The House of Government
Page 137
51. Furmanov, Chapaev.
52. Babel’, Sochineniia, 2:252.
53. Lev Lunts, “V pustyne,” Klassika, http://az.lib.ru/l/lunc_l_n/text_0010.shtml.
54. A. S. Serafimovich, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1959), 6:191; V. Chalmaev, Aleksandr Serafimovich (Volgograd: Nizhne-Volzhskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1986), 241–45; A. Volkov, Tvorcheskii put’ A. S. Serafimovicha (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1963), passim; N. I. Sats, Novelly moei zhizni (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1984), 1:100–106; Ol’ga Garbuz, “V shestnadtsat’ mal’chisheskikh let,” Sovetskaia Rossiia 142 (12753), October 27, 2005.
55. The translations below are based on A. Serafimovich, The Iron Flood, trans. Ovid Gorchakov (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1973; reprint of the Moscow Progress Publishers edition, 1957), 5, 8.
56. Ibid., 16–18, 54–55.
57. Ibid., 56.
58. Ibid., 153, 40–41, 102, 140, 100, 139.
59. Ibid., 155–56.
60. Ibid., 108, 112, 164.
61. Ibid., 117, 127–28.
62. Ibid., 170.
63. Ibid., 167.
64. Ibid., 206–7, 209.
65. ARAN, f. 528, op. 2, d. 1, ll. 1–2, 16–19; Saul Borovoi, Vospominaniia (Moscow: Gesharim, 1993), 46–53. People’s Will was a terrorist revolutionary organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II.
66. L. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi russkoi revoliutsii (opyt analiza t.n. “voennogo kommunizma”) (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1924), 10–11, 75.
67. Ibid., 77–83, 85–87.
68. Ibid., 59, 61, 64, 127, 43, 227.
69. Ibid., 228, 249–50.
70. Karl Radek, Portrety i pamflety (Moscow: Sovetskaia literatura, 1933), 1:36; on Lenin iconography, see Victoria E. Bonnell, Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 139–52.
71. Bor. Volin and Mikh. Kol’tsov, eds., Umer Lenin (Moscow: Mospoligraf, 1924), 7, 21.
72. Ibid., 7, 21; Mikhail Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki (Moscow: Pravda, 1956), 200–201.
73. Volin and Kol’tsov, Umer Lenin, 22; N. Osinskii, “Risunok perom,’” in Lenin, comp. V. Krainii and M. Bespalov, ed. D. Lebed’ (Kharkov: Molodoi rabochii, 1924), 43; Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki, 199. For a discussion of this synthesis, see Alexei Yurchak, “Bodies of Lenin: The Hidden Science of Communist Sovereignty,” Representations 129 (Winter 2015): 116–57.
74. Volin and Kol’tsov, Umer Lenin, 7–8.
75. Ibid., 8; A. Arosev, Po sledam Lenina (Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1924), 39, 42.
76. Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki, 207.
77. Volin and Kol’tsov, Umer Lenin, 21.
78. Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki, 201–3.
79. Quoted in M. Ol’minskii, “Lenin ili ne Lenin,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia 1 (1931): 149–50; Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 136–64, 181; Iu. M. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina: Pravda i mify (Moscow: Respublika, 1997), 63–68; B. I. Zbarskii, Mavzolei Lenina (Leningrad: OGIZ, 1945), 26–32; Timothy Edward O’Connor, The Engineer of Revolution: L. B. Krasin and the Bolsheviks, 1870–1926 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), 58–113; 144–47; 277–81; I. B. Zbarskii, “Ot Rossii do Rossii,” in Pod kryshei Mavzoleiia (Tver: Polina, 1998), 191–3; Iu. G. Fel’shtinskii, Vozhdi v zakone (Moscow, Terra, 1999), chap. 1, Lib.ru, http://www.lib.ru/POLITOLOG/felshtinskij.txt. On the idea of immortality, see Nikolai Krementsov, Revolutionary Experiments: The Quest for Immortality in Bolshevik Science and Fiction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013). On Lenin’s embalming and its meanings, see Yurchak, “Bodies of Lenin” (for Krasin’s plan, see 125).
80. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, 67–88; Zbarskii, “Ot Rossii do Rossii,” 191–222, 9–27; Il’ia Zbarskii, Ob”ekt No. 1 (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 44–57.
81. Zbarskii, Mavzolei Lenina, 43–44.
82. Lopukhin, Bolezn’, 92–109; Zbarskii, Ob”ekt No. 1, 80–95.
83. A. Chernobaev, V vikhre veka (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1987), 135–47; A. Arosev, O Vladimire Il’iche (Moscow: Priboi, 1926), 5–7.
