The Red Flag: A History of Communism
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37. See P. Buhle, Marxism in the United States: Remapping the History of the American Left (London, 1987), pp.206–10.
38. D. Patinikin, Essays on and in the Chicago Tradition (Durham, NC, 1981), p.4.
39. J. Kirkpatrick, Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and Reason in Politics (Washington, DC, 1982).
40. R. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: the US in the World Economy (London, 2002), p.35.
41. G. Arrighi, ‘The World Economy and the Cold War, 1970–1990’, forthcoming in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, p.22.
42. Ibid., p.16.
43. I. Zloch-Christy, Debt Problems of Eastern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), p.38.
44. S. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War (Washington, DC, 1995), ch.3.
45. See C. Andrew and V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive. The KGB in Europe and the West (London, 1999), p.686.
46. G. Ekiert, The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe (Princeton, 1996), pp.243–4, 247.
47. Ouimet, Rise and Fall, pp.249–50.
48. Baibakov to Shürer, quoted in Kopstein, Politics of Economic Decline, pp.93–4.
49. Red Dawn (1984), dir. John Milius.
50. R. Reagan, Address to British Parliament, 8 June 1982. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/search/speeches/speech_srch.html.
51. R. Reagan, Question and Answer Session with High-School Students, 25 March 1983, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/32583c.html.
52. For this argument, see I. Molloy, Rolling Back Revolution: The Emergence of Low Intensity Conflict (London, 2001), p.20.
53. C. Krauthammer, ‘The Poverty of Realism’, The New Republic, 17 February 1986, p.15.
54. Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare (1983), http://www.freewebs.com/moeial/CIA’s%20Psychological%20Operations%20in%20Guerrilla%20Warefare.pdf.
55. E. Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador (Cambridge, 1993).
56. T. Walker, Nicaragua. Living in the Shadow of the Eagle (Boulder, 2003), p.56.
57. J. Ciment, Angola and Mozambique: Postcolonial Wars in Southern Africa (New York, 1997), p.87.
58. Cited in J. Persico, Casey. From the OSS to the CIA (New York, 1990), p.226.
59. B. Fischer, ‘The Soviet–American War Scare of the 1980s’, International Journal of Intelligence (Autumn 2006), pp.480–517.
60. For different views on the importance of SDI, see Ellman and Kontorovich, Destruction, pp.55–64.
61. M. I. Gerasev, cited in ibid., p.65.
62. Iakovlev, Sumerki, pp.394–5.
63. Ibid., p.395.
64. Ibid., p.394.
65. Ellman and Kontorovich, Destruction, pp.269–70; V. Boldin, Ten Years That Shook the World: The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed by His Chief of Staff, trans. E. Rossiter (New York, 1994), p.114.
66. A. Cherniaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym: po dnevnikovym zapisiam (Moscow, 1993), p.8.
67. M. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy (Moscow, 1995), vol. i, p.208.
68. A. Iakovlev, Gorkaia chasha (Yaroslavl’, 1994), pp.205–12.
69. B. A. Fischer, The Reagan Reversal: Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War (Columbia, 1997), pp.102–43.
70. A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford, 1996), pp.115–17.
71. M. Gorbachev, ‘Report to CPSU Central Committee plenum, January 6 1989’, Current Digest of the Soviet Press 41 (1989), p.1.
72. Aleksandr Iakovlev, in S. Cohen and K. Van den Heuvel, Voices of Glasnost. Interviews with Gorbachev’s Reformers (New York, 1989), p.39.
73. Tsipko, in Ellman and Kontorovich, Destruction, p.181.
74. A. Tsipko, ‘Istoki stalinizma’, Nauka i zhizn’ 11–12 (1988), 1–2 (1989).
75. N. Zarafshan, in R. MaKay, Letters to Gorbachev: Life in Russia through the Postbag of Argumenty i Fakty (London, 1991), p.173.
76. Tökés, Murmurs and Whispers, p.48.
77. Ellman and Kontorovich, Destruction, p.38.
78. D. Slejška, J. Herzmann a kolektiv, Sondy do veřejného mínění (Jaro 1968, Podzim 1989) (Prague, 1990), p.54.
79. For a defence of the Chinese model, see, for instance, P. Nolan, China’s Rise, Russia’s Fall (Basingstoke, 1995).
80. S. Solnick, Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).
81. P. Kenney, A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989 (Princeton, 2002), pp.161–2.
82. Ibid., pp.12–13.
83. Cited in ibid., p.141.
84. C. Maier, Dissolution. The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton, 1997), p.156.
85. M. Fulbrook, Anatomy of a Dictatorship. Inside the GDR, 1949–1989 (Oxford, 1995), pp.259–60.
86. For the greater involvement of workers in Poland compared with the GDR, see L. Fuller, Where was the Working Class? Revolution in East Germany (Urbana, Ill., 1999).
