Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine

by Anne Applebaum

   27. RGASPI 17/167/28 (1931), 108, in ibid., vol. 1:1, 258.

   28. RGASPI 631/5/60 (1931), 32–40, in ibid., vol. 1:1, 536–7.

   29. RGASPI 17/2/484 (1931), 43–61, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 3, 198–206.

   30. Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 82–9.

   31. RGASPI 17/167/32 (1931), 119, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:1, 536.

   32. RGASPI 17/2/484 (1931), 43–61, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 3, 198–206.

   33. Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger, 100–1, citing RGASPI 82/2/137 (1932), 30–94.

   34. RGASPI 17/26/42 (1932), 193–6, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 3, 227–30.

   35. TsDAHOU 1/20/5362 (1932), 3; and TsDAHOU 1/6/235 (1932), 82, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 65–6.

   36. At this time the Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was part of Ukraine. The Moldovan ASSR was established in 1940, after the USSR conquered an additional chunk of Romanian territory. The former Moldovan ASSR is now Transnistria, a disputed region of Moldova.

   37. AP RF 3/40/80 (1932), 45–51, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 158–61.

   38. Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 108.

   39. Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 163–5, citing Lozyts’kyi, Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni, 37–40.

   40. Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 163–5.

   41. Ibid.

   42. TsA FSB RF 2/10/169 (1932), 1–57, in Berelovich et al., eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, vol. 3:2, 64–91.

   43. RGASPI 631/5/74 (1932), 36, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 2, 83–4.

   44. N. F. Shnaika to Stalin, TsDAHOU 1/20/5254 (1932), 1–16, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 133.

   45. A. F. Banivs’kyi to Stalin, in ibid., 132.

   46. Boiko to Stalin, in ibid., 135.

   47. For example, HDA SBU 13/429/40 (1932), 126–47, in V. M. Danylenko et al., eds., Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni za dokumentamy HDA SBU: anotovanyi dovidnyk (L’viv: Tsentr Doslidzhen’ Vyzvol’noho Rukhu, 2010), 278.

   48. RGASPI 17/42/50 (1932), 54, in Kondrashin, et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 225.

   49. TsDAHOU 1/20/5255 (1932), 52–52sv, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 169–70.

   50. TsDAHOU 1/16/8 (1932), 203–4, in ibid., 93.

   51. Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 111–12.

   52. Dmytro Zlepko, Der Ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes: eine Dokumentation (Sonnenbühl: Verlag Helmut Wild, 1988), 95–7.

   53. TsA FSB RF 2/11/1449 (1932), 144–6, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 3, 361–2.

   54. ‘Dosvid Proskurivshchyny i Koziatynshchyny v borot’bi za tsukrovii buriak’, Visti VUTsVK (Kharkiv, 6 June 1932), cited in Vasyl Marochko and Olha Movchan, Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: khronika (Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylians’ka Akademiia, 2008), 87.

   55. TsDAHOU 1/20/5255 (1932), 4, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 70.

   56. TsDAHOU 1/6/8 (1932), 203–4, in ibid., 92–3.

   57. Serhiichuk et al., Ukraïns’kyi khlib na eksport, 78–81.

   58. AP RF 3/61/794 (1932), 1–5, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 227–9.

   59. RGASPI 17/162/12 (1932), 85, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 113.

   60. RGASPI 17/162/12 (1932), 115, in ibid., 139–40.

   61. TsDAHOU 1/16/8 (1932), 236, in ibid., 118.

   62. TsDAHOU 1/1/378 (1932), 143–51; TsDAHOU 1/1/381 (1932), 63–8, in S. A. Kokin, Valerii Vasyl’ev and Nicolas Werth, eds., Partiino-Radians’ke kerivnytstvo USRR pid chas Holodomoru 1932–33 rr.: vozhdi, pratsivnyky, aktyvisty: zbirnyk dokumentiv ta materialiv (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2013), 58–74.

   63. AP RF 3/61/794 (1932), 18, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 229.

   64. RGASPI 558/11/43 (1932), 70, in Marochko and Movchan, Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni, 72.

   65. Terry Martin, ‘Famine Initiators and Directors: Personal Papers: The 1932–33 Ukrainian Terror: New Documentation on Surveillance and the Thought Process of Stalin’, in Isajiw W. Wsevolod, ed., Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, 1932–33 (Toronto: UCRDC, 2003), 107–8.