84. A. Arosev, O Vladimire Il’iche, 8–13.
85. Ibid., 19–23.
86. Ibid., 24–31. This passage is taken from Lenin, “Zamechaniia na vtoroi proekt programmy Plekhanova,” in Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1967–70), vol. 6:231, Lenin: Revoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek, http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=753:materialy-k-vyrabotke-programmy-rsdrp&catid=44:tom-6&Itemid=53#.D0.97.D0.90.D0.9C.D0.95.D0.A7.D0.90.D0.9D.D0.98.D0.AF_.D0.9D.D0.90_.D0.92.D0.A2.D0.9E.D0.A0.D0.9E.D0.99_.D0.9F.D0.A0.D0.9E.D0.95.D0.9A.D0.A2_.D0.9F.D0.A0.D0.9E.D0.93.D0.A0.D0.90.D0.9C.D0.9C.D0.AB_.D0.9F.D0.9B.D0.95.D0.A5.D0.90.D0.9D.D0.9E.D0.92.D0.90. The translation is a modified version of “Notes on Plekhanov’s Second Draft Version,” in Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1902/draft/04mar07.htm#fwV06P053F01. The phrase “there is no point in wasting words where the use of power is required” comes from I. A. Krylov’s fable “A Cat and a Cook.”
87. Rev. 14:14–16.
88. Vladimir Vladimirovih Maiakovskii, Poemy, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky, http://www.mayakovsky.velchel.ru/index.php?cnt=7&sub=3&page=14.
89. Mariia Denisova-Shchadenko, skul’ptor (Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi muzei V. V. Maiakovskogo, 2000); Natal’ia Dardykina, “Dzhiokonda, kotoruiu ukrali,” Moskovskii komsomolets 21608 (January 22, 2001).
7. THE GREAT DISAPPOINTMENT
1. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1429, l. 41.
2. Ronald L. Numbers and Jonathan M. Butler, eds., The Disappointed: Millerism and Millenarianism in the Nineteenth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 215; J. B. Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856–7 (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1989), 158.
3. The translations are from the The Portable Platonov: Andrey Platonov, 1899–1999, comp. and intro. Robert Chandler, trans. Robert and Elisabeth Chandler, with Nadya Bourova, Angela Livingstone, David Macphail and Eric Naiman (Moscow: Glas, 1999), 79–80.
4. G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 80; T. I. Smilga-Poluian, interview with author, January 19, 1998; Natal’ia Aroseva, Sled na zemle: Dokumental’naia povest’ ob ottse (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), 147; Olga Nikolaevna Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February 27, 1998; RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1429, l. 40ob.; V. E. Baranchenko, Stoikost’, neutomimost’, otvaga (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1988), 47; ARAN, f. 528, op. 2, l. 4; A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 104.
5. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 3, ll. 45–46, 104. On the history of Soviet sanatoria and rest homes, see Diane P. Koenker, Club Red: Vacation Travel and the Soviet Dream (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013); on the epidemic of nervousness, see Frances L. Bernstein, “Panic, Potency, and the Crisis of Nervousness in the 1920s,” in Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman, eds., Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 153–82; and Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
6. GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 11, l. 3.
7. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1308, l. 20.
8. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 745, l. 19.
9. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1429, ll. 40–40ob.
10. Ibid., ll. 47–61.
11. Portable Platonov, 64; A. A. Sol’ts, “O partetike,” in Partiinaia etika: Dokumenty i materialy diskussii 20-kh godov (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989), 279–80.
12. RGALI, f. 457, d. 225, l. 3 ob.
13. V. I. Lenin, “Kak organizovat’ sorevnovanie,” 200, and “Detskaia bolezn’ levizny v kommunizme,” Lenin: Revoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek, http://leninism.
su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1189:detskaya-bolezn-levizny-v-kommunizme&catid=80:tom-41&Itemid=53, translation based on Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/ch02.htm.
14. GARF. f. 1235, op. 133, d. 477, l. 257; GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 48, l. 82; GARF, f. 155, op. 1, d. 101, l. 62; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 9, l. 9; GARF, f. 1235, op. 133, d. 477, l. 180; RGASPI, f. 613, op. 4, d. 51, ll. 13–30.
15. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 48, l. 7; GARF, f. 1235 op. 133, d. 477, ll. 180 (the long quotation), 251–52; GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 48, l. 82; d. 50. ll. 4, 15, 20, 158; GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 82, l. 1 ob., 5; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 11, l. 7.
