The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy
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on plots against M, 220
on Spartacus, 272
Appius, 289, 292–93
apricots, 279
Aquillius, Manius: Asian mission of, 139–46
capture of, 166–68, 352
death of, 169, 177
and Mithradatic Wars, 146–47, 152–53, 155, 157, 160, 165, 227
and taxation, 168
Aquillius, Manius, the Elder, 61, 111, 139–40, 143–44, 167
Arabia, 298, 331, 341
Arcathius (son of M), 114, 148, 149, 179, 191–93, 205, 210
archaeological evidence, 8
of Adobogiona, 216
Antikythera mechanism, 291–92
astronomical records, 28
of Athenian officials, 177–78
of Chaeremon, 153
coins, 108, 158
of Dorylaus, 106
of earthquake in the Bosporus, 343
of Hypsicratea, 356, 367, 367, 369
Kainon Chorion, 253;
kurgans, 53, 115
of Laodice, 81
Leto’s sanctuary, 183
of Mithridatium, 243
M’s friends and allies, 106
of M’s grave, 354, 420n29
of Oppius, 155
of Piraeus siege, 199
of ritual practices, 234
of royal necropolis, 82
of Scythian campaign, 117
of siege engines, 199, 202, 203
of Sinora, 323
of slavery, 20
Sulla’s art plunder, 228–29
Sulla’s victory monuments, 208–10, 212–13
of Tigranocerta, 302, 412n19
of women warriors, 328. See also inscriptions
Archelaus (general), 114, 147, 149, 179, 186, 190–93, 197–99, 205–13, 221–23, 225–26, 231, 261, 267
Archelaus (possible son of M), 114
Archimedes, 291–92
archives. See library, M’s
papers, M’s private
Arevordik, 60
Argonauts. See Autolycus the Argonaut
Jason and the Argonauts
Ariathes VI, 45, 68, 129, 135
Ariathes VII, 107, 129–31
Ariathes VIII, 131, 135
Ariathes IX, 131, 136, 138, 144, 153, 159
Ariobarzanes, 136–39, 145, 222, 230, 233, 255–56
Aristion, 179, 189, 190, 192–93, 196, 201, 204
Aristobulus, 358
aristolochia, 240
Aristonicus (admiral), 261, 274
Aristonicus (harpist), 61
Aristonicus (rebel), 57, 59–61, 73, 82, 111, 135, 143, 153, 161, 163, 236, 295, 305
Aristotle, 47, 92, 201
Armazi, 328–29, 333–34, 336
Armenia, 8
annexation of, 118
coins in, 30–32
Lucullus’s campaign against, 293–94, 297–302, 306–9
map of, 54
M as national hero in, 3, 381n6
M’s sojourn in, 294–95
name of, 55
poisons in, 70
Pontus’s relation to, 153
Rome’s conquest of, 329–30
and Third Mithradatic War, 261, 278
Tigranes as national hero in, 381n6
under Tigranes the Great, 31, 136–39, 255–58, 296
armor, M’s, 158–59, 353
arsenic, 71, 78, 96, 99, 215, 238–42, 247, 296, 340
Arslan, Murat, 3–4
art, M’s collection of, 247–50
Artaphernes (son of M), 114, 343–44, 352, 358
Artaxata, Armenia, 55, 298, 306, 329–30
Artemis, 16, 231, 259, 276
artistic portrayals of M, 2, 369
coin images, 14, 63, 65, 189, 249, 263, 301
M associated with Hercules, 64, 65, 124, 358
M’s design of, 190
portrait painting, 358
portrait sculptures, 64, 65, 74, 90, 97, 106, 184, 193, 314, 358, 368, 390n17
seal rings, 190
Telephus modeled on M, 63, 64
Arycanda, 157
Asclepiades, 241, 243
Asclepiodorus, 107
Asclepius, 16, 20, 79
Asia: defined, 13
massacre of Romans in, 13–19
as Roman province, 58–59, 139–42, 155, 158, 165
Romans living in, 19–20
Sulla’s revenge on, 228
assassination plots: by Galatians, 214–15
by Greeks, 220
mother’s alleged involvement in, 68
by palace conspirators, 42, 71, 75
by Pergamese citizens, 220
riding accidents, 44
in siege of Cyzicus, 273
asylum, 16–18, 171, 275
asymmetrical warfare, 112, 295, 298, 303, 307, 318–19, 419n10
Atatürk, 4
Athena, 197, 202, 274
Athenaeus, 176–78, 217
Learned Banquet, 176
Athenais (daughter of M), 114, 233
Athenion, 36, 175–79
Athens, 175–79, 185, 189–93, 196–98, 201–5, 203, 204
athletics. See pastimes
Atropatene, 298, 307
Attalus III, 57–59, 110, 157, 237, 240, 305
Augustine, Saint, 19, 229
Augustus, Emperor, 243
Autolycus the Argonaut, 62, 290
Averroes, 244
