1968

by Mark Kurlansky

  310 asked Friedan to come speak. Davis, Moving the Mountain, 50, 52.

  310 The average age of matrimony was twenty. Ibid., 17.

  311 to make sure they were complying. Ibid., 18.

  311 United States had more female stockholders than male. The New York Times, March 10, 1968.

  311 to win a combat decoration. Ibid., January 1, 1969.

  311 over the age of sixteen were working. Davis, Moving the Mountain, 59.

  312 “A chicken in every pot, a whore in every home.” The New York Times Magazine, March 10, 1968.

  312 rejected by every Congress since 1923. Ibid.

  313 “That’s too manly, too . . . white.” Ibid.

  313 I was difficult . . . if necessary. King, Freedom Song, 43.

  314 “that streak was in him also.” Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 374–76, 617.

  314 “You’ve got to fuck it to make it change.” Allyn, Make Love, Not War, 102.

  314 attributed the problem largely to his own “ignorance” Correspondence with author, July 2003.

  314 “as an issue!” Chen and Zelnik, The Free Speech Movement, 130.

  315 more than one thousand arrests. Evans, Personal Politics, 73.

  315 David Dellinger was shocked, Dellinger, From Yale to Jail, 299.

  315 “non committal with his sidelong glance.” King, Freedom Song, 450.

  315 was received as a joke. Ibid., 451–52.

  316 not one responded. Ibid., 448–74.

  316 almost all of them lawyers. The New York Times Magazine, March 10, 1968.

  317 the first one in Berlin in January 1968. Demetz, After the Fires, 73.

  318 “a bunch of cool cookies,” The New York Times Magazine, March 10, 1968.

  318 would do the cleaning while the men meditated. Allyn, Make Love, Not War, 103.

  319 “Maxis Are Monstrous” The New York Times, March 14, 1968.

  319 would gain complete acceptance in the next five years. Time, April 19, 1968.

  320 “now or never, and I’m very much afraid it’s now.” Life, October 18, 1968.

  CHAPTER 19: In an Aztec Place

  321 Octavio Paz, Posdata. All Spanish translations, unless otherwise indicated, are by the author.

  321 “than their own even exist.” Elena Poniatowska, Massacre in Mexico (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1975), introduction, x.

  325 declined by several hundred thousand. T. R. Fehrenbach, Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 524.

  326 “Steady economic growth within” The New York Times, January 22, 1968.

  326 “The economy of the country had made such progress” Octavio Paz, Posdata (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 2002; original ed., 1970), 32.

  328 anything other than sports. Life, March 15, 1968.

  328 78 percent of disposable income in Mexico went to only the upper 10 percent. Ifigenia Martinez, interviewed October 2002.

  329 “they saw it as revolutionary liberators.” Roberto Escudero, interviewed October 2002.

  330 “We wore jeans and indigenous-style shirts.” Salvador Martínez de la Roca, interviewed October 2002.

  332 “I think it was caused by inertia” Lorenzo Meyer, interviewed October 2002.

  332 “French Communist Party and world bureaucracy.” Ministry of the Interior files stored in Lecumberri.

  333 “and that was an accident.” Roberto Escudero, interviewed October 2002.

  333 “coming to destabilized Mexico.” Roberto Rodríguez Baños, interviewed September 2002.

  334 “The students were as free as you could be in this society.” Lorenzo Meyer, interviewed October 2002.

  334 shave off his beard to enter. Schumacher, Dharma Lion, 507.

  334 “to dress well or badly as he sees fit.” The New York Times, April 19, 1968.

  335 the attack remains unknown. Ramón Ramírez, El Movimiento estudiantil de México (Julio/Diciembre de 1968) (Mexico City: Ediciones Era, 1998; original ed., 1969), 145–47; and Raúl Álvarez Garín, La Estela de Tlatelolco: Una Reconstrucción histórica del movimiento estundiantil del 68 (Mexico City: Editorial Ithaca, 1998), 30.

  335 confirmed in documents released in 1999. The New York Times, June 29, 1999.

