Spies Beneath Berlin
Page 20
8. Steury, p. 352.
15. ‘IT’S GONE, JOHN’
1. Dulles, p. 202.
2. For the above details, see ‘Discovery by the Soviets of the Tunnel’, Appendix A to the CIA history of the Berlin tunnel, in Steury, pp. 351–65; Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, pp. 227–31. A section of the transcript recording conversations picked up by the microphone in the tap chamber is also to be found in Steury, pp. 367–93.
16. CAUGHT RED-HANDED
1. Hersh, p. 379.
2. Thomas, p. 129. For Barnes, see especially pp. 75–86.
3. Quoted in H. Zolling, ‘The Affair of the CIA Tunnel’, Appendix B in H. Hohne, Network, p. 306.
4. C. P. Hope, Bonn, to M. S. Williams, Foreign Office, 28 April 1956, in FO 371/124647.
5. NBC broadcast, 17 May 1956, in CIA history of the tunnel.
6. R. Gehlen, The Gehlen Memoirs, pp. 188–9.
7. Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, p. 206; Gehlen; E. H. Cookridge, Gehlen: Spy of the Century, pp. 282–6; Miller, p. 377; and Grose, pp. 397–8.
8. Cookridge, p. 282.
9. Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, p. 233. see Cookridge, p. 282, as an example of this myth.
10. Andrew and Mitrokhin, p. 522; see also Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 437.
11. The Times (25 April 1956).
12. Lewis, p. 108.
13. Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, p. 232.
14. See Keesing’s Contemporary Archives (28 April to 5 May 1956), 14836–7.
15. For the Crabb affair, see N. West, The Friends, pp. 109–18, and Dorril, pp. 617–20.
17. ‘A GANGSTER ACT’
1. Hersh, p. 379. See also Jeffreys-Jones, p. 107.
2. Beschloss, p. 117.
3. For East German press coverage, see the CIA history, Appendix D.
4. Hyde, p. 47.
5. C. P. Hope, Bonn, to M. S. Williams, Foreign Office, London, 28 April 1956, in PRO, FO 371/124647; and ‘Review of Events in Berlin and the Soviet Zone, no. 18, for the Week Ending May 2, 1956’ in Berlin to Bonn no. 33 of 2 May 1956, repeated to the Foreign Office in PRO, FO 371/1224356. Also Political Adviser, Berlin, to Chancellery, Bonn, 2 May 1956, loc. cit.
6. Report from Political Branch, British Military Government, Berlin, to Chancellery, Bonn, 8 May 1956, in PRO, FO 371/124647.
7. Report from Political Branch, British Military Government, Berlin, to Chancellery, Bonn, 9 May 1956, in PRO, FO 371/124647.
8. Blake, p. 181.
9. Martin, pp. 90–91, refers to Bronze, but sees it as a purely American idea.
18. TUNNEL VISIONS
1. CIA history of the tunnel, Appendix A, ‘Discovery by the Soviets of the tunnel’, 15 August 1956, in Steury, p. 351; author’s interview with Hugh Montgomery, Washington DC, April 2001.
2. For Aquatone (later re-named Chess), see Selwyn Lloyd to Anthony Eden, PM/56/36 of 24 February 1956, and Lloyd to Eden of 14 May 1956, PM/56/91, plus related correspondence in PRO, AIR 19/826. See also Macmillan to Eisenhower, 22 March 1957, quoted in Aldrich, p. 102; Lashmar, p. 140; and R. Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, p. 115.
3. Beschloss, p. 5.
4. Wright, p. 72; private information.
5. Bower, pp. 255–70; Wright, p. 128; Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, pp. 343–8; Blake, pp. 181–205; and interview by George Blake for Cold War television series, Jeremy Isaacs Productions, roll 10975, 34.
6. CIA history of the tunnel, undated, Appendix G, in Steury, p. 395.
7. Marchetti and Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, p. 9; C. Pincher, Too Secret Too Long; P. Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 291; M. Perry, Eclipse: The Last Days of the CIA; Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, p. 207; Evans, p. 43.
8. C. P. Wallace, ‘Lies, Spies and Memories’, Time (27 September 1999).
9. Letter to Daily Telegraph (15 September 1999).
10. Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, pp. 218–9.
11. Ibid., p. 218; Evans, p. 48.
12. Evans, p. 50.
13. Dulles, p. 202; Rositzke, CIA’s Secret Operations, p. 146; Martin, p. 89; Ranelagh, pp. 288–96.
14. George Blake, interview for Cold War television series, roll 10976, 25.
EPILOGUE
1. I. McEwan, The Innocent, pp. 235–6. The novel (subtitled ‘The Special Relationship’) was transformed into a film of the same name, directed by John Schlesinger and starring Anthony Hopkins and Isabella Rossellini. I am grateful to Ian McEwan for providing some background details.
2. Grose, p. 399.
3. Berliner Zeitung (23 September 1997); see also ‘Operation Gold’, Der Spiegel, no. 39 (1997).
4. Thomas, pp. 128–9; see also Miller, p. 379.
5. Joint Intelligence Committee, ‘Employment of the Soviet Armed Forces in the Land Campaign in the Event of Global War, 1956–1960’, JIC (56) 5/Final, 2 March 1956, p. 4, CAB 158/23.
6. Grose, p. 401.
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Picture Credits
The author and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce illustrations: private collection; © Hulton Archive; Imperial War Museum, London; W. Durie; US National Archives. Map and diagrams © W. Durie, 1997.
About the Author
David Stafford is an historian and former diplomat who has written extensively on espionage, intelligence, Churchill, and the Second World War. The former Project Director at the Centre for The Study of the Two World Wars at the University of Edinburgh, he is now an Honorary Fellow of the University and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, where he and his wife now live.
He has frequently acted as a TV and radio consultant, has written radio documentaries for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the BBC, and his latest book, Ten Days to D-Day, formed the basis for a Channel Four two-part Docudrama. He is currently acting as Historical Consultant on a TV documentary being made by ORTV in London on the legendary CIA-SIS Berlin Cold War spy tunnel based on his book, Spies Beneath Berlin.
He is a regular book reviewer, appearing in The Times (London), BBC History Magazine, The Spectator, The Times Literary Supplement, The New York Times, the Times Herald Tribune (Paris), and Saturday Night and the Globe and Mail (Toronto).
David Stafford was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has degrees from Cambridge University and the University of London (London School of Economics and Political Science), and when he is not writing books is an avid reader of fiction and a devotee of the operas of Mozart.
In April 2005 he was appointed by the Prime Minister to write the official history of SOE in Italy (Part Two, 1943-1945) which was published by the Bodley Head in March 2011.