   66. RGASPI 82/2/139 (1932), 162–5, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 197–9.

   67. Ibid.

   68. RGASPI 82/2/139 (1932), 144–53, in ibid., 200–5.

   69. RGASPI 558/11/769 (1932), 40–2, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 242–3.

   70. RGASPI 558/11/769 (1932), 77–8, in ibid., vol. 1:2, 243.

   71. RGAPSI 81/3/99 (1932), 62–3, in ibid., vol. 1:2, 244.

   72. RGASPI 558/11/740/61 (1932), 174, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 207.

   73. RGASPI 17/162/12 (1932), 180–1, in ibid., 208.

   74. TsDAHOU 1/20/5259 (1932), 19, in ibid., 208.

   75. Serhiichuk et al., Ukraïns’kyi khlib na eksport, 9–10.

   76. Testimony of Mykola Kostyrko, in James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, 3 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1990), vol. 2, 1,057–80.

   77. Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 55.

   78. Serhiichuk et al., Ukraïns’kyi khlib na eksport, 11.

   79. Andrea Graziosi, L’Urss di Lenin e Stalin: storia dell’Unione Sovietica, 1914–1945 (Bologna: Il mulino, 2007), 334, table 8.1.

   80. Osokina, Zoloto dlia industrializatsiï, 540, table 25.

   81. RGASPI 558/11/740/41 (1932), in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 225.

   82. Kokin et al., eds., Partiino-Radians’ke kerivnytstvo USRR pid chas Holodomoru, 36–7.

   83. Ibid., 38–9.

   84. Ibid., 43–4.

   85. Ibid., 47.

   86. Ibid., 52–7.

   87. Vasyl’ev, Politychne kerivnytstvo URSR i SRSR, 242.

   88. Kokin, Partiino-Radians’ke kerivnytstvo USRR pid chas Holodomoru, 63–4.

   89. RGASPI 558/11/78/16 (1932), in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 231.

   90. TsDAHOU 1/6/236/85 (1932), in ibid.

   91. RGASPI 17/3/891 (1932), 52–5; RGAPSI 558/11/78 (1932), 16; and RGASPI 558/11/78 (1932), 12, all in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 229–32.

   92. RGASPI 558/11/78 (1932), 12, in ibid., 232.

   93. S3 SSSR 1932 no. 52, str. 312, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 1:2, 321–4.

   94. RGASPI 81/3/99 (1932), 115–19, in O. V. Khlevniuk et al., eds., Stalin i Kaganovich: perepiska, 1931–1936 gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2001), 244–5; TsDAHOU 1/20/5381 (1932), 11–12, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 270.

   95. Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger, 158.

   96. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 37.

   97. RGASPI 81/3/99 (1932), 106–13, in Khlevniuk et al., eds., Stalin i Kaganovich, 235–6.

   98. RGASPI 81/3/100 (1932), 137–40, in ibid., 240–1.

   99. RGASPI 17/3/2014 (1932), 33–4, in Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 3, 453–4.

  100. Sergei Maskudov, ‘Victory over the Peasant’, in Hunger by Design: The Great Ukrainian Famine and Its Soviet Context, ed. Halyna Hryn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2008), 60–2.

  101. Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow, 226.

  102. Pidhainy, The Black Deeds of the Kremlin, vol. 1, 205.

  103. Graziosi, L’Urss di Lenin e Stalin, 333; Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger, 166–8.

  104. Applebaum, Gulag, 582–3.

  105. Susanna Pechora, interview with Anne Applebaum, 1999.

  106. Martin, ‘Famine Initiators and Directors’, 110.

&nb
sp; 107. The full list, which was circulated again in November, is dozens of pages long; Valentyna Borysenko, V. M. Danylenko, Serhij Kokin et al., eds., Rozsekrechena pam’iat’: Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni v dokumentakh GPU-NKVD (Kyiv: Stylos, 2007), 193–263, citing HDA SBU 16/25/3 (1952), 4–68; Martin, ‘Famine Initiators and Directors’, 111.

  108. RTsKhIDNI 82/2/139 (1932), 145–51, trans. and repr. in Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 298.

  109. Shapoval, ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, 369–99.

  110. RTsKhIDNI 82/2/139 (1932), 145–51, trans. and repr. in Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 298 (emphasis in the original).

  8. FAMINE DECISIONS, 1932: REQUISITIONS, BLACKLISTS AND BORDERS

    1. Maxim Gorky, On the Russian Peasant (Berlin: I. P. Ladyzhnikov, 1922), 27.

    2. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York: Knopf, 2004), 107–8.

    3. Svetlana Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend (Dvadtsat’ Pisem k Drugu), trans. Priscilla Johnson McMillan (New York: Harper Perennial, Reprint Edition, 2016), 105.

