597.17–18 Thursday night, in the Christmas.] Thursday, December 30, 1875.
597.32 Moss Hill] An abandoned plantation in Clinton, the scene of the political meeting held on September 4, 1875.
599.5 Judge Cabinis] Edwin W. Cabaniss, chancery judge of Hinds County.
600.3 your brother, too, Sam.”] Sam Caldwell was Margaret Ann Caldwell’s brother-in-law.
600.14 Professor Hillman] Walter Hillman (1829–1894), president of the Central Female Institute, a school for white women in Clinton.
602.10 he carried the militia to Edwards] Caldwell had commanded a company of black militiamen that transported a shipment of weapons from Jackson to Edwards on October 9, 1875.
602.16 “Murdocs.”] White men who named themselves after the Modoc Indians, who had fought the U.S. Army in northern California and southern Oregon, 1872–73. The Modoc leader known as Captain Jack was notorious for having killed Brigadier General Edward R. S. Canby (see note 381.36–37) during a truce meeting held on April 11, 1873.
604.16 the club] A Republican club.
605.5 Haffa] William P. Haffa, a white schoolteacher from Pennsylvania who served as a justice of the peace, was murdered on September 6, 1875.
606.3–4 Tourgée: Root, Hog, or Die] The text of this essay is taken from an undated newspaper clipping in the Albion Winegar Tourgée Papers, Chautauqua County Historical Society, Westfield, New York. It was dated c. 1876 by Mark Elliott and John David Smith, the editors of Undaunted Radical: The Selected Writings and Speeches of Albion W. Tourgée (2010).
611.8 Mr. SINGLETON . . . this bill] Otho R. Singleton (1814–1889) was a Democratic congressman from Mississippi, 1853–55, 1857–61, and 1875–87. He reported an appropriations bill for the consular and diplomatic service to the House on February 3, 1876.
614.33–34 Mr. TUCKER . . . the word nation] John Randolph Tucker (1823–1887) served as attorney general of Virginia, 1857–65, and as a Democratic congressman, 1875–87. In a speech in the House on January 19, 1876, opposing the appropriation of $1.5 million for the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, Tucker noted that the word “national” did not appear in the text of the Constitution.
615.2 Mr. COX] Samuel S. Cox; see note 489.19.
616.3 Chickasaw and common-school funds] Funds for public schools in Mississippi derived from the sale of lands ceded by the Chickasaw Nation in 1832.
619.3 Daniel H. Chamberlain] A former Union officer from Massachusetts, Chamberlain (1835–1907) moved to South Carolina in 1866. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1868, the state attorney general, 1868–72, and governor, 1874–77.
619.6 your letter of the 22 d of July] Chamberlain wrote that “most Republicans here” believed the recent killing in Hamburg “foreshadows a campaign of blood and violence” conducted “on the ‘Mississippi plan.’” He asked Grant to make troop deployments that would make possible federal intervention “prompt and effective,” but did not request immediate aid.
619.8 massacre of innocent men . . . Hamburg] A dispute over the right-of-way arose in the town of Hamburg, South Carolina, on July 4, 1876, between two white men in a carriage and a company of black state militia marching in the street. On July 8 two to three hundred armed white men gathered in Hamburg and demanded that the militia company surrender its arms. When they refused, the white gunmen laid siege to the militia armory and used a small cannon to force its evacuation. One white man and six African Americans were killed in the incident, including five black militiamen who were shot after they surrendered.
621.8 Mr. Chandler and Mr. Cornell] Zachariah Chandler (1813–1879) was a Republican senator from Michigan, 1857–75 and 1879, secretary of the interior, 1875–77, and chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1876. Alonzo B. Cornell (1832–1904) was vice president of the Western Union telegraph company and chairman of the New York Republican state committee. He later served as governor of New York, 1880–82.
622.15 Coomassie] Kumasi, now in Ghana, was the capital of the Ashanti empire. It was captured by the British in 1874 during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War.
622.37 Mr. Dawes] Henry L. Dawes (1816–1903) was a Republican congressman from Massachusetts, 1857–1875, and a senator, 1875–93.
623.24 Tilden] A wealthy lawyer, Samuel J. Tilden (1814–1886) was governor of New York, 1875–76, and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1876.
623.37–38 American consul . . . battle of Mentana] Edwin C. Cushman (1838–1909) was the U.S. consul in Rome, 1865–69. French and Papal forces defeated Italian volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) in the battle of Mentana, fought north of Rome on November 3, 1867.
