38. Max Domarus, ed., Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, 1932–1945, vol. 3: 1939–1940 (Würzburg: Domarus Verlag, 1997), 1449. Cf. Max Domarus, Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1932–1945, vol. 2: 1939–1945 (Würzburg: Domarus Verlag, 1963), 1057–58. David Regles, Hitler’s Millennial Reich (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 166 and passim. On the Bolshevik state as a besieged fortress, see Sarah Davies and James Harris, Stalin’s World: Dictating the Soviet Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 59–130; James Harris, The Great Fear: Stalin’s Terror of the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
24. THE ADMISSION OF GUILT
1. “Postanovlenie TsIK i SNK SSSR ot 1 dekabria 1934 g.,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/1934.htm; Matthew E. Lenoe, The Kirov Murder and Soviet History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 251–388 and passim; Oleg Khlevniuk, Khoziain: Stalin i utverzhdenie stalinskoi diktatury (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 232–34; A. N. Iakovlev, ed., Reabilitatsiia: Politicheskie protsessy 30–50–kh godov (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1991), 123–70 (the Ezhov quotation is on 153), 183 (the Liushkov quotation).
2. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 159–64.
3. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 191–95.
4. Vladimir Khaustov and Lennart Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 87, 93; Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 235–36, 252–56; Lenoe, Kirov Murder, 454–55; J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 140–218; Dokumenty po “Kremlevskomu delu,” Dokumenty Sovetskoi vlasti, http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Kremlin_Affair.htm.
5. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 236–39, 302; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 62–69, 80–83; Lenoe, Kirov Murder, 455–57; V. N. Khaustov et al., eds., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK-GPU-OGPU-NKVD, ianvar’ 1922—dekabr’ 1936 (Moscow: Demokratiia, 2003), 613–16, 654–57, 670–71; A. G. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora: OGPU-NKVD Sibiri v 1929–41 gg. (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2008), 206–27.
6. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 291–98, 240–41; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 26–56; Maximilien Robespierre, “On the Principles of Political Morality,” February 1794, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1794robespierre.html (taken from M. Robespierre, Report upon the Principles of Political Morality Which Are to Form the Basis of the Administration of the Interior Concerns of the Republic [Philadelphia, 1794]).
7. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 171–84; Aleksandr Orlov, Tainaia istoriia stalinskikh prestuplenii (Moscow: Vsemirnoe slovo, 1991), 94–98.
8. Iakovlev, Reabilitatsiia, 184.
9. Ibid., 196–210.
10. Sudebnyi otchet po delu trotskistsko-zinov’evskogo terroristicheskogo tsentra (Moscow: Narodnyi kommissariat iustitsii SSSR, 1936); Karl Radek, “Trotskistsko-zinov’evskaia fashistskaia banda,” Izvestiia, August 21, 1936.
11. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 91–99; Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 255–82; “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro.htm.
12. “Pis’ma Bukharina,” Dokumenty Sovetskoi vlasti, http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Bukharin.htm; A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 294.
13. “Pis’ma Bukharina.”
14. Pravda, August 23, 1936.
15. “Pis’ma Bukharina.”
16. V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005), 186.
17. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 93; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 305, 310–11; “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 3 (2001): 69.
18. “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” 70.
19. Ibid., 71–72.
20. “Fragmenty stenogrammy dekabr’skogo plenuma TsK BKP(b) 1936 goda,” Voprosy istorii 1 (1995): 2–9.
21. Ibid., 10.
22. Vadim Rogovin, 1937, http://trst.narod.ru/rogovin/t4/xiv.htm.
23. “Pis’ma Bukharina.” See also Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 300–330. On Bolshevik “subjectivity” and confession rituals, see, esp., J. Arch Getty, “Samokritika Rituals in the Stalinist Central Committee, 1933–1938,” Russian Review (January 1999): 49–70; Igal Halfin, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006); and Nanci Adler, Keeping Faith with the Party: Communist Believers Return from the Gulag (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012).
24. Dmitrii Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova (Moscow: Progress, 1990), 286–87; N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; L. Gronskaia, Nabroski po pamiati (Moscow: Flinta, 2004), 77.
25. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 317, 326.
26. Pravda, December 15, 1936; “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” 76–77; “Stenogrammy ochnykh stavok v TsK VKP(b): Dekabr’ 1936,” Voprosy istorii 4 (2002): 7–11.
27. “O partiinosti lits, prokhodivshikh po delu tak nazyvaemogo ‘antosovetskogo pravotrotskistskogo bloka,” Izvestiia TsK KPSS 5 (1989): 72–75.
28. “‘Vse, chto govorit Radek—eto absoliutno zlostnaia kleveta …’: Ochnaia stavka K. Radeka i N. Bukharina v TsK VKP(b) 13 ianvaria 1937,” Istochnik 1 (2001): 67.
