61. V. I. Vorobchenko, Publitsist-leninets: Revoliutsionno-publitsisticheskaia deiatel’nost’ A. K. Voronskogo (1911–1918) (Kishinev: Shtiintsa, 1986), 112, 131.
62. Ibid., 132–34.
63. Ibid., 115.
64. V. I. Lenin, State and Revolution, chap. 3, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch03.htm; I. Evsenin, Ot fabrikanta k Krasnomu Oktiabriu (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo VTsSPS, 1927), 54.
65. Ibid., 63.
66. Ibid., 63–73. For the general context, see, esp., Silvana Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
67. V. I. Lenin, “K istorii voprosa o neschastnom mire,” PSS, 35:243–44; Lenin: Revoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek, http://leninism.su/works/74-tom-35/1610-k-istorii-voprosa-o-neschastnom-mire.html; V. I. Lenin, “Uspekhi i trudnosti Sovetskoi vlasti,” PSS, 38:55, http://www.leninism.su/works/tom-38/uspexi-i-trudnosti-sovetskoj-vlasti.html; N. Bukharin, E. Preobrazhenskii, Azbuka kommunizma (N.p.: Izd. Ob’edinennoĭ kommunisticheskoĭ partii Ameriki, 1921), 49–50.
68. N. Osinskii, Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie krest’ianskogo khoziaistva (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1920), 9–11, 24; N. Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, in N. I. Bukharin, Problemy teorii i praktiki sotsializma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 122.
69. Karl Marx, “Revelations concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne (1853),” Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/revelations/ch01.htm; Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, 95; Lenin, “K istorii voprosa o neschastnom mire,” PSS, 35:243–44, http://www.leninism.su/works/tom-35/k-istorii-voprosa-o-neschastnom-mire.html; V. I. Lenin, “IV Konferentsiia professional’nykh soiuzov i fabrichno–zavodskikh komitetov Moskvy,” PSS, 36:439, http://www.leninism.su/works/tom-36/iv-konferencziya-professionalnyx-soyuzov-i-fabrichno-zavodskix-komitetov-moskvy.html; V. I. Lenin, “Prorocheskie slova,” PSS, 36:472–73, http://www.leninism.su/works/tom-36/prorocheskie-slova-36.html; Frederick Engels, “Zur Erinnerung fur die deutschen Mordspatrioten 1806–1807,” English trans. in Lenin, Collected Works, 27:494–95, Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/jun/29b.htm. For violence in Bolshevik thought, see James Ryan, Lenin’s Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence (London: Routledge, 2012).
70. V. I. Lenin, “Ocherednye zadachi Sovetskoi vlasti,” 36:196 http://www.leninism.su/works/tom-36/ocherednye-zadachi-sovetskoj-vlasti.html.
71. V. I. Lenin, “Kak organizovat’ sorevnovanie,” PSS, 35:201: http://www.leninism.su/works/tom-35/kak-organizovat-sorevnovanie.html; Lunacharskii, Vospominaniia, 216; L. Trotskii, “Pamiati Sverdlova,” in Iakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov: Sbornik vospominanii i statei (Moscow: Giz, 1926), http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/trotsky/trotm207.htm.
72. Egon-Besser, “Volia k zhizni,” 99–106 (the long quotation is on 106).
73. Lunacharskii, Vospominaniia, 226.
74. Vinogradskaia, Sobytiia, 153–54.
75. Lunacharskii, Vospominaniia, 216–17; Lenin, “Kak organizovat’ sorevnovanie,” 201, 200, 204. See Victoria E. Bonnell, Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 187–204, esp. 202–4.
76. Ia. M. Sverdlov, “Rech’ na zasedanii VTsIK chetvertogo sozyva, 20 maia 1918 goda,” Biografiia.Ru, http://www.biografia.ru/about/sverdlov27.html.
77. Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, 163.
