The House of Government

by Slezkine, Yuri

  Shaburova (Karabaeva), Maria Aleksandrovna (b. 1902), head of the Women’s Section of the Central Committee Agitation Department; editor in chief of Rabotnitsa (Female worker); people’s commissar of social welfare of the Russian Republic. Apts. 170, 167.

  ■ Her husband, Nikolai Efimovih Shaburov (b. 1886).

  ■ Their children, Nelli (b. 1925), Lev (b. 1927).

  Shapiro, Isaak Ilich (b. 1895), head of the Ninth (secret codes) Section of the Main Directorate of State Security at the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD); head of the NKVD Secretariat; head of the First Special (secret service) Department of the NKVD. Apts. 43, 453.

  Shchadenko, Efim Afanasievich (b. 1882), member of the Revolutionary-Military Committees of the First and Second Red Cavalry Armies; deputy president of the Frunze Military Academy; head of the Political Department of the Kiev Military District; deputy people’s commissar of defense. Apts. 10, 505.

  ■ His son, Gennady (b. 1929).

  ■ His wife, Maria Aleksandrovna Denisova-Shchadenko (b. 1894), sculptor; prototype of Maria in Vladimir Mayakovsky’s poem, A Cloud in Pants.

  ■ Maria’s daughter, Alisa Vasilievna Stroeva; her husband, Yuri Lvovich Karpov (b. 1912); and their children, Tatiana (b. 1937), Olga (b. 1944).

  Shumiatsky, Boris Zakharovich (b. 1886), chairman of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party; chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Far Eastern Republic; ambassador to Persia; chairman of the All-Union Cinema and Photography Association. Apt. 398.

  ■ His wife, Leah Isaevna Pandre (b. 1889).

  ■ Their daughters, Eleonora (b. 1909), Ekaterina (b. 1922).

  Shuniakov, Vasily Petrovich (1889), secretary of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Party Committee; instructor at the Moscow Party Committee. Apt. 429.

  ■ His wife, Iudif Aleksandrovna Charnaia (b. 1902).

  ■ Their daughter, Tamara (b. 1922).

  ■ Iudif’s mother, Elena Iosifovna Charnaia (b. 1870).

  ■ Iudif’s father, Zasil Iudeleevich Solov (b. 1871).

  Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich (Ivars Smilga, b. 1892), chairman of the Executive Committee of the Army, Navy, and Workers of Finland; chairman of the Political Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (head commissar of the Red Army); deputy head of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan); member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of National Economy. Apt. 230.

  ■ His wife, Nadezhda Vasilievna Poluian (b. 1895).

  ■ Their daughters, Tatiana (b. 1919), Natalia (b. 1922).

  ■ Nadezhda’s friend, Nina Zakharovna Delibash (b. 1903).

  Solts, Aron Aleksandrovich (“The Party’s Conscience,” b. 1872), member of the Presidium of the Central Control Commission, the International Control Commission of the Comintern, and the Soviet Supreme Court; deputy prosecutor general. Apt. 393.

  ■ His sister, Esfir (b. 1873).

  ■ His adopted son, Evgeny (b. 1927).

  ■ His niece, Anna Grigorievna Zelenskaia, and her children, Elena (b. 1919), Andrei (b. 1921).

  Stasova, Elena Dmitrievna (b. 1873), secretary of the Central Committee of the Party; chairwoman of the Central Committee of International Red Aid (MOPR); member of the Central Control Committee and International Control Committee of the Comintern. Apts. 245, 291.

  Sverdlova-Novgorodtseva, Klavdia Timofeevna (b. 1876), widow of the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Yakov Sverdlov; employee of the Central Censorship Office (Glavlit). Apt. 319.

  ■ Her son, Andrei (b. 1911), NKVD official.

  ■ Andrei’s wife, Nina Nikolaevna Podvoiskaia (b. 1916), and their daughter, Elena (b. 1935).

  Terekhov, Roman Yakovlevich (b. 1890), secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine; first secretary of the Kharkov Provincial Party Committee; second secretary of the Donetsk Provincial Party Committee; member of the Soviet Control Commission. Apts. 108, 190.

  ■ His wife, Efrosinia Artemovna (b. 1901).

  ■ Their children, Victoria (b. 1924), Gennady (b. 1931).

  Trifonov, Valentin Andreevich (b. 1888), commissar of the Special Expeditionary Corps in the Don Area in 1919; chairman of the Military Collegium of the Soviet Supreme Court; deputy military attaché in China; trade representative in Finland; chairman of the Main Committee on Foreign Concessions at the Council of People’s Commissars. Apt. 137.

  ■ His wife, Evgenia Abramovna Lurye (b. 1904).