ayurvedic practitioners, 241
Bacchides, 282–84, 286–87, 290, 325
Bactria, 298
Bagoas, 138
Bahman Yasht, 34
Baku, 46, 63
Ballesteros Pastor, Luis 158
Mitridates Eupator, rey del Ponto, 7
Balsdon, J.P.V.D., 172
barbarians, 103, 212, 275, 328
defined, 383n4
Barsiné, 37
Basilidae, 261
Bastarna and Bastarnae, 118, 169, 177, 261, 327
beaver testicles, 240, 295
Bekker-Neilsen, Tønnes, 173, 374, 376
belladonna (nightshade), 48, 86, 101, 238
Bellona, 89
Bengston, Hermann, 7
Bepolitanus, 215
Berber nomads, 111
Berenice, 114, 218, 277, 284, 286–87
bin Laden, Osama, 8
biological and chemical warfare. See asymmetrical warfare
honey
naphtha
birth of M, 27–29, 33
birthwort, 240
Bithynia, 120
independence of, from M, 129–30, 135, 140
M’s relations with, 127–29, 139–40, 152, 155, 161, 177
Rome and, 143–46, 222–24, 226, 233, 255, 260–61, 264–65, 274–75
slaves from, 172
Bituitus, 123, 254, 309–10, 322, 323, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 355, 356, 363–64
Black Sea region: maps of, 25, 30, 118
modern scholarship on, 7–8
perceptions of, 116
poisons in, 70
slaves from, 20. See also Empire, M’s Black Sea
Blossius, 59
boar hunting, 87–88, 88
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 321–22
Famous Women, 356
Bocchus, 112, 280
Boeotia, 192–93, 210–13, 222
Bolich, Gregory, 22–23
Bosporus, Bosporan Kingdom, 116–17, 153, 316, 319, 326–27, 331, 343–45, 356, 366
botanical medicine, 47, 58, 101, 296. See also Krateuas
specific plants
Boudicca, 21
Bouplagos, 34
Bruttius, 192–93
Buddha, 40
burial: customs, 82, 83, 353, 418n8
of M, 354
Bush, George W., 8
Caesar, Julius, 232–33, 243, 249, 366, 366–67, 369
calcium carbonate, 247
Callimachus, 252, 278, 309
Callistratus, 246, 289, 290
cameos, 247. See also agates
rings
Camp, John, 209–10
cannibalism, 202–3, 273, 333
Caphis, 200
cap, Phrygian, 62, 103, 321, 363
Cappadocia: M’s claim on, 45, 142–45, 225, 230–33
M’s rule of, 129–31, 153, 155, 160–62, 177, 255–56, 260–61
Roman rule of, 135–38, 222, 225–26
in Third Mithradatic War, 281
Tigranes’ seizure of, 257–58, 311–12
cardamom, 240
Carpathia, 327
carrot, 240
Carthage, 110, 186
Caspian Gates, 415n33
cassia, 240
Cassius Dio, 4
on earthquake, 343
on M, 341–42
on M’s Caucasus trek, 331, 334
on M’s death, 347, 351, 353–54
on M’s strategy, 318
on naphtha, 302, 303
on Pompey in Caucasia, 328
on Sulla’s Italian campaign, 229
Cassius, Lucius, 139–40, 142, 146, 152–54, 157, 166, 171, 182
castles, 114–15. See also fortifications
Icizari castle
Kainon Chorion
Sinora
Talaura
Castor, 343, 417n51
castor musk, 240
catapult balls, 203. See also siege engines
Catherine the Great, 249
Caucasia, 304, 332, 335
Caucasus Mountains, plate 7, 3, 326–29, 331–38, 332, 337
Caunus, 18, 157
Cavafy, Constantine, 250–51
cavalry tactics, 148–49, 295, 298, 304, 307–8, 318–19
Celsus, 243
centaury, 240
Ceramus, 157
Cerasion, 279
Chaeremon, 153–55, 170–71, 325
Chaeronea: Battle of (338 BC), 148–49
in Mithradatic Wars, 192–93, 205–10, 223
Chalcedon, 264–65
Chalcis, 208, 211
Chalybes, 261, 279
Champlin, Edward, 10
Chandragupta, King, 102
character of M: active life preferred, 119–20
compassion, 350
cruelty, 101, 169, 339–40
eccentricities, 101–5
generosity, 158, 175
idealism, 26
massacre of 88 BC and, 173–74
mercy, 151–53, 215–16
paranoia, 187, 216, 220, 231, 340
psychological makeup, 173–74, 373–76
resilience, 294
Charaka, 241
charcoal, 240
chariot races, 49, 49–50, 125, 126
chariots. See war chariots
Charlemagne, 244
Chechnya, 334
chelation, 247
cherries, 87, 279, 313, 314
Chian wine, 240
childhood, 42, 44–72
companions during, 45, 47
lightning strike in, 36–37
sources for, 39, 44. See also education
children of M, 114, 123–25, 130–31, 137, 205, 343–44. See also individuals by name
China, 28–29, 115, 137, 249