78. Rev. 18.
79. Quoted in I. F. Plotnikov, Pravda istorii: Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i (Ekaterinburg: Za dukhovnost’ i nravstvennost’, 2003), 238.
80. Ibid., 227.
81. Ibid., 226; Goloshchekin quoted in V. V. Alekseev, Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: Mify i real’nost’ (novye dokumnty o tragedii na Urale) (Ekaterinburg: N.p., 1993), 126–27.
82. For photographs and discussion of the inscription, see N. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i (Berlin: Slovo, 1925), 171–72 (figs. 53, 54). See also Plotnikov, Pravda istorii, 235. For a useful survey of sources, see L. A. Lykova, Sledstvie po delu ob ubiistve rossiiskoi imperatorskoi sem’i (Moscow: Rosspen, 2007).
83. Lev Trotskii, Dnevniki i pis’ma, ed. Iu. G. Fel’shtinskii (Tenafly, NJ: Hermitage, 1986), 101.
84. Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki, 24–42.
85. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’I, 192–218 (on the blade, see 216); Alekseev, Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i, 139–59; Plotnikov, Pravda istorii, 355–73. See also Sbornik dokumentov, otnosiashchikhsia k ubiistvu Imperatora Nikolaia II i ego sem’i, Rus-Sky, http://rus-sky.com/history/library/docs.htm#1–10; and Viktoriia Luk’ianova, Poslednie angely na zemle, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/lukyanova_viktoriya/poslednie_angeli_na_zemle.html.
5. THE LAST BATTLE
1. Ia. M. Sverdlov, Izbrannye proizvedeniia (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1957), 3:5–8. The names for the secret police changed over time: Cheka, 1917–22; GPU, 1922–23; OGPU, 1923–34; NKVD, 1934–41.
2. Semion Lyandres, “The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence,” Slavic Review 48, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 432–48; K. T. Sverdlova, Iakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1985), 372–73; P. Mal’kov, Zapiski komendanta moskovskogo Kremlia (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1961), 159–62 (the “severe” passage is on 160); P. Mal’kov, “Zapiski komendanta Kremlia,” Moskva 11 (1958): 136. This is the first edition of Mal’kov’s memoirs. The other editions do not have the sentence about Sverdlov’s apartment.
3. Mal’kov, Zapiski (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1959), 159–60. This episode is only in the 1959 edition. See also Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 806–9.
4. Mal’kov, Zapiski (1961), 162; N. Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, in N. I. Bukharin, Problemy teorii i praktiki sotsializma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 165–66.
5. Peter Holquist, Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 7–11, 174–75, and passim; I. V. Stalin, “K voennomu polozheniiu na iuge,” Sochineniia, vol. 4 (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1946): Biblioteka Gracheva, http://grachev62.narod.ru/stalin/t4/t4_68.htm. The reference is to Anton Denikin and Alexander Kolchak.
6. R. A. Medvedev and S. P. Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’ Filippa Kuz’micha Mironova (Moscow: Patriot, 1989), 61 (the Alekseev quotation).
7. Filipp Mironov: Tikhii Don v 1917–1921 gg. (Moscow: Demokratiia, 1997), 35–36.
8. Holquist, Making War, 143–65.
9. Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 112; V. L. Genis, “Raskazachivanie v Sovetskoi Rossii,” Voprosy istorii 1 (1994): 43.
10. Filipp Mironov, 137–38.
11. Holquist, Making War, 180–84; Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 154–58; Filipp Mironov, 145–46.
12. Ibid.; Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 158–59 (the Donburo quotation); Aleksandr Kozlov, “Tragediia Donskogo kazachestva v XX v.,” Istoriia Donskogo kraia 1 (January 20, 2000): http://www.relga.ru/Environ/WebObjects/tgu-www.woa/wa/Main?textid=1881&level1=main&level2=articles (Yakir quotation).