16. GARF, f. 551, op. 1, d. 57, ll. 10–10ob.; RGASPI, f. 613, op. 4, d. 51, l. 39 (the “retired wives” quotation).
17. N. Bukharin, Kommunisticheskoe vospitanie molodezhi (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1925), 54–57; V. I. Lenin, “Zadachi soiuzov molodezhi,” in Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (hereafter PSS) (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1967–70), 41:309–11, Lenin: Revoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek, http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1218:zadachi-soyuzov-molodezhi&catid=80:tom-41&Itemid=53; translation in Marxists Internet Archive Library, http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/oct/02.htm. For an overview, see David L. Hoffmann, Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 1917–1941 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
18. A. A. Sol’ts, “O partiinoi etike,” in Partiinaia etika, 260, 261.
19. “Proekt predlozhenii prezidiuma TsKK II plenumu TsKK RKP(b), 1924,” in Partiinaia etika, 154; Sol’ts, “O partetike,” 277.
20. Sol’ts, “O partiinoi etike,” 264–65.
21. Iudit Agracheva, “Chlen partii s 1903 g.,” Vesti (Israel), June 1, 1995, 10; AMDNN, “Brandenburgsky” file.
22. Ia. N. Brandenburgskii, Brak i ego pravovye posledstviia (Moscow: Iuridicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1926), 7–10; Brandenburgskii, Brak i sem’ia (Moscow: Iuridicheskoe izdatel-stvo, 1926), 5.
23. Ia. N. Brandenburgskii, A. Sol’ts, N. Krylenko, S. Prushitskii, Sem’ia i novyi byt (Moscow; Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1926), 20; Brandenburgskii, Brak i sem’ia, 19. For debates about the 1926 family code, see Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Famly Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 185–253.
24. Sol’ts, “O partiinoi etike,” 263; Sol’ts, “O partetike,” 286; Brandenburgskii, Brak i ego pravovye posledstviia, 5.
25. Sol’ts, “O partiinoi etike,” 263.
26. See, esp., E. M. Iaroslavskii, “O partetike: Doklad na II plenume TsKK RKP(b), October 5, 1924,” in Partiinaia etika, 170–219.
27. Bukharin, Kommunisticheskoe vospitanie molodezhi, 43; L. Trotskii, Voprosy byta: Epokha “kul’turnichestva” i ee zadachi (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1926), 47–63. See also Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 109–23 and passim; and, esp., Victoria Smolkin, A Sacred Space Is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).
28. Trotskii, Voprosy byta, 47–63.
29. Mikhail Kol’tsov, Fel’etony i ocherki (Moscow: Pravda, 1956), 105–7.
30. Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 39, 52; Boris Efimov, interview with author, October 16, 1997; Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl: Sbornik vospominanii (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1989), 141, 144; Boris Medovoi, Mikhail i Mariia (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1991), 57–58; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 111, ll. 42–48.
31. Mikhail Kol’tsov, 136–38, 144–45, and passim; N. I. Sats, Novelly moei zhizni (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1984), 1:170, 181.
32. Mikhail Kol’tsov, Izbrannye sochineniia v trekh tomakh (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1957), 1:193–203; Sats, Novelly, 1:108–9, 207–13, 310–14, 362–75 and passim.
33. Mikhail Kol’tsov, 205; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; Eva Pavlovna Levina-Rozengol’ts, 1898–1975, sbornik materialov (Moscow: Gosudarstvennaia Tret’iakovskaia galereia, 1996); Eva Pavlovna Levina-Rozengol’ts, zhivopis’ i grafika (Moscow: Galart, 2006).
34. Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii, 55, 179, 244, 614–25; Roi Medvedev, “Slava i tragediia odnoi sem’i,” Karetnyi riad 5 (November 1985).
35. Elena Andreevna Sverdlova, interview with author, February 26, 1998; Olga Nikolaevna Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February, 27, 1998; Milena Alekseevna Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998 (“Aleksei” was Solomon Lozovsky’s Party pseudonym); N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 93–94; Iurii Doikov, “Mikhail Kedrov i Revekka Plastinina,” Vazhskaia oblast’ 8 (September 8, 1992).
36. N. Efimov, Tovarishch Nina (Iaroslavl’: Verkhne-Volzhskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1969), 62, 115, 110, 111; Olga Nikolaevna Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February 27, 1998.
37. Efimov, Tovarishch Nina, 61, 64.
38. Ibid., 112.
39. N. Podvoiskii, Smychka s solntsem (Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1925); N. Stepanov, Podvoiskii (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1989), 319–41. For a history of Soviet hygiene, see Tricia Starks, Body Soviet: Propaganda, Hygiene, and the Revolutionary State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008).
40. Iurii Trifonov, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1986), 3:516–18, translation from Yuri Trifonov, The Old Man (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980); RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1526, ll. 4–8.