Chios, 18, 157, 172, 174, 180–81, 216–18, 221, 227
Christine de Pizan, City of Ladies, 322–23
Cicero, Marcus Tullius: critical of Rome, 4, 19
on economic collapse, 9
on M, 24, 26, 236, 288, 316, 342, 352, 359, 413n34
on pirates, 258
Cilicia, 116, 121, 138, 177, 331
Cimbri, 160
Cimiata, 120
Cimmerian Bosporus, 116–17, 230
Cinna, 188, 196, 210
cinnabar, 252
cinnamon, 240
cithara player, 251. See also Stratonice
Citizens of the Sun, 59–61, 82, 111, 135, 143, 153, 167, 193, 305
Cleopatra III, 38, 163
Cleopatra (daughter of M), 114, 137, 278, 296, 298, 325
Cleopatra of Egypt, 254
Cleopatra the Younger (daughter of M), 114, 343–44, 417n51
cloaks, 38–39, 163, 330, 359
clothing, 66–67, 77, 103, 137, 282
Cnidus, 157, 172
coins: Alexander’s image on, 98, 189
of Armenia, 30
comets on, 29, 29–32, 69, 75
Dionysus’s image on, 36, 108, 190
Laodice’s issuance of, 81–82
M’s image on, 14, 63, 65, 151, 189, 249, 263, 301
M’s issuance of, 138, 157–58, 189–90, 260, 343, 387n7
of Pontus, 29–30
Sulla’s issuance of, 210, 212
Tigranes’ image on, 31, 301
Tigranes’ issuance of, 387n7
Colchis, 29, 61–62, 118, 153, 162, 230, 237, 254, 261, 304, 325–28
Colophon, 220
Colossus of Rhodes, 121, 180
Comana Cappadocia, 90, 231
Comana Pontica, 90–91, 106, 282, 288, 289
comets, 27–33
on coins, 29, 29–32, 69, 75
meaning of, 27, 29–33, 188, 268
M’s birth marked by, 27–32
M’s crowning marked by, 69
as signs of Rome’s destruction, 34, 35
on Tigranes’ tiara, 30–32, 31, 137
war banner, 28, 32
Commagene, 298, 302–3, 331
computer, world’s first, 2, 291
concubines. See Adobogiona
Berenice
harems
Hypsicratea/es
Laodice the Younger (sister of M)
Monime
Stratonice
Coralli, 261
Corinth, 36, 110
Cos, 17, 38, 157, 163, 172, 221, 226
Cotta, 260, 264–65
counterfactual history, 5–6, 360–70, 420n21
alliance with Pharnaces, 362–63
death faked, 360–61, 363
death of M, 365
Hypsicratea, 364–67, 369
nomadic life, 364–65
Crassus, P. Licinius, 60
Craterus, 149
credible commitment, 21, 175
Crete, 116
Crimea, 29, 46, 116–18, 326, 331
Croesus, 16, 200–201
Cybele, 16, 132, 154, 183, 268–69, 272
Cyprus, 221
Cyrus (son of M), 114, 343, 352, 358
Cyrus the Great: and Amazons, 94
and chariots, 49–50, 127, 148
dagger of, 104
and Daryal Pass, 335
fire ceremony performed by, 233, 235
luxury spurned by, 54
M as heir to, 10, 37, 162
memory of, 254
M’s exposure to, 46
M’s son named after, 114
as mythic hero, 40, 41
robe of, 38–39
as role model, 48–49, 73
as ruler, 49
Xenophon on, 48–49
as young hostage, 136
Cyrus the Younger, 48
Cyzicus, 121, 264–65, 269–74
dactylotheke, 247–49
dagger, M’s, 67, 69, 92, 104
Damagoras, 180–83, 221
Dandarians, 261
Darius I, 103
drinking capacity of, 127
fire ceremony performed by, 233
lightning as omen for, 36
M as heir to, 10, 37, 67, 92, 162, 249, 341
M’s exposure to, 46
nomadic warfare against, 308
Darius III: Alexander vs., 39, 66, 92, 94, 320, 354
M’s son named after, 114
Persian empire under, 66
Darius (grandson of M), 346, 362, 417n54
Darius (son of M), 114, 343, 352, 358
Darkness, 47, 60, 151
Daryal Pass, 332, 334–38, 337, 415n33
death of M, plate 3, plate 9, 2, 29, 347, 348, 349–56, 350, 351, 355, 360–61, 363
death tolls, of natural disasters and mass killings, 22
&n
bsp; debt, 47, 110, 140–41, 158, 167, 228, 292
Delos, 20, 122, 179, 183, 190
Delphi, 158
Oracle, 34, 200–201
Demeter, 343
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 121, 179–80, 182
Democritus of Egypt, 241
dikairon, 102, 230
Diodorus of Adramyttion, 108
Diodorus of Sicily: on Aquillius’s capture, 166
critical of Rome, 4, 172
on Fimbria, 228
on M’s relations with Rome, 131
on temple of love, 90
Diodorus (philosopher-statesman), 178–79
Diodorus Zonas, 187
Diogenes (son of Archelaus), 211
Diogenes the Cynic, 54, 73