13. Filipp Mironov, 230; Genis, “Raskazachivanie,” 45.
14. Filipp Mironov, 224.
15. Ibid., 224, 164.
16. Polina Vinogradskaia, Sobytiia i pamiatnye vstrechi (Moscow: Politizdat, 1968), 180–87 (the quotation is on 183); Sverdlova, Iakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov, 390–95 (the quotation is on 393).
17. V. I. Lenin, “Rech’ pamiati Sverdlova na ekstrennom zasedanii VtsIK,” in Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1967–70), 38:74–79, Lenin: Revoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek, http://leninism.su/works/77-tom-38/1302-rech-pamyati-ya-m-sverdlova-na-ekstrennom-zasedanii-vczik.html. The translation is based on Lenin, Collected Works, 29:89–94, Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/mar/18.htm.
18. Ibid.; Vos’moi s’’ezd RKP(b), mart 1919: Protokoly (Mosco
w: Politizdat, 1959), 164 (the Osinsky quotation).
19. K. A. Egon-Besser, “Volia k zhizni, k bor’be,” in O Iakove Sverdlove: Vospominaniia, ocherki, stat’i sovremennikov (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi liteatury, 1985), 106.
20. Filipp Mironov, 163, 164–65 (Trotsky quotation); Kozlov, “Tragediia,” http://www.relga.ru/Environ/WebObjects/tgu-www.woa/wa/Main?textid=1881&level1=main&level2=articles.
21. Filipp Mironov, 165, 185. The translation is based on Holquist, Making War, 192.
22. Quoted in Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 173.
23. Filipp Mironov, 310–11.
24. Ibid., 204–8.
25. Iurii Trifonov, “Otblesk kostra,” in Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1987), 9–73 (the “whirlpool” quotation is on 46); Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov i rabochikh tetradei,” 114; O. Trifonova-Miroshnichenko, “Zhenshchina iz doma na naberezhnoi,” Komsomol’skaia pravda, July 3, 1988.
26. Filipp Mironov, 152 (the quotation from Filipp Mironov), 737, 741–2.
27. Holquist, Making War, 193–4; Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 174–5, 194–206; Filipp Mironov, 210; Genis, “Raskazachivanie,” 50; Trifonov, “Otblesk kostra,” 111–17.
28. Filipp Mironov, 255–71.
29. Ibid., 272, 277, 280–82.
30. Ibid., 294–95.
31. Ibid., 298–99.
32. Ibid., 661.
33. Ibid., 660–66.
34. Ibid., 666.
35. Ibid., 303–4.
36. Ibid., 313–14, 320.
37. Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizhenia Rossii (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989), 675–76; S. N. Burin, “Sud’by bezvestnye,” Nauka i zhizn’ 12 (1989): 57–64; A. P. Nenarokov, “I. T. Smilga,” in Nenarokov, ed., Revvoensovet respubliki (Moscow: Politizdat, 1991), 350–59; Tat’iana Ivarovna Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998.
38. Filipp Mironov, 321–22.
39. Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 229–36; Filipp Mironov, 323–25, 327, 374–75, 382, 390, 392.
40. Filipp Mironov, 434.
41. Ibid., 660, 398, 441, 437.
42. Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 246–47.
43. Filipp Mironov, 415–23.
44. Ibid., 423–27.
45. Ibid., 427–30; Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 260.
46. Filipp Mironov, 674, 677.
47. Ibid., 433–44, 449.
48. Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 271–80.
49. Filipp Mironov, 430, 433; Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 266.
50. Filipp Mironov, 447–52.
51. Ibid., 452, 460, 628, 651; Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 289.
52. Bukharin, Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda, 165–66.
53. Filipp Mironov, 498, 504, 588–620, 622 (“what I heard …”), 651 (“Mass pilgrimages”); Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 300–348; V. G. Iashchenko, Bol’shevistskoe povstanchestvo v Nizhnem Povolzh’e i na Srednem Donu (Moscow: Librokom, 2008), 31–46.
54. Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 348; Filipp Mironov, 640–49.