41. Trifonov, Sobranie sochinenii, 4:99; Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0; A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekateringurg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta, 1997), 72 and passim; O. R. Trifonova-Miroshnichenko, “Zhenshchina iz Doma na naberezhnoi,” Moskovskaia pravda, June 3, 1988.
42. Trifonov, Sobranie sochinenii, 4:21; E. I. Zelenskaia, “A. A. Sol’ts,” unpublished manuscript in AMDNN, “Solts” file. See also Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0.
43. Mikhail Kol’tsov, 142; Sol’ts, “O partetike,” 286–87.
44. Natal’ia Aroseva, Sled na zemle, 78–9, 140–41, 148, 177–79, 184–86, 194–95, 199–200, 225–26; Ol’ga Aroseva, Bez grima (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 1999), 7–8, 13–15, 20–21, 93–94; A. Chernobaev, V vikhre veka (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1987), 124–25.
45. V. I. Piatnitskii, comp., Golgofa (St. Petersburg: Palitra, 1993), 6–10; V. I. Piatnitskii, Osip Piatnitskii i Koimintern na vesakh istorii (Minsk: Kharvest, 2004), 58–63; Mark Grossman, Da sviatitsia imia tvoe! (Cheliabinsk: Iuzhno-Ural’skoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1983), 442–62.
46. Il’ia Zbarskii, Ob”ekt No. 1 (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 10–11, 20, 24–26, 36–38; Anatolii Korolev, “Vsevolodo-Vil’va na perekrestke russkoi kul’tury,” Znamia 11 (2009): http://magazines.russ.ru/znamia/2009/11/ko29.html; Il’ia Borisovich Zbarskii, interview with author, March 10, 1998; Viktor Borisovich Zbarskii, interview with author, March 22, 1998.
47. Warren Lerner, Karl Radek: The Last Internationalist (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970), 4.
48. Angelica Balabanoff, My Life as a Rebel (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938), 167, 246–47.
49. Lerner, Karl Radek, 17–19, 23–28, 47–48, 60, 69–71, 97, 127–28, 132, and passim (Fischer is quoted in Lerner); Jean-François Fayet, Karl Radek (1885–1939) (Bern: Peter Lang, 2004), 11–477, passim; El’mar Giseinov and Vladlen Sirotkin, “Litso i maski Karla Radeka,” in Arkhivy raskryvaiut tainy … Mezhdunarodnye voprosy: Sobytiia i liudi (Moscow: Politizdat, 1991), 343–48; V. A. Artemov, Karl Radek: Ideiia i sud’ba (Voronezh: TsChKI, 2000); V. A. Torchinov and A. M. Leontiuk, Vokrug Stalina: Istoriko-biograficheskii spravochnik (St. Petersburg: Filologicheskii fakul’tet Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2000), 392–94.
51. Przhiborovskaia, Larisa Reisner, 155, 165, 247, 258, 261, 293, and passim; Elizaveta Drabkina, Chernye sukhari (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1963), 213.
52. Andreev, Detstvo, 70; Alla Zeride, “Myth as Justification for Life,” Russian Review 51, no. 2 (April 1992): 172–87.
53. A. Voronskii, Iskusstvo videt’ mir (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1987), 332–33.
54. Karl Radek, Portrety i pamflety (Moscow: Sovetskaia literatura, 1933), 1:66, 69.
55. Przhiborovskaia, Larisa Reisner, 410–77; Feliks Medvedev, “Sof’ia Radek o svoem ottse i o sebe,” Ogonek 52 (1988): 28–31; Trotskii, Moia zhizn’, 2:139.
56. Przhiborovskaia, Larisa Reisner, 471–75.
57. Il’ia Erenburg, Liudi, gody, zhizn’ (Moscow, Sovetskii pisatel’, 1990), 1:73; Svetlana Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu (Moscow: Zakharov, 2000), 33, translation based on Svetlana Allilueva, Twenty Letters to a Friend (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 31; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 211.
58. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 211–12.
59. Miklosh Kun, Bukharin, ego druz’ia i vragi (Moscow: Respublika, 1992), 28–29; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 119–21; Svetlana Gurvich-Bukharina, interview with author, May 1, 1998; Paul R. Gregory, Politics, Murder, and Love in Stalin’s Kremlin: The Story of Nikolai Bukharin and Anna Larina (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2010), 4, 16–17, 58–60.
60. “No ia to znaiu, chto ia prav,” Istochnik 3 (2000): 49–50.
61. The English translation is from Knut Hamsun, Victoria, trans. Oliver Stallybras (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1969), 35–37.
62. Ibid., 152–55; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 80–86, 106–7.
63. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 112–27, 221–23.
64. Ibid., 125–27, 119–20.