624.11 Casey] James F. Casey (1830–1888), collector of customs at New Orleans, 1869–77, and brother-in-law of Julia Dent Grant.
624.12 Parker] Probably John M. G. Parker, postmaster at New Orleans, 1875–78.
624.19 Mr. Hayes’s letter] Hayes formally accepted the Republican nomination in a letter dated July 8, 1876.
625.4–6 Mr. Wheeler . . . national affliction] William A. Wheeler (see note 551.38) wrote on July 15, 1876: “We of the North delude ourselves in expecting that the masses of the South, so far behind in many of the attributes of enlightened improvement and civilization, are, in the brief period of ten or fifteen years, to be transformed into our model Northern communities. That can only come through a long course of patient waiting to which no one can now set certain bounds.”
626.3–4 Ingersoll . . . Indianapolis] Ingersoll spoke at the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Reunion held in Indianapolis, September 20–21, 1876.
627.28 tried to fire the city of New York] A team of Confederate operatives set fire to several hotel rooms in New York City on November 25, 1864, but failed to cause widespread destruction. Most of the arsonists escaped to Canada, but one Confederate officer, Robert Cobb Kennedy (1835–1865), was captured, tried by a military commission, and hanged.
627.32–33 tried to spread . . . yellow fever] In May 1865 a former Confederate agent testified at the trial of the Lincoln conspirators that in 1864 Dr. Lucas P. Blackburn (1816–1887) had traveled twice to Bermuda, where he collected clothes and bedding from yellow fever victims and arranged for their shipment to several cities in the United States in an attempt to spread the disease. Blackburn was never prosecuted by American authorities, and he later served as the Democratic governor of Kentucky, 1879–83.
632.5 Polls on wednesday the 4th] Elections for state offices and the U.S. House of Representatives were held in Georgia on October 4, 1876.
633.4–5 Mr Peter O’Neal c run for Representative] O’Neal was an unsuccessful candidate for the Georgia House of Representatives. The letter “c ” stands for “colored.”
633.5–6 Mr Johnathan Norcross, for Governor] Jonathan Norcross (1808–1898), a successful businessman and antebellum mayor of Atlanta, was defeated by Alfred H. Colquitt (1824–1894), the Democratic candidate, 111,297–33,443.
634.6–7 News . . . Herald ] The Columbus, Ohio, Sunday Morning News and the Columbus Herald, another weekly newspaper.
634.30–32 former free States . . . the twenty-two] Tilden carried New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Indiana.
635.8 General Mitchell] John G. Mitchell (1838–1894), a lawyer in Columbus, had served as a brigadier general in the Union army. He was married to Laura Platt Mitchell (1842–1916), Hayes’s niece.
635.12 my son Webb] Webb Cook Hayes (1856–1934). A White House secretary during his father’s presidency, Webb Hayes later fought in the Spanish-American War and the Philippines.
635.13 Governor Dennison] William Dennison (1815–1882) was the Republican governor of Ohio, 1860–62, and postmaster general, 1864–66.
637.17 General Ruger] Brevet Major General Thomas H. Ruger (1833–1907) commanded the Department of the South, 1876–78.
637.26 General Gordon] John B. Gordon (1832–1904), a former major general in the Confederate army, served as a Democratic senator from Georgia, 1873–80 and 1891–97, and as governor, 1886–90. Gordon reputedly organized and led the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia, a charge he denied before a congressional investigating committee in 1871.
638.34 Mr. Kasson] John A. Kasson (1822–1910) served as a Republican congressman from Iowa, 1873–77 and 1881–84, as U.S. minister to Austria-Hungary, 1877–81, and as minister to Germany, 1884–85.
638.38 Hendricks] Thomas A. Hendricks (1819–1885), the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1876, was a congressman from Indiana, 1851–55, a senator, 1863–69, governor, 1873–77, and vice president of the United States, 1884–85.
639.13 Slidell] See note 204.19.
639.19–20 vote of Louisiana . . . in 1872] see Chronology, November 1872.
640.7–8 two houses . . . conflict] In the Forty-fourth Congress, 1875–77, the Republicans controlled the Senate while the Democrats held the majority in the House.
640.30–31 vote from Oregon] see Chronology, November 1876.