  336 “their principle of only having public dialogue.” Roberto Escudero, interviewed October 2002.

  336 The architecture student Jean-Claude Leveque, The New York Times, December 15, 1968.

  337 including discontent over one-party rule. U.S. News & World Report, August 12, 1968.

  339 thought to have been held in prison, The New York Times, September 21, 1968.

  339 exchanges of gunfire and one policeman killed, Ibid., September 24, 1968.

  339 the long-awaited dialogue was a disaster. Raúl Álvarez Garín, interviewed October 1968.

  339 “The meeting ended very badly” Roberto Escudero, interviewed October 1968.

  339 “an angry, blood-splattered face.” Poniatowska, Massacre in Mexico, introduction, xii.

  341 “listen as much when a woman spoke” Myrthokleia Gonzalez Gallardo, interviewed October 2002.

  343 were killed by the military in the 1970s. The New York Times, July 16, 2002.

  343 “Families don’t come forward” Martínez de la Roca, interviewed October 2002.

  343 “All of us were reborn on October 2.” Elena Poniatowska, La Noche de Tlatelolco (Mexico City: Era, 1971), 267.

  CHAPTER 20: Theory and Practice for the Fall Semester

  347 “100,000 at the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City.” The New York Times, October 13, 1968.

  350 “stand up for black Americans.” Augusta Chronicle, May 20, 1998.

  351 “not smart enough to lose interest in it.” Life, October 18, 1968.

  351 The U.S. has seldom . . . a fresh political experience. Time, July 5, 1968.

  352 “a sovereign state too.” Life, April 19, 1968.

  352 “can you smuggle in a canoe.” Ibid.

  352 “no personal point of view on anything.” Philip Marchand, Marshall McLuhan: The Medium Is the Messenger (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 219.

  352 “Mercedes the car or Mercedes the girl?” The New York Times, June 16, 1986.

  353 “the Europeans have the theory” Lewis Cole, interviewed June 2002.

  353 “Jerry Rubin, just do it.” Daniel Cohn-Bendit, interviewed March 2003.

  354 he would say “de Gaulle.” The New York Times, June 13, 1968.

  354 “Or even two months ago?” Sunday Times (London), June 16, 1968.

  354 “older Germans just glared at him.” Lewis Cole, interviewed June 2002.

  356 “realized nothing would happen.” Mark Rudd, interviewed April 2002.

  358 “but the Senate need not confirm them.” Time, July 5, 1968.

  358 contact with Griffin through John Ehrlichman, John W. Dean, The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 2 and note 6.

  358 before Fortas was on the bench. Dean, The Rehnquist Choice, and Laura Kalman, Abe Fortas: A Biography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 340.

  359 “South and accolades from the Northeast.” The New York Times, August 10, 1968.

  360 distasteful to the South. Mailer, Miami and the Siege of Chicago, 73.

  361 “Nig-ger-a-o . . .” John Cohen, The Essential Lenny Bruce (New York: Bell Publishing Company, 1970), 59–60.

  361 “getting tired of Negroes and their rights.” Mailer, Miami and the Siege of Chicago, 51.

  361 “There is no way in hell . . . give a damn about us.” The New York Times, August 11, 1968.

  362 “veto powers over what is happening.” Ibid., August 12, 1968.

  362 more information on this later. Ibid., September 9, 1968.

  362 “most of the time it does.” Ibid.

  362 “losing their sense of humor.” The New York Times, September 25, 1968.

  363 our tanks and our children. Life, September 27, 1968.

&nb
sp; 363 “has had it militarily” Ibid.

  363 “There is none.” The New York Times, October 13, 1968.

  364 “peapickers and peckerwoods.” Ibid., October 29, 1968.

  364 “who will take care of things.” The New York Times Magazine, October 27, 1968.

  365 Nixon and Humphrey were equally friendly to Israel. The New York Times, November 7, 1968.

  365 three additional seats in Georgia. Ibid., November 6, 1968.

  CHAPTER 21: The Last Hope

  366 “almost unnoticed” Life, December 13, 1968.

