5. “Pervyi predsedatel’ voennoi kollegii Verkhovnogo suda SSSR,” Sotsialisticheskaia zakonnost’ 11 (1988): 59–60; Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov,” June 22, 1937.
6. Trifonov, “Iz dnevnikov”; Shitov, Iurii Trifonov, 102–27.
7. E. A. Dinershtein, A. K. Voronskii v poiskakh zhivoi vody (Moscow: Rosspen 2001), 310–11; G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 102; TsAOPIM, f. 78, op. 1a, d. 176, ll. 67–68.
8. “Mozhet byt’, pozzhe mnogoe stanet bolee ochevidnym i iasnym (Iz dokumentov ‘Partiinogo dela’ A. K. Voronskogo),” Voprosy literatury 3 (1995): 274–75, 288–89.
9. “Fragmenty stenogrammy dekabr’skogo plenuma TsK BKP(b) 1936 goda,” Voprosy istorii 1 (1995): 2–9.
10. “Mozhet byt,’” 289–90.
11. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 107; “Protokol doprosa Zorina (Gombarga) Sergeia Semenovicha ot 21 ianvaria 1935 goda,” Spravochnik po istorii Kommunisticheskoi partii i Sovetskogo soiuza 1898–1991, http://www.knowbysight.info/5_DOC/08413.asp.
12. A. Voronskii, Iskusstvo i zhizn’ (Moscow: Krug, 1924), 71.
13. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 102.
14. Nikolai Gogol, The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol, trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 190–92. I have substituted “memorial service” for the untranslated (and footnoted) word panikhida.
15. A. Voronskii, “Mister Britling p’et chashu do dna,” Krasnaia nov’ 5 (1926): 195, 201; Voronskii, Iskusstvo i zhizn’, 268–71.
16. Aleksandr Voronskii, Gogol’ (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2009), 119–20.
17. A. Voronskii, “Ob iskusstve pisatelia,” in Kak i nad chem rabotat’ pisateliu (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1927), 15.
18. Voronskii, Gogol’, 439.
19. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 109–10.
20. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 111; G. Nurmina, Na dal’nem priiske (Magadan: Gobi, 1992), 8–9, http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=8718.
21. M. V. Zelenov, “Glavlit i istoricheskaia nauka v 20–30-e gody,” Voprosy istorii 3 (1997): 30; Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm; I. L. Averbakh, Ot prestupleniia k trudu (Moscow: OGIZ, 1936); Roi Medvedev, “Slava i tragediia odnoi sem’i,” Karetnyi riad 5 (November 1989); Evgenii Zhirnov, “Vse proiskhodiashchee so mnoi lozhitsia ten’iu na imia ottsa,” Kommersant-Vlast’, November 7, 2005, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/624225; Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 621–23; Mikhail Shreider, “NKVD iznutri: Zapiski chekista,” Urnatia-s.com, http://www.urantia-s.com/library/shreider/nkvd/3.
22. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-1–K-11 (February 18, 1936; February 27, 1936; February 28, 1936); AMDNN, “Poloz” file, R. M. Poloz’s letter to the Museum, October 7, 2000.
23. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-10–K-11 (February 28, 1936).
24. Ibid., K-11 (February 29, 1936); K-7 (February 27, 1936); K-3 (n.d., between February 21 and 27, 1936); K-15 (March 25, 1936); K-16 (March 30, 1936).
25. Ibid., K-17–K-19 (April 1, 1936; April 5, 1936).
26. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-25 (April 10, 1936); Matthew 6:31–34.