  ■ Their children, Yuri (b. 1925), Tatiana (b. 1927).

  ■ Evgenia’s mother, Tatiana Aleksandrovna Slovatinskaia (b. 1879).

  ■ Her adopted son, Andrei Grigorievich Slovatinsky (Undik, b. 1917).

  Tuchin, Mikhail Andreevich (b. 1896), foreman and Party secretary, House of Government Construction Organization; senior inspector at Gorky Park. Apt. 4.

  ■ His father, Andrei Gurianovich (b. 1870).

  ■ His mother, Natalia Fedorovna (b. 1867).

  ■ His wife, Tatiana Ivanovna Chizhikova (b. 1901), salesclerk at the House of Government store.

  ■ Their children, Zinaida (b. 1923), Vladimir (b. 1925).

  Usievich, Elena Feliksovna (b. 1893), literary critic; widow of Grigory Aleksandrovich Usievich; daughter of Feliks Kon; deputy director of the Institute of Literature and Arts of the Communist Academy. Apts. 194, 193.

  ■ Her second husband, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Takser

  ■ Their daughter, Iskra-Marina (b. 1926).

  Veitser, Izrail Yakovlevich (b. 1889), people’s commissar of trade of Ukraine; deputy people’s commissar of foreign trade; trade representative in Germany; people’s commissar of internal trade. Apt. 159.

  ■ His wife, Natalia Ilinichna Sats (b. 1903), director and artistic director of Moscow Children’s Theater (Central Children’s Theater).

  Volin, Boris Mikhailovich (Iosif Mikhailovich Fradkin, b. 1886), deputy people’s commissar of internal affairs of Ukraine; chairman of the Press Department of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; director of the Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs (Central Censorship Office, Glavlit); head of the Schools Department of the Central Committee of the Party. Apt. 276.

  ■ His wife, Dina Davydovna (b. 1888), gynecologist; editor at Medical Press.

  ■ Their daughter, Victoria (b. 1920).

  Voronsky, Aleksandr Konstantinovich (“Valentin,” b. 1884), editor in chief of Red Virgin Soil; head of the Russian and Foreign Classics Section at State Fiction Publishers; literary theorist, fiction writer, memoirist. Apt. 357.

  ■ His wife, Sima Solomonovna (b. 1889).

  ■ Their daughter, Galina (b. 1916).

  Zbarsky, Boris Ilich (Ber Elievich, b. 1885), director of the Lenin Mausoleum Laboratory. Apt. 28.

  ■ His son, Ilya (b. 1913), employee of the Lenin Mausoleum Laboratory.

  ■ His second wife, Evgenia Borisovna (b. 1900).

  ■ Their sons, Feliks-Lev (b. 1931), Viktor (b. 1942).

  NOTES

  The Library of Congress system of transliterating Russian words, followed in these endnotes, has been modified in the main body of the text in accordance with conventional usage (“Mayakovsky,” not “Maiakovskii”; “Lyova,” not “Leva”; “Tatiana,” not “Tat’iana”). Unless noted otherwise, all translations are my own.

  ABBREVIATIONS

  AGTsTM

  Arkhiv Gosudarstvennogo tsentral’nogo teatral’nogo muzeia (Archive of the State Central Theater Museum)

  AMDNN

  Arkhiv Muzeiia “Dom na naberezhnoi” (Archive of the “House on the Embankment” Museum)

  AOM

  Arkhiv Obshchestva “Memorial” (Memorial Society Archive)

  APRF

  Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi federatsii (Archive of the President of the Russian Federation)

  ARAN

  Arkhiv Rossiiskoi akademii nauk (Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

  GARF

  Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi federatsii (
State Archive of the Russian Federation)

  RGALI

  Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva (Russian State Archive of Literature and the Arts)

  RGASPI

  Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii (Russian State Archive of Social and Political History)

  RGVA

  Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv (Russian State Military Archive)

  TsAFSB

  Tsentral’nyi arkhiv Federal’noi sluzhby bezopasnosti (Central Archive of the Federal Security Service)

  TsALIM

  Tsentral’nyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva Moskvy (Central Archive of Literature and the Arts, Moscow)

  TsANTDM

  Tsentral’nyi arkhiv nauchno-tekhnicheckoi dokumentatsii Moskvy (Central Archive of Scientific and Technical Documents, Moscow)

  TsAODM

  Tsentral’nyi arkhiv obshchestvennykh dvizhenii Moskvy (Central Archive of Social Movements, Moscow)

  TsAOPIM

  Tsentral’nyi arkhiv obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii Moskvy (Central Archive of Social and Political History, Moscow)

  TsDNA

  Tsentr dokumentatsii “Narodnyi arkhiv” (The “People’s Archive” Documentation Center)