  368 “law enforcement’s most effective tool against crime.” The New York Times, November 24, 1968.

  368 a Westchester volunteer said. Ibid., December 7, 1968.

  368 but the establishment press, Time, December 6, 1968.

  368 “bad cops” who did not take orders. Ibid.

  369 “contempt” for the flag. The New York Times, October 4, 1968.

  369 “as night follows day” Ibid., December 7, 1968.

  369 But the mayor had no comment. Ibid., December 2, 1968.

  372 forty-eight years in prison, one was sentenced to twelve years, and one was acquitted. Ibid., December 13, 1968.

  372 “send its troops to occupy American campuses.” Ramparts, June 15, 1968.

  372 “There are no innocent bystanders anymore.” The New York Times, December 6, 1968.

  374 rumors of a Powell run for president. Newsweek, September 11, 1995.

  374 “oversold” the prospects for peace as the election approached. The New York Times, December 14, 1968.

  374 eleven different configurations, Langguth, Our Vietnam, 530.

  375 14,589 American servicemen . . . the highest casualties of the entire war. Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie, 726.

  376 “the ideology of reform Communism.” Mlynár, Nightfrost in Prague, 232.

  377 “The system inhibited change.” Dubcek, Hope Dies Last, 165.

  377 The suppression . . . profound stagnation. Mikhail Gorbachev and Zdenek Mlynár, Conversations with Gorbachev (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 65.

  378 I wanted to create a democracy . . . the other half feels successful. Jacek Kuro´n, interviewed June 2001.

  378 “We have passed . . . relationships among our people.” The New York Times, December 16, 1968.

  379 “more powerful than he could ever be.” Marchand, Marshall McLuhan, 219.

  380 “I can recognize . . . I could see he was one.” Adam Michnik, interviewed June 2001.

  381 $44 billion on space missions. The New York Times, October 1, 1968.

  381 blast out of the earth’s orbit and go to the moon. Time, October 11, 1968.

  382 I really believe . . . not envious or envied. Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut’s Journey (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001), 470.

  383 To get back up to the shining world from there, Closing stanzas of Dante’s Inferno, translated by Robert Pinsky.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  GENERAL

  L’Année dans le monde: Les Faits de 1968, 1969. Paris: Arthaud, 1969.

  Les Grands Événements 1968. Paris: Solar et Presses de la Cité, 1969.

  Allyn, David. Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 2000.

  Berman, Paul. A Tale of Two Utopias: The Political Journey of the Generation of 1968. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1996.

  Caute, David. The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

  Charter, Ann, ed. The Portable Sixties Reader. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003.

  Collins, Michael, Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut’s Journeys. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1974.

  Fraser, Ronald, ed. 1968: A Student Generation in Revolt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.

  Gitlin, Todd. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.

  Goodman, Mitchell, ed. The Movement Toward a New America: A New Beginning of a Long Revolution. Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970.

  Hobsbawm, Eric, and Marc Weitzmann. 1968 Magnum Throughout the World. Paris: Éditions Hazan, 1998.

  Katzman, Allen, ed. Our Time: An Anthology of Interviews from the East Village Other. New York: Dial Press, 1972.

  Kopkind, Andrew. The Thirty Years War: Dispatches and Diversions of a Radical Journalist. London: New York, 1995.

  Marwick, Arthur. The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States c. 1958–1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Schulke, Flip, and Matt Schudel. Witness to Our Times: My Life as a Photojournalist. Chicago: Marcato, 2003.

  AMERICA

  The Kerner Report: The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.

  Califano, Joseph A., Jr. The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon B. Johnson: The White House Years. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

  Cohen, Robert, and Reginald E. Zelnik, eds. The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

  Dean, John W. The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

  Dellinger, David. From Yale to Jail: The Life Story of a Moral Dissenter. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996.

  Goodwin, Richard N. Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1988.

  Hayden, Tom. Rebellion and Repression. New York: Meridian Books, 1969.

  ———. Rebel: A Personal History of the 1960s. Los Angeles: Red Hen Press, 2003.