55. Medvedev and Starikov, Zhizn’ i gibel’, 360; Filipp Mironov, 657–59, 681–84, 734.
6. THE NEW CITY
1. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen and Haffelfinger, 1875), 1:34, http://books.google.com/books?id=V6ELAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=gibbon+decline+and+fall+were+all+considered+by+the+people+as+equally+true&source=bl&ots=xwI3DNxAX2&sig=gRuocgkDTtV77tk8zliBIv-Da-Y&hl=en&ei=njw_TPrdC4b0swOnvuX1CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q&f=false; Guenter Lewy, Religion and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 23.
2. Cf. Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 1:216, 241; Edward Shils, Center and Periphery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), 256–75; Gianfranco Poggi, Forms of Power (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), 89.
3. For “hierocracies,” see Weber, Economy and Society, 2:1159–63.
4. See, in particular, Gerald M. Easter, Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
5. Andrei Platonov, Gorod Gradov, EMSU, http://emsu.ru/lm/cc/platonov.htm.
6. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, dd. 1429, 1919, 745, 484; Reginald E. Zelnik, “The Fate of a Russian Bebel: Semen Ivanovich Kanatchikov, 1905–1940,” Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 1105 (August 1995). See also Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia and K. A. Zalesskii, Imperiia Stalina (Moscow: Veche, 2000).
7. E. A. Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii v poiskakh zhivoi vody (Moscow: Rosspen 2001), 41–94.
8. A. Voronskii, Literaturnye portrety (Moscow: Federatsiia, 1929), 239; Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizhenia Rossii (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989), 355–56; RGASPI, f. 124. op. 1, dd. 80, 1582, 1526; A. P. Nenarokov, ed., Revvoensovet respubliki (Moscow: Politizdat, 1991), 318–25, 276–96 (the “iron hand” quotation, taken from from Podvoisky’s December 7, 1918, letter to Lenin, is from 285); Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii, 44. See also Zalesskii, Imperiia Stalina.
9. Nenarokov, Revvoensovet respubliki, 356–59; RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1946; op. 2, d. 345; Nicolas Werth, “A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union,” in Stéphane Courtois et al., eds., Black Book of Communism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 100.
10. Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizhenia Rossii (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989), 573, 439, 374 (quotation); RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 854, ll. 3–4.
11. P. Mal’kov, Zapiski komendanta moskovskogo Kremlia (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1961), 118–36 (the quotation is on 136); A. Ia. Arosev, Belaia lestnitsa (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1989), 414, 416.
12. Mal’kov, Zapiski (1961), 121–22 (see also K. T. Sverdlova, Iakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov [Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1985], 337–40); Arosev, Belaia lestnitsa, 376–79.
13. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 39, ll. 59–108.
14. See, e.g., GARF, f. 551, op. 1, 8, 17, 20, 28, 39, 43, 46, 48, 81–84, 101; and GARF, f. 1235, op. 70, d. 13; op. 133, dd. 10, 174, 175, 215, 375, 420. The quotations are from GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 83, l. 2; d. 101, ll. 149–149ob. and l. 139; d. 84, ll. 1–3ob.
15. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 1, l. 7; d. 17, l. 42; d. 50, ll. 4, 10–20.
16. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 39, l. 75; d. 48, l. 139; d. 67, ll. 1, 25–26, 256; d. 48, ll. 33, 74, 93–100; f. 1235, op. 72, d. 63, ll. 7–8.
17. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 20, l. 6.
18. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 39, ll. 68, 67; d. 20, l. 2; d. 48, l. 139.
19. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 3, d. 39, ll. 76, 95; GARF, f. 1235 op. 133, dd. 7; 10; 185, l. 14; 187; 194, l. 184; 197.
20. GARF, f. 1235, op. 133, d. 181; AOM, f. 2, op. 3. d. 14 (Irina Kalistratovna Gogua), ll. 39–40.
21. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, dd. 22a, 48, 55; f. 1235, op. 133, d. 10, l. 35; f. 9542, op. 1, d. 5, l. 2.