87. Cited in O. A. Westad, The Global Cold War (Cambridge, 2005), p.382.
88. J. Hough, The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia (Washington, DC, 2001), p.366.
89. A. Knight, Spies without Cloaks: The KGB’s Successors (Princeton, 1996), pp.12–37.
90. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp.127–8.
91. A. Nathan and P. Link (eds.), The Tiananmen Papers (London, 2001), p.xxx–vii.
92. Ibid., p.163.
93. Ibid., p.143.
94. Gorbachev, Memoirs, p.490.
95. Nathan and Link, Tiananmen Papers, p.173.
96. Su Xiaokang and Wang Luxiang, Deathsong of the River: a Reader’s Guide to the Chinese TV Series, trans. R. Bodman (Ithaca, 1991), p.221.
97. R. Baum, Reform and Reaction in post-Mao China: the Road to Tiananmen (New York, 1991), p.456.
EPILOGUE
1. Lin Jinhui, 28 September 2002, http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Sep/44589.htm. See also K. Louie, Theorizing Chinese Masculinity (Cambridge, 2002), p.58.
2. D. Yergin and J. Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: the New Reality of Economic Power (New York, 1998), p.137.
3. T. Friedman, ‘Senseless in Seattle II’, New York Times, 8 December 1999. For other examples, see Frank, One Market under God, pp.61–8.
4. F. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London, 1992), pp.166–9, 206–7.
5. Wall Street Journal, 26 May 2000. For these themes, see T. Frank, One Market under God. Extreme Capitalism, Market Populism, and the End of Economic Democracy (London, 2000), ch.1.
6. R. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: the US in the World Economy (London, 2002), p.43.
7. J. Hellman, ‘Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions’, World Politics 50 (1998), p.209.
8. Ibid., pp.223–4.
9. J. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (London, 2002), p.157.
10. For this argument, see P. Reddaway and D. Glinski, The Tragedy of Market Reforms. Market Bolshevism against Democracy (Washington, DC, 2001), pp.252–5.
11. S. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley, 1993), ch.3.
12. H. Wu, Laogai. The Chinese Gulag (Boulder, 1992).
13. S. Shirk, China. Fragile Superpower (Oxford, 2007), p.48.
14. D. Bell, China’s New Confucianism. Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society (Princeton, 2008), ch.1.
15. Minxin Pei, China’s Trapped Transition: the Limits of Developmental Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), pp.191–6.
16. V. Bunce and S. Wolchik, ‘International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions’, Communist and Postcommunist Studies 39 (2006), pp.283–4; M. Beissinger, ‘Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions’, Perspectives on Politics 5 (June 2007), pp.259–76.
17. K. Collins, ‘The Logic of Clan Politics. Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories’, World Politics 56 (2004), pp.224–61.
18. A. Buzo, The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics a
nd Leadership in North Korea (London, 1999), p.206.
19. S. Eckstein, Back from the Future: Cuba under Castro (Princeton, 1994), pp.233–7.
20. Cited in O. Starn, ‘Maoism in the Andes. The Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path, and the Refusal of History’, Journal of Latin American Studies 27 (1991), p.399.
21. Ibid., p.409.
22. J. Nochlin, Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America (Boulder, 2003), p.63.
23. C. McClintock, ‘Peru’s Sendero Luminoso Rebellion. Origins and Trajectory’, in S. Eckstein (ed.), Power and Popular Protest. Latin American Social Movements (Berkeley, 2001), p.83.
24. Starn, ‘Maoism’, p.416.
25. A. Vanaik, ‘The New Himalayan Republic’, New Left Review, 49 (2008), p.63.
26. M. Mohanty, ‘Challenges of Revolutionary Violence. The Naxalite Movement in Perspective’, Economic and Political Weekly, 22 July 2006.
27. C. Sreedharan, ‘Karl and the Kalashnikov’, http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/aug/25pwg.htm, 25 August 1998.
28. For this point, see N. Henck, Subcommander Marcos. The Man and the Mask (Durham, NC, 2007), pp.365–6.
29. Interview with G. Marquez and R. Pombo, ‘The Punch Card and the Hour Glass’, New Left Review (May–June, 2002), p.70.
30. B. Brecht, ‘To Those Born Later’, trans. J. Willett, R. Mannheim and E. Fried, in P. Forbes, Scanning the Century. The Penguin Book of the Twentieth Century in Poetry (London, 2000), pp.55–7.
31. P. Neruda, Memoirs (London, 1976), pp.332–3.
32. T. Paterson, ‘A Harsh Lesson for Germany, Courtesy of Its Socialist Past’, Independent, 22 October 2008.
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