  ———. Reunion: A Memoir. New York: Collier Books, 1989.

  Hoffman, Abbie. Revolution for the Hell of It. New York: Dial Press, 1968.

  Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin. America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Kaiser, Charles. 1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.

  Lesher, Stephan. George Wallace: American Populist. Reading, Pa.: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1994.

  Raskin, Jonah. For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

  Royko, Mike. Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago. New York: Plume, 1988.

  Schlesinger, Arthur. Robert Kennedy and His Times, vols. 1 and 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.

  Schultz, John. No One Was Killed: Documentation and Meditation: Convention Week, Chicago, August 1968. Chicago: Big Table Publishing Company, 1998.

  Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques. The American Challenge. New York: Atheneum, 1968.

  Solberg, Carl. Hubert Humphrey: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1984.

  Steel, Ronald. In Love with Night: The American Romance with Robert Kennedy. New York: Touchstone, 2000.

  Thomas, Evan. Robert Kennedy: His Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

  Wall, Byron, ed. Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. Toronto: House of Anansi, 1970.

  Witcover, Jules. The Year the Dream Died: Revisiting 1968 in America. New York: Warner Books, 1997.

  CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

  Carson, Clayborne, David Garrow, Bill Kovach, and Carol Polsgrove, eds. Reporting Civil Rights: Part One, American Journalism 1941–1963; Part Two, American Journalism 1963–1973. New York: Library of America, 2003.

  Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: Delta Trade Paperbacks, 1992.

  Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: And the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1986.

  ———. The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1981.

  Halberstam, David. The Children. New York: Fawcett Books, 1998.

  Haley, Alex. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992.

  King, Mary. Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil
Rights Movement. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1987.

  Lester, Julius. Look Out, Whitey!: Black Power’s Gon’ Get Your Mama. New York: Dial Press, 1968.

  Pearson, Hugh. The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Reading, Pa.: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1994.

  CUBA

  Gosse, Van. Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America and the Making of a New Left. London: Verso, 1993.

  Matthews, Herbert L. Cuba. New York: Macmillan, 1964.

  Mills, C. Wright. Listen, Yankee: The Revolution in Cuba. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

  Szulc, Tad. Fidel: A Critical Portrait. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1986.

  Thomas, Hugh. Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.

  CULTURE

  Cohen, John. The Essential Lenny Bruce. New York: Bell Publishing, 1970.

  Graham, Bill, and Robert Greenfield. Bill Graham Presents: My Life Inside Rock and Out. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

  Herbst, Peter, ed. The Rolling Stone Interviews: Talking with the Legends of Rock & Roll 1967–1980. New York: St. Martin’s Press/Rolling Stone Press, 1981.

  Heslam, David, ed. Rock ’n’ Roll Decades: The Sixties. London: Octopus Illustrated Publishing, 1992.

  CZECHOSLOVAKIA

  Chapman, Colin. August 21st: The Rape of Czechoslovakia. London: Cassell & Company, 1968.

  Dubcek, Alexander. Hope Dies Last: The Autobiography of Alexander Dubcek. Jiri Hochman, ed. and trans. New York: Kodansha International, 1993.

  Ello, Hugh, and Hugh Lunghi. Dubcek’s Blueprint for Freedom: His Documents on Czechoslovakia Leading to the Soviet Invasion. London: William Kimber & Co., 1969.

  French Communist Party. Et Les Événements de Tchécoslovaquie. Paris: Bulletin de Propagande, no. 5, Septembre 1968.

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, and Zdenek Mlynár. Conversations with Gorbachev: On Perestroika, the Prague Spring, and the Crossroads of Socialism. George Shriver, trans. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.

  Mlynár, Zdenek. Night Frost in Prague: The End of Humane Socialism. Paul Wilson, ed. New York: Karz Publishers, 1980.

  Piekalkiewicz, Jaroslaw A. Public Opinion Polling in Czechoslovakia, 1968–69: Results and Analysis of Surveys Conducted During the Dubcek Era. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.