22. GARF, f. 1235, op. 133, d. 10; f. 5446, op. 55, d. 794; f. 336, op. 21, d. 711; f. 9542, op. 7, d. 3, ll. 105ob–106.
23. RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 132, ll. 10–14.
24. V. Kerzhentsev, Tvorcheskii teatr: Puti sotsialisticheskogo teatra (Moscow: Kniga, 1918), 44, 80–82.
25. Ibid., 56.
26. V. V. Maiakovskii, Misteriia-Buff, Klassika, http://az.lib.ru/m/majakowskij_w_w/text_0190.shtml.
27. K. Lander, Nasha teatral’naia politika (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1921), 9–10; A. Voronskii, Literaturnye tipy (Moscow: Krug, n.d.), 17–20, 38.
28. Aleksandr Malyshkin, Padenie Daira, Magister, http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/prose/malya001.htm; Rev. 18:3,13; Vsevolod Ivanov, “Bronepoezd No. 14.69,” Lib.ru, http://lib.ru/IWANOWWS/bronepoezd.txt.
29. Iurii Libedinskii, Nedelia. Komissary (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1968), 8–9.
30. Platonov, Gorod Gradov.
&n
bsp; 31. Isaak Babel’, Sochineniia (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1992), 2:43, 101, 70; Boris Pil’niak, Golyi god, Biblioteka Aleksandra Belousenko, http://www.belousenko.com/books/Pilnyak/pilnyak_golyj_god.htm; Libedinskii, Nedelia, 71.
32. Rev. 18:7.
33. Malyshkin, Padenie Daira.
34. Vsevolod Ivanov, Tsvetnye vetra, in Sopki (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1927), 300–309.
35. Rev. 19:11–13; Boris Lavrenev, Sorok pervyi, Lib.ru, http://lib.ru/RUSSLIT/LAWRENEW/41.txt
36. Pil’niak, Golyi god.
37. A. Arosev, Zapiski Terentiia Zabytogo (Berlin: Russkoe tvorchestvo, 1922), 102–4; A. Voronskii, Iskusstvo videt’ mir (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1987), 211–12 (the article “Vsevolod Ivanov” was originally published in 1922).
38. M. M. Bakhtin, Epos i roman (O metodologii issledovaniia romana), Biblioteka Gumer, http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Literat/bahtin/epos_roman.php; Andrei Platonov, Chevengur, Infolio, http://www.infoliolib.info/rlit/platonov/chewengur1.html.
39. Based on a still-unfinished translation of Chevengur by Robert and Elizabeth Chandler and Olga Meerson. Courtesy of Robert Chandler.
40. Ibid.
41. Isaak Babel’, Sochineniia, 2:34.
42. Ibid., 2:69.
43. Voronsky, Literaturnye tipy, 110–15; Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s’’ezd sovetskikh pisatelei 1934: Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1934), 279.
44. Dm. Furmanov, Chapaev, Lib.ru, http://lib.ru/RUSSLIT/FURMANOW/chapaew.txt.
45. Libedinskii, Nedelia, 70.
46. Malyshkin, Padenie Daira.
47. Furmanov, Chapaev; Malyshkin, Padenie Daira; Ivanov, Tsvetnye vetra, 326; A. Fadeev, Razgrom, translation based on A. Fadeev, The Rout (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.), 207–8.
48. Platonov, Chevengur.
49. Ivanov, “Bronepoezd No. 14.69”; Malyshkin, Padenie Daira; Leonid Leonov, Petushikhinskii prolom, Leonid Leonov.ru, http://www.leonid-leonov.ru/files/petushihinskiy.txt; Voronsky, Literaturnye tipy, 184–85, 189.
50. Ivanov, Tsvetnye vetra, 267. For the pioneering interpretation of the master plot of Bolshevik literature, see Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
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