 383
KGB, 398, 417, 486
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 461, 489, 490, 685n
Khan, A. Q., 536, 537
Khariton, Yuli, 172, 223
Khe Sanh, 338–39
Khmer Rouge, 388–89
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi, 260, 408, 410, 440, 457, 476
Khrushchev, Nikita, 285, 446
Berlin and, 296–99
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 306, 308, 310–13, 349
death of, 380
Eisenhower and, 273–74, 274
end to Cold War proposed by, 276–77, 314, 316, 317, 318–19, 322, 349
on German remilitarization, 295–97
nuclear testing and, 299–300, 313–14
reaction to J. F. Kennedy’s assassination by, 325
on Sputnik, 275
Vienna summit with J. F. Kennedy of, 295–97, 297
Kiev, 95, 107, 182
Kimche, David, 456–57
Kim Il Sung, 236, 391
Kim Jong Il, 526
King, Ernest, 105, 176–77
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 335
Kipling, Rudyard, xxiii, 596–97
Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 424, 425, 432, 440, 459, 491
Kissinger, Henry, 355, 356, 371, 384, 403, 410, 491
basic decency lacking in, 356, 359–60
Cambodia and, 388, 389
Chile and, 372–73, 377–79, 379
in Ford administration, 392, 393, 397, 399–400
in Indonesia, 395–96
on 9/11 Commission, 500
Nobel Peace Prize awarded to, 356, 390
Vietnam and, 362, 365–66, 370, 385, 386–87, 392, 394
Kissinger Commission on Central America of 1984, 433
Knebel, Fletcher, 322–23
Knights of Labor, xix–xx
Kohl, Helmut, 470–71
Konoe, Prince Fumimaro, 145
Korea, 45, 173, 240, 259, 281, 481, 612
Korea, North, 235–36, 238–42, 244–46, 245, 248, 250–51, 391, 482, 496, 522, 526, 609
Korea, South, 196, 235–39, 241–42, 244–46, 250–51, 263, 338, 429, 605, 606, 609
Korean Air Lines, mistaken Soviet shooting down of, 442
Korean War, 232, 235–52, 275, 414
casualties in, 244, 245
POWs in, 252
Korry, Edward, 372, 374
Krauthammer, Charles, xv, 491
Kremlin, 114, 120, 172, 209, 211, 248, 252, 406, 414, 418
Kristof, Nicholas, 520, 580–81
Kristol, William, xv, 490, 503, 526
Krock, Arthur, 72, 97
Kubark: Counterintelligence Interrogation Manual, 507–8
Kubrick, Stanley, 312
Ku Klux Klan, 1, 53, 141
Kurdistan, 598
Kurds, 440, 473, 480
Kuwait, 105, 420, 474, 475, 476–78, 481, 512, 586, 599
Halliburton in, 531
oil in, 190, 474, 477
Kuznick, Peter, 336
Ky, Nguyen Cao, 332, 333, 359
Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming, 496
Kyushu, 149
Labor Department, U.S., 546
labor unions, 233, 546, 555, 556
Communist-led maritime, 232
infiltration of, 214
La Follette, Robert, 7, 12–13, 13, 16, 30, 35, 65
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 64, 108
Laird, Melvin, 358, 361–63, 370, 373, 417, 436
Lake, Anthony, 403, 566
Lamont, Thomas, 36, 37, 64, 73
Landay, William, III, 577
Landon, Alf, 61, 93
Lang, Patrick, 515
Laniel, Joseph, 255, 269
Lansdale, Edward, 246, 269, 304
Lansing, Robert, 27, 74–75, 253
Laos, 294, 295, 305, 316, 322, 323, 338, 360, 379, 389, 612
Lasch, Christopher, xiii
Lasswell, Harold, 10–11
Latin America, 68, 124, 139, 194, 201, 224, 304, 307, 308, 341–47, 360, 433, 462, 508, 531, 605, 610
anti-Americanism in, 603–4
communism in, 294
democratic socialism in, 372–73
drug dealers in, 431
H. Wallace in, 139
Reagan’s tour of, 422, 428–29
revolutions in, 101, 293
U.S. arming of, 200, 321
U.S. business interests in, 376–77
U.S. economic interests in, 38–41
Latvia, 88, 102, 468, 537
Lavender Scare, 234–35
Lawrence, Ernest, 135, 229
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 284, 289
Lay, Ken, 490, 493
League of Nations, 6, 27, 30, 32, 35–36, 37, 44, 45, 55, 83
Coordination Committee of, 83
Geneva Protocol of, 25–26
Soviet Union in, 88
Leahy, William, 113, 116, 122, 147, 176, 177, 190, 206
Lebanon, 219, 434, 436, 455, 506, 522, 523, 534
as future target, 522, 523, 526
U.S. hostages in, 457
Ledeen, Michael, 427, 522
Leffler, Melvyn, 205, 414
Left, McCarthyism’s decimation of, 233
LeMay, Curtis, 157–58, 158, 176, 227–28, 229, 241, 246, 250, 275, 295, 299, 303, 322, 356
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 307–8, 313
Lemnitzer, Lyman, 292, 295, 297–98, 304
lend-lease program, 89–90, 93–94, 95, 96–98, 102, 104, 120, 182–84, 189–90
Lenin, Vladimir Ilych, 4, 9, 26–28, 28, 33, 34, 73, 248, 441
Leningrad, 95, 97, 157
Lewis, Sinclair, 52, 60
lewisite gas, 21, 24
Libby, I. Lewis “Scooter,” 480, 490, 503, 513, 514, 519–20, 524, 685n
Libby, Willard, 283, 300
liberals 60, 552
Libya, 104, 476, 518, 522, 523, 563, 600, 613
as future target, 522, 523, 526
U.S. intervention in, 566, 568–69, 600
> Lieber, Keir, 539, 541
Lieberman, Joe, 492, 524, 558–59, 563
Life, 84, 101, 129, 281
Lilienthal, David, 63, 196–97, 224, 229
Lincoln, Abraham, xvii, xxv, 43, 567
Lindbergh, Charles, 63
Lippmann, Walter, 16, 43, 56, 69, 207, 211, 289, 338
Lithuania, 88, 102, 468, 537
Little Rock, Ark., school desegregation in, 274, 275
Lloyd George, David, 31, 32, 34
Lodge, Henry Cabot, xvii–xviii, 262, 265, 328