641.11–12 Major Robert Anderson] Anderson (1805–1871) commanded the Union garrison in Charleston harbor from November 1860 until the surrender of Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861.
642.9 Tide-waiters] A customs officer who inspects the landing of goods.
642.35–36 joint committee . . . a scheme] see Chronology, January 1877.
645.15 Wendell Phillips’ words] In a speech given in Philadelphia on March 26, 1877, Phillips had denounced the southern policy of the new Hayes administration. “Half of what Grant gained for us at Appomattox, Hayes surrendered in Washington on the 5th of March,” Phillips said. Referring to promises made by Wade Hampton and Francis T. Nicholls, the Democratic claimant to the Louisiana governorship, that they would “keep the peace and protect” black citizens, Phillips warned: “To trust a Southern promise would be fair evidence of insanity.”
649.22 Crédit Mobilier and Northern Pacific] Crédit Mobilier, see note 476.38. The failure of Jay Cooke & Company to market Northern Pacific railroad bonds caused the firm to go bankrupt on September 18, 1873, setting off the Panic of 1873.
650.28 Hills] Benjamin H. Hill (1823–1882) was a Democratic congressman from Georgia, 1875–77, and a senator, 1877–82.
650.31–32 Southern Gordon . . . Northern Morton] In a speech in the Senate on March 9, 1876, John B. Gordon proposed civil service reforms to fight corruption in the collection of excise taxes on whiskey. Oliver P. Morton responded by noting that the excise taxes had been reimposed during the Civil War, and said that “those who made the war are the last persons who have a right to complain of its consequences.”
CODA, 1879
655.30–31 grand speech General Sherman] In his speech of May 30, 1878, Sherman said: “We claim that, in the great civil war, we of the National Union Army were right, and our adversaries were wrong; and no special pleading, no excuses, no personal motives, however pure and specious, can change this verdict of the war.”
658.2–4 Rainey . . . South Carolina Elections] Rainey had won reelection in 1876, defeating the Democratic candidate John S. Richardson, 18,180–16,661. Richardson (1828–1894) challenged the results, claiming that voters had been intimidated by the presence of federal troops at the polls and the actions of black militia units and Republican political clubs. The House Committee on Elections recommended on May 18, 1878, that Rainey’s seat be declared vacant, but the House took no action. On November 5, 1878, Richardson defeated Rainey, 22,707–14,096. Rainey obtained leave from the House on March 3, 1879, the final day of his congressional career, to have his remarks on his election case printed in the record.
658.6 election day] November 7, 1876.
659.33–34 gentleman from Louisiana . . . following] Ezekiel J. Ellis (1840–1889), a Democratic congressman from Louisiana, 1875–85, in the majority report of the Committee on Elections, May 18, 1878.
660.39 Zulus . . . Africa to-day.] In the Anglo-Zulu War, January–July 1879, which ended in the defeat of the Zulus.
661.21 my colleague] John H. Evins (1830–1884), a Democratic congressman from South Carolina, 1877–84.
Index
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W | Y | Z
A
Abbott, Joseph C., 28, 385, 389
Abolitionists, 5–6, 12, 15, 272–73, 296, 357, 359–60, 485, 586
Abolition of slavery, 2, 17, 47, 78, 102–3, 122, 134, 156, 169, 172, 174, 179, 183, 191, 207, 221, 224, 272, 282, 303, 309, 354, 462, 535, 570, 581, 587, 628. See also Emancipation of slaves
Abson (woman accused of infanticide), 360–61
Achaean League, 409
Act of Union (Anglo-Irish, 1800), 359
Adams, George M. (Clerk of the House of Representatives), 611
Adams, John Quincy, 192