  TsGAMO

  Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Moskovskoi oblasti (Central State Archive of Moscow Province)

  TsIAM

  Tsentral’nyi istoricheskii arkhiv Moskvy (Central Historical Archive, Moscow)

  TsMAM

  Tsentral’nyi munitsipal’nyi arkhiv Moskvy (Central Municipal Archive, Moscow)

  1. THE SWAMP

  1. Iakimanka (Moscow: Elita, 1998), 24–38; Po Moskvie: Progulki po Moskvie i eia khudozhestvennym i prosvetitel’nym uchrezhdeniiam (Moscow: izd. M i S. Sabashnikovykh, 1917), 301–5; O. Shmidt, Zamoskvorech’e: Iakimanskaia chast’ (Moscow: Gosudarstvennaia publichnaia is-toricheskaia biblioteka Rossii, 1999), 5–22, 36–37.

  2. Iakimanka, 33–38, 47; Shmidt, Zamoskvorech’e, 23–24; E. I. Kirichenko, Khram Khrista Spasitelia v Moskve: Istoriia proektirovaniia i sozdaniia sobora 1813–1931 (Moscow: Planeta, 1992), 16.

  3. O. N. Orobei, ed., Stroiteli Rossii—XX vek: Moskva nachala veka (Moscow: O-Master, 2001), 120–21; V. A. Kondrat’eva and V. I. Nevzorova, eds., Iz istorii fabrik i zavodov Moskvy i moskovskoi gubernii: Konets XVIII–nacchalo XX vv (Moscow: Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Moskvy, 1968), 97; V. Ruga and A. Kokorev, Moskva povsednevnaia: Ocherki gorodskoi zhizni nachala XX veka (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2005), 78–81; “History and Tradition,” Red October, http://www.redoct.msk.ru/rus/about/history.shtml; TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, d. 17680; op. 63, d. 17546; I. Evsenin, Ot fabrikanta k Krasnomu Oktiabriu (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo VTsSPS, 1927), 15–20.

  4. TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, dd. 17678, 17679, 17544, 17686; Mikhail Korobko, “Rasstupites’, dumnyi d’iak idet! Palaty na Bersenevskoi naberezhnoi,” http://testan.narod.ru/article/bersen.htm; Shmidt, Zamoskvorech’e, 29–34.

  5. Nikolai Bukharin, Vremena (Moscow: Progress, 1994), 23.

  6. TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, dd. 17682, 17683, 17684, 17686; op. 63, dd. 17549, 17550; Semen Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: The Autobiograpy of Semën Ivanovich Kanatchikov, ed. and trans. Reginald E. Zelnik (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986), 7, 25, 34.

  7. TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, dd. 17693, 17693a; op. 63, dd. 17551, 17559, 17560; Kondrat’eva and Nevzorova, Iz istorii fabrik i zavodov, 268; V. V. Pokhlebkin, Istoriia vodki (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2007), attachment 9; Orobei, Stroiteli Rossii, 279–80.

  8. Joseph Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 251; Orobei, Stroiteli Rossii, 153. The quotations are from Ruga and Kokorev, Moskva povsednevnaia, 88–90.

  9. TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, d. 17697, 17694, 17695, 17696; op. 63, d. 17563, 17561; Kanatchikov, Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia, 7, 25.

  10. TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, d. 17699; Iakimanka, 52; Vospominaniia o Rakhmaninove (Moscow: Muzyka, 1988), 1:386–89; S. V. Rakhmaninov, Pis’ma (Moscow: Muzykal’noe izdatel’stvo, 1955), 115; V. Briantseva, S. V. Rakhmaninov (Moscow: Sovetskii kompozitor, 1976), 206–7; Barrie Martyn, Rachmaninoff: Composer, Pianist, Conductor (Aldershot, UK: Scolar Press, 1990), 104–6; Anna Gorkushkina, “Roial’ Rakhmaninova,” Vecherniaia Moskva, October 19, 1992.

  11. TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62, d. 17700; Orobei, Stroiteli Rossii, 118; Kondrat’eva and Nevzorova, Iz istorii fabrik i zavodov, 93, 115.

  12. Kanatchikov, Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia, 20–21.

  13. Ibid., 50–51.

  14. Ibid., 10, 12–13, 21, 25, 30, 40, 60, 62.

  15. Ibid., 10, 15–17. See also Robert Eugene Johnson, Peasant and Proletarian: The Working Class of Moscow in the Late Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1979); and Victoria E. Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers’ Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).