29. “Ia ikh, eti navety, otvergaiu i budu otvergat,’” Istochnik 3 (2001): 32–37.
30. Ibid., 31–32.
31. Sudebnyi otchet po delu antisovetskogo trotskistskogo tsentra (Moscow: Iuridicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1937), 230.
32. Ibid., 231.
33. Ibid., 225.
34. Ibid., 231.
35. Lion Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), 147–49.
36. Sudebnyi otchet po delu antisovetskogo trotskistskogo tsentra, 58.
37. Pravda, January, 25, 1937.
38. Sudebnyi otchet po delu antisovetskogo trotskistskogo tsentra, 187; Pravda, January 25, 1937.
39. Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937, 135.
40. G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 109.
41. “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 g.,” Voprosy istorii 2–3 (1992): 4–43; “U menia odna nadezhda na tebia,” 77–78.
42. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 332, 341–42.
43. Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova, 287.
44. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 333–34.
45. Ibid., 363–64.
46. “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda,” Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 4–5, see also in http://www.memo.ru/history/1937.
47. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 7, http://www.memo.ru/history/1937.
48. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 4–5 (1992): 23, http://www.memo.ru/history/1937.
49. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 349.
50. “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda”, Voprosy istorii 6–7 (1992): 2.
51. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 3.
52. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 25
53. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 8–9 (1992): 10.
54. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 8–9 (1992): 24.
55. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 7.
56. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 5–6.
57. Ibid., 17.
58. Ibid., 19.
59. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 20–22.
60. Ibid., 15.
61. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 11–12 (1992): 2–3.
62. Ibid., 3.
63. Ibid., 5.
64. Ibid., Voprosy istorii 2 (1993): 25.
65. Ibid., 16. For more excerpts and discussion of the plenum, see Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 364–419.
66. Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova, 289.
67. N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998.
68. Shelestov, Vremia Alekseia Rykova, 290.
69. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 352–53.
70. Ibid., 354–55.
72. N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.; S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, March 26, 1998; Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti bol’shogo terrora, 36–7.
75. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 26–27, 36–37; Vladimir Volkov, “Portrety liderov revoliutsii i bor’by protiv stalinizma 20kh i 30kh godov: V. M. Smirnov i gruppa demokraticheskogo tsentralizma,” World Socialist Website, http://www.wsws.org/ru/2000/mai2000/smir-m25.shtml; http://lists.memo.ru/index18.htm.
76. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii; Samlib, http://zhurnal.lib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; “Protokol doprosa D. S. Azbelia,” in Dokumenty po “Kremlevskomu delu” (from APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 233, ll. 80–87), http://perpetrator2004.narod.ru/Kremlin_Affair.htm; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 67–69, 234–36.
77. Osinsky’s letter to Anna Shaternikova, dated January 31, 1937, and mailed on February 2, 1937, is in Svetlana Obolenskaia’s (Osinskaia’s) family archive; I have a typed copy in my possession.
78. Ibid., 2.
79. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 36, l. 126.
80. Osinsky, letter to Anna Shaternikova, January 31, 1937, 3.
81. Ibid., 2.
82. Ibid., 6.
25. THE VALLEY OF THE DEAD
1. Vladimir Khaustov and Lennart Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 73–74; Jeffrey S. Victor, Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend (Chicago: Open Court, 1993), 104; N. Rabichev, “Gnilaia i opasnaia teoriia prevrashcheniia klassovykh vragov v ruchnykh,” Bol’shevik 7 (April 1, 1937): 55; V. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998.
2. Rabichev, “Gnilaia i opasnaia teoriia,” 56; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 77, 130–141; “Materialy fevral’sko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda”, Voprosy istorii 10 (1992): 18.
3. “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro.htm, http://stalin.memo.ru/spiski/index.htm, http://stalin.memo.ru/images/gb537.htm; J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 1–5; “Rasstreliannye v Moskve,” http://mos.memo.ru; “Dimanshtein Semen Markovich,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii i Sovetskogo Soiuza, http://www.knowbysight.info/DDD/02430.asp; “Repressii uchenykh: Biograficheskie materialy,” Institut istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki im. S. I. Vavilova RAN, http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/repress/kom/1938/dimanshtein.htm.
4. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 77–78; M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa. Eikhe’s wife’s name was Evgenia Evseevna Rubtsova.
5. S. A. Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri 1928–1941 (Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo Novosibirskogo otdeleniia RAN, 1997), 184–85.
6. Ibid., 189–91.
7. Aleksei Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina (Moscow: Iauza, 2009), 228; A. G. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora: OGPU-NKVD Sibiri v 1929–1941 gg. (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2008), 477; Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 79; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
8. Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 229–30; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 478; Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 203–5.
9. Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 226–30, 247–48; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 356–63; Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 187–207; Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 80; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
10. Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 196.
11. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 85; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
12. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 200; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 233–43; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 127; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil, NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 99–100, 300–301.
13. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 262–63; V. Danilov, R. Manning, L. Viola, eds., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie (Moscow: Rosspen, 2000), vol. 5, bk. 1 (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), 256–57, 601–2; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 332–35.
14. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 332; Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, 5:258.
15. Mark Iunge [Marc Junge], Gennadii Bordiugov, and Rolf Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora: Istoriia operatsii po prikazu NKVD No. 00447 (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2008), 57.
16. Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 58; M. Vyltsan and V. Danilov, “Primenenie VMN ‘nami garantiruetsia,’” Nauka i zhizn’ 9 (1997): 70; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 273–74, 347–48; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 265.
17. Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, 5:602; Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 32–33; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 264; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 253–54.
18. Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 94–96.
19. Ibid., 451.
20. Ibid., 98–114, 176, 597.
21. Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo (Moscow, Demokratiia, 2000), 1:319; Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 48, 149, 214, 187.
22. Iunge, Bordiugov, Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 100; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 267.
23. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 286–304; Viktor Dönninghaus [Deninghaus], V teni ‘Biol’shogo brata’: Zapadnye natsional’nye menshinstva v SSSR, 1917–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2011), 587–628; Oleg Khlevniuk, Khoziain: Stalin i utverzhdenie stalinskoi diktatury (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 315–22; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 365–88; N. V. Petrov and A. B. Roginskii, “Pol’skaia operatsiia NKVD 1937–1938 gg.,” in A. E. Gur’ianov, ed., Repressii protiv poliakov i pol’skikh grazhdan (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1997), 22–43; Marc Jensen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), 93–100.
24. Iunge, Bordiugov, and Binner, Vertikal’ bol’shogo terrora, 598, 622–23; Petrov and Roginskii, “Pol’skaia operatsiia NKVD 1937–1938 gg.,” 33; Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 320; Jensen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 205–6.
25. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 484, 518; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 263–64, 238.
26. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 496.
27. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 85–86; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
28. Jensen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, 91–92; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 217–18, 229–31, 242–43, 264–65.
29. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 86; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
30. A. G. Tepliakov, “Personal i povsednevost’ Novosibirskogo NKVD v 1936–1946,” in Minuvshee: Istoricheskii al’manakh (Moscow: Atheneum-Feniks, 1997), 21:254; Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 263–65.
31. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 87; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
32. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 89; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
33. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 90; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
34. Tepliakov, Oprichniki Stalina, 266; Papkov, Stalinskii terror v Sibiri, 269; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 92.
35. Mironov
a, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 90; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
36. Baabar, From World Power to Soviet Satellite: History of Mongolia (Winwick, UK: White Horse Press, 1999), 356–63; S. G. Luzianin, Rossiia-Mongoliia-Kitai v pervoi polovine XX veka (Moscow: Ogni, 2003), 229–41; Shagdariin Sandag and Harry H. Kendall, Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-Choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921–1941 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000), 84, 95, 104.
37. Baabar, From World Power to Soviet Satellite, 361–65; Sandag and Kendall, Poisoned Arrows, 119–32; I. I. Kudriavtsev, ed., Arkhivy Kremlia i Staroi ploshchadi: Dokumenty po “Delu KPSS” (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograf, 1995), 20.
38. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 93; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
39. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 95; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
40. Mironova, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory, 98–99; Iakovenko, Agnessa, http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
26. THE KNOCK ON THE DOOR
1. T. I. Shmidt, Dom na naberezhnoi: Liudi i sud’by (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2009), 21–34; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; I. Smilga, “Charl’z Dikens (lichnost’ i tvorchestvo),” in Charl’z Dikkens [Charles Dickens], Posmertnye zapiski Pikvikskogo kluba, trans. A. V. Krivtsov and Evgenii Lann, with the participation of G. G. Shpet, introduction by I. T. Smilga (Moscow Academia, 1933), xiii.
2. T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998.
3. Ibid.; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.ru/index1.htm; “Frenkel’ Aron Abramovich,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza, http://www.knowbysight.info/FFF/06548.asp; “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm; M. R. Peterson, “O nas,” 11a–12, 26–27, in AMDNN, “Peterson” file.
4. A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta, 1997), 98–99; Iurii Trifonov, “Otblesk kostra,” in Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1987), 143–44 (also http://lib.misto.kiev.ua/TRIFONOW/campfire.txt); Iurii Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov i rabochikh tetradei: Publikatsiia i kommentarii Ol’gi Trifonovoi,” Druzhba narodov 5 (1998): http://magazines.russ.ru/druzhba/1998/5/trif.html.
The House of Government Page 146