Address of the Colored State Convention to the People of South Carolina, 129–32
Aesop, 485
Africa, 62, 214–15, 439, 486–87, 622, 660
Agricultural laborers, 35–43, 88–89, 131, 153–54, 165–66, 462, 486
Agriculture, 83–84, 513, 517, 570–71, 624, 648–49
Alabama, 63–64, 79, 81, 84, 165, 169, 333, 518, 522, 568, 575; freedmen in, 71–73; political situation in, 314, 496, 505–6, 656; unrest in, 76–77
Alabama, C.S.S., 45
Alamance County, N.C., 381, 386
Albany, N.Y., 108
Alexander, Dr. (of Clinton), 605
Alexandria, Va., 122
Allegiance, oath of, 19, 28, 201
Allen (Colfax massacre victim), 451
Alton, Ill., 272
American Equal Rights Association, 372–73
Ames, Adelbert, 446, 590, 592–93, 596, 602–3, 605, 624
Amnesty, 2, 114, 318, 394–99, 418, 426, 479
Amphictyonic League, 409
Anderson, Amanda McGregor, 74–75
Anderson, Grundy, 74
Anderson, Jane, 74–75
Anderson, Jordan, 74–75
Anderson, Larz, 641
Anderson, Milly, 74–75
Anderson, Patrick H., 74–75
Anderson, Robert, 641
Anderson, Thomas C., 641
Andersonville Prison, 97–98, 111–12, 163, 267, 537
Andrews, Christopher C., 72
Andrews, Sidney: The South Since the War, 138–52
Anglo-Saxons, 9–10, 62, 360–61, 414, 473, 489, 585
Anthony, Susan B., 357; exchange with Frederick Douglass on suffrage, 372–75
Antoine, Caesar, 542
Appomattox, surrender at, 2, 14, 250, 323, 573
Apportionment, congressional, 115–16, 226, 233, 258, 306, 308
Apprenticeship, indentures of, 90–91
Aristocracy, 23, 62, 104–5, 172, 316–17, 437
Arkansas, 518, 522, 575; 1868 constitution of, 522; mob violence in, 525; political situation in, 103, 445, 522, 656
Arlington National Cemetery, 356
Armour, Harriet Merriweather, 255
Army, C.S., 14, 21–22, 29, 74, 81, 92–94, 111–12, 140, 146, 201, 250, 261, 263, 265–67, 282, 300, 303, 305, 308, 314, 323, 354–55, 393, 500, 573, 623, 627
Army, U.S., 68, 114, 158, 165, 197, 223, 263, 266, 268, 307, 330–31, 339, 356, 366, 392–93, 426, 440, 627; at Andersonville Prison, 97–98, 111–12, 163, 267, 537; black soldiers in, 10–11, 13, 16, 24–25, 32, 34, 36, 48, 83–85, 104, 110, 115, 117–21, 159, 167–68, 170, 180, 225, 244, 246, 255–57, 282, 303, 456–57, 480–81, 49
9–501, 507, 519, 537, 555–56, 587; in Civil War, 6, 9, 14, 21, 24, 74, 163, 244–45, 249–50, 264, 270, 397, 443, 472, 480–81, 499, 519, 529, 537–38, 573, 587, 641; conscription in, 11, 262; and Freedmen’s Bureau, 3, 160–61, 181–82, 185–90, 192; military occupation by, 15, 28–29, 33–43, 45–47, 50–54, 59, 71–72, 75–77, 79–86, 110, 122–24, 136–37, 152, 159–61, 163, 183, 225–27, 246–48, 251, 270–71, 274, 290, 295, 299, 302, 381–82, 511–12, 522, 525, 527–30, 534, 540, 542, 545–51, 567–68, 591–93, 629, 637, 657–59; pensions, 282; possible Mexican intervention by, 251; and surrender at Appomattox, 2, 14, 250, 323, 573; wounded soldiers in, 264
Arnold, Benedict, 456
Articles of Confederation, 411
Asante (Ashanti), 622
Assembly, freedom of, 509
Associated Press, 510
Atlanta, Ga., 264, 419, 491
Attala County, Miss., 79
Augusta, Ga., 139, 143, 158, 495
Austin, Texas, 133, 135
Austria, 8, 354
B
Babylon, 502
Baker, John A., 29
Baldwin County, Ga., 632
Ballet, Ben, Jr., 450
Baltimore, Md., 243
Bancroft, George, 102
Bangs, Dr. (of Clinton), 599
Banks, Nathaniel P., 5–6, 12–13, 15
Baptists, 254, 598
Barnett, Richard, 82
Barnwell, S.C., 638
Bassett, Ebenezer Don Carlos, 507
Bates, Aaron, 599
Baton Rouge, La., 550
Baxter, Elisha, 522
Bayard, Thomas F., 422, 424
Bearing arms, freedmen prohibited from, 2, 127–28, 165
Beasley, Bob, 604
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 329, 355
Beck, James B., 395, 457, 459–60, 462, 464–65, 467–69, 495, 497
Bedford, Pa., 288
Beecher, Henry Ward, 359, 495
Belknap, William W., 514, 525, 529
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