  16. Ruga and Kokorev, Moskva povsednevnaia, 94–98. See also Iakimanka, 40; Orobei, Stroiteli Rossii, 153, 181.

  17. Bukharin, Vremena, 23.

  18. Orobei, Stroiteli Rossii, 255–56, 261–62, 266–73, 276–80, 285–86, 293–94, 328, 360; Ruga and Kokorev, Moskva povsednevnaia, 225, 237–38, 244, 297–318, 339–40 (the foul odor quotation is from 305); Robert W. Thurston, Liberal City, Conservative State: Moscow and Russia’s Urban Crisis, 1906–1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 85–89, 154–59; Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite, 299–337; Paul W. Werth, “In the State’s Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7, no. 3 (2006): 433–58; Vospominaniia o Rakhmaninove, 1:125–26; E. Dmitrievskaia and V. Dmitrievskii, Rakhmaninov v Moskve (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1993), 75–76.

  19. Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite, 4, 9–40; Orobei, Stroiteli Rossii, 29–30; Vospominaniia o Rakhmaninove, 1:125–26; Dmitrievskaia and Dmitrievskii, Rakhmaninov v Moskve, 75–76.

  20. Thurston, Liberal City, Conservative State, 87; TsIAM, f. 1272, op. 1, dd. 345–58 (the quotation about commercial establishments is from d. 358); f. 475, op. 19, dd. 167, 168; op. 17, d. 1312, ll. 3–39. See also Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004).

  21. I. V. Spiridonov, Vserossiiskaia politicheskaia stachka v oktiabre 1905 g. (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1955), 51–52, 57; Laura Engelstein, Moscow, 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), 85–86, 110, 206–8, 214; Kondrat’eva and Nevzorova, Iz istorii fabrik i zavodov, 164, 172, 176; Evsenin, Ot fabrikanta k Krasnomu Oktiabriu, 26–34, 38–47 (the quotation about St. Bartholomew’s night is from 28); Eric Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 16, 34. On the flood, see post-1908 entries in TsIAM, f. 179, op. 62 and 63.

  22. Christine D. Worobec, “Miraculous Healings,” in Mark D. Steinberg and Heather D. Coleman, eds., Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 22–43; Roy R. Robson, “Transforming Solovki: Pilgrim Narratives, Modernization, and Late Imperial Monastic Life,” in Stenberg and Coleman, eds., Sacred Stories, 44–60; Mark D. Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination: Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 1910–1925 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), 224–46; Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 196–200 and passim; Vera Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Gregory Freeze, “Subversive Piety: Religion and the Political Crisis in Late Imperial Russia,” Journal of Modern History 68 (June 1996): 308–50; Heather J. Coleman, Russian Baptists and Spiritual Revolution, 1905–1929 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 41–60 and passim; A. Etkind, Kh
lyst: Sekty, literatura i revoliutsiia (Moscow: NLO, 1998); Olga Matich, Erotic Utopia: The Decadent Imagination in Russia’s Fin de Siècle (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), 9–10 (the “last of a series” line is from Viacheslav Ivanov, quoted on 3); Irina Paperno, “Introduction” and “The Meaning of Art: Symbolist Theories,” in Irina Paperno and Joan Delaney Grossman, eds., Creating Life: The Aesthetic Utopia of Russian Modernism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), 1–23 (the Solov’ev quotation is on 16). See also David M. Bethea, The Shape of Apocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989); Irene Masing-Delic, Abolishing Death: A Salvation Myth of Russian Twentieth-Century Literature (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992); Christopher Read, Religion, Revolution and the Russian Intelligentsia 1900–1912 (London: Macmillan, 1979); Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999); Mark D. Steinberg, Petersburg Fin de Siècle (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 234–67; and Robert C. Williams, “The Russian Revolution and the End of Time: 1900–1940,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 43, no. 3 (1995): 364–401.

  23. Bukharin, Vremena, 179–80; A. Voronskii, Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi (Moscow: Antikva, 2005), 2:202, 222–34, 267–68, 310. The quotations are from 267–68 and 310; Ezek. 11:19; Ezek. 26:12–13.

  24. Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, Sochineniia (Moscow: Mysl’, 1982), 90; Kanatchikov, Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia, 34; Polina Dimova, “The Poet of Fire: Aleksandr Skriabin’s Synaesthetic Symphony Prometheus and the Russian Symbolist Poetics of Light” (unpublished manuscript in author’s possession); Martyn, Rachmaninoff, 94–104; Briantseva, Rakhmaninov, 214–41. The Cui quotation is from Iu. Keldysh, Rakhmaninov i ego vremia (Moscow: Muzyka, 1973), 103.

  25. Martyn, Rachmaninoff, 110; Briantseva, Rakhmaninov, 247–49. The “symbol” quotation (Gr. Prokof’ev, “Pevets intimnykh nastroenii,” Russkaia muzykal’naia gazeta 7 [1910]: col. 195) is from Keldysh, Rakhmaninov i ego vremia, 128.