    4. G. A. Tokaev, Betrayal of an Ideal (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1955), 161.

    5. Miklos Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2003), 204; Montefiore, Stalin, 86–90.

    6. Montefiore, Stalin, 90.

    7. Ibid., 84.

    8. Ibid., 87.

    9. Getty and Naumov, The Road to Terror, 47.

   10. Tucker, Stalin in Power, 209–12.

   11. Getty and Naumov, The Road to Terror, 53–8.

   12. Arkadii Vaksberg, Tsaritsa dokazatel’stv: Vyshinskii i ego zhertvy (Moscow: Kniga i Biznes, 1992), 68.

   13. Ibid., 66–7.

   14. Ibid., 69.

   15. See Getty and Naumov, The Road to Terror, and Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties, rev. edn (London: Macmillan, 1968), among others.

   16. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 299.

   17. TsDAHOU 1/6/236 (1932), 8–9, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 127.

   18. Davies and Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger, 10–11.

   19. Ibid., 171.

   20. Bashkin, ‘Urozhai tridtsatykh ili ukradennye dostizheniia’.

   21. RGASPI 82/2/141/6, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 355–6.

   22. TsDAHOU 1/6/237/207–16, in ibid., 388–95.

   23. RGASPI 81/3/215/1–24; RGASPI 81/3/232/62, in ibid., 496–514.

   24. TsDAGO Ukraïny 1/20/5384/23, in ibid., trans. Bandera, 71.

   25. TsDAHOU 1/6/237/207–16, in ibid., 388–95.

   26. Ibid.

   27. TsDAHOU 1/20/6339 (1933), 25, in ibid., 569.

   28. Kul’chyts’kyi, Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. iak henotsyd, 294–305.

   29. S3 SSSR 1933 no. 38, str. 228, in Kondrashin et al., eds., Golod v SSSR, vol. 3, 54–5.

   30. S. V. Kul’chyts’kyi, ‘Comments at UNAS (National Academy of Sciences) Institute of History of Ukraine Seminar’, presented at the Institute of History of Ukraine Seminar, Kyiv, 19 April 2016.

   31. Serhiichuk et al., Ukraïns’kyi khlib na eksport, 13 and 138.

   32. Graziosi, L’Urss di Lenin e Stalin, 334, table 8.1. Gold exports would eventually rise, as desperate peasants traded their gold to the state for grain.

   33. RGAE 413/13/595 (1933), 47–8, from the Elektronnyi arkhiv Ukraïns’koho vyzvol’noho rukhu, accessed 2017, http://avr.org.ua/getPDFasFile.php/arhupa/rgae-413-13-595-0-047.pdf.

   34. Heorhii Papakin, Donbas na ‘chornii doshtsi’, 1932–1933: Naukovo-populiarnyi narys (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2014), 9–11.

   35. Heorhii Papakin, ‘Blacklists as an Instrument of the Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine’, trans. Marta Olynyk, Key Articles on the Holodomor Translated from Ukrainian into English, Holodomor Research and Education Consortium, 2–3, http://holodomor.ca/translated-articles-on-the-holodomor.

   36. ‘ “Chorna Doshka” Bil’shovyk Poltavshchyny, 12 Veresnia, 1932’, Ofitsiinyi veb-portal Derzhavnoï Arkhivnoï Sluzhby Ukraïny, http://www.archives.gov.ua/Archives/Reestr/Foto-Poltava.php.

   37. Papakin, ‘Blacklists as an Instrument of the Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine’, 5–6.

   38. Heorhii Papakin, ‘Chorna doshka’: antyselians’ki represiï, 1932–1933 (Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2013), 336. The numbers of districts changed frequently in the 1930s, but in 1932–3 it was 392, according to Oleg Wolowyna’s demography team at the Institute of Demography and Social Research of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences and the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.

   39. Institut Demografii Natsional’nogo Issledovatel’skogo Universiteta ‘Vysshaia Shkola Ekonomiki’, ‘Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia 1926 goda: Natsional’nyi sostav naseleniia po regionam RSFSR: Severo-Kavkazskii krai/Kubanskii okrug’, Demoskop weekly: elektronnaia versiia biulletenia Naselenie i obshchestvo 719–20 (6–19 March 2017), http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=862.

   40. Papakin, Donbas na ‘chornii doshtsi’, 12.

   41. Bondar and Matveev, Istoricheskaia pamiat’ naseleniia Iuga Rossii o golode 1932–1933, 101–3.

   42. Ibid., 61.

   43. Papakin, Donbas na ‘chornii doshtsi’, 12.

   44. Papakin, ‘Blacklists as an Instrument of the Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine’, 8.

   45. Papakin, ‘Chorna doshka’, 335.

   46. Papakin, ‘Blacklists as an Instrument of the Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine’, 11.

   47. HDA SBU 13/429/40 (1932), 126–47, in Danylenko et al., eds., Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni za dokumentamy HDA SBU, 278.

   48. TsA FSB RF 2/10/169 (1932), 1–57, in Berelovich et al., eds., Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD, 64–91.

   49. APRF 3/30/189 (1932), 7–10, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 615–16.

   50. HDA SBU, Kolektsiia dokumentiv ‘Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. v Ukraïni’, in ibid., 709.

   51. ‘Schedule A, vol. 36, Case 333/(NY)1582 (Interviewer J. F., Type A4) Male, 29, Ukrainian, Student and Worker’, 1–8 July 1951, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Slavic Division, Widener Library, Harvard University, 24.

   52. TsDAHOU 1/20/5255 (1932), 16–17, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 108–9.

   53. TsDAHOU 1/20/5255 (1932), 68–9, in ibid., 253.

   54. Testimony of Olena Davydivna Demchenko, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 506.

   55. APRF 3/50/189 (1933), 7–10, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 615–16.

   56. Testimony of Ihor Vasyliovych Buhaievych, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holod, 454–7.

   57. Andrea Graziosi, Lettere da Kharkov. La carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del nord nei rapporti diplomatici italiani 1923–33 (Turin: Einaudi, 1991), 144–6, reproduced in Ukrainian in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 606–7.

   58. DATO 176/1/9 (1932), 3–3v, in Bojko and Bednarek, Holodomor, 201.

   59. Ibid., 203.

   60. DATO 231/1/2067 (1932), 324, in ibid., 231.

   61. Testimony of Lydia A., in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Second Interim Report, 139.

   62. Testimony of Ivan Oransky, in ibid., 130.

   63. Testimony of an anonymous woman, in ibid., 25.

   64. TsDAHOU 1/20/6274 (1933), 185–90, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 763.

   65. TsDAHOU 1/20/5254 (1932), 1–16, in ibid., 134.

   66. RGASPI 558/11/45 (1932), 108–9, in Danilov et al., eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, vol. 3, 634–5.

   67. RGASPI 17/3/2030 (1932), 17, and 17/42/72 (1932), 109–11, in ibid., 636–8, 644.

   68. RGASPI 17/3/907 (1932), 9; and Kommunist (Kharkiv, 1 January 1933), in Marochko and Movchan, Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni, 154, 180.

&nbs
p;  69. Lev Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer, trans. Gary Kern (London: Wildwood House, 1981), 258.

   70. APRF 3/30/189 (1933), 26–7, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 636.

   71. HDA SBU, Kolektsiia dokumentiv ‘Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. v Ukraïni’, in ibid., 709.

   72. Jan Jacek Bruski, ‘In Search of New Sources: Polish Diplomatic and Intelligence Reports on the Holodomor’, Holodomor and Gorta mór: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland, eds. Christian Noack, Lindsay Janssen and Vincent Comerford (London: Anthem Press, 2014), 223.

   73. Mytsyk et al., eds., Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 7, 538.

   74. Testimony of Halyna Budantseva, in Kovalenko and Maniak, eds., 33-i Holodd, 485.

   75. Testimony of Varvara Dibert, in U.S. Congress and Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: First Interim Report, 73–4.

   76. Testimony of Halyna Ivanivna Kyrychenko, in Mytsyk, Ukraïns’kyi holokost, vol. 2, 100–1.

   77. Testimony of Mariia Polikarpivna Umans’ka, in Ukraïns’kyi Instytut natsional’noï pam’iati and V. Iushchenko, eds., Natsional’na Knyha pam’iati zhertv Holodomoru 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo im. Oleny Telihy, 2008), 93.

   78. Testimony of Olena Artemivna Kobylko, in O. M. Veselova and O. F. Nikiliev, Pam’iat’ narodu: Henotsyd v Ukraïni holodom 1932–1933 rokiv: svidchennia, 2 vols. (Kyiv: Vydavnychnyi dim ‘Kalyta’, 2009), vol. 1, 570.

   79. Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer, 258.

  9. FAMINE DECISIONS, 1932: THE END OF UKRAINIZATION

    1. Quoted in Luckyj, Literary Politics in Soviet Ukraine, 228.

    2. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 306.

    3. Sarah Cameron, ‘The Kazakh Famine of 1932–33: Current Research and New Directions’, East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 3, no. 2 (2016), 117–32; Niccolo Piancola, ‘Sacrificing the Kazakhs: The Stalinist Hierarchy of Consumption and the Great Famine in Kazakhstan of 1931–33’, paper presented at the Slavic-Eurasian Research Centre, 10–11 July 2014, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

    4. RGASPI 17/3/9.11/42–4, in Pyrih, ed., Holodomor, 475–7.

    5. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, 303, citing RTsKhIDNI 17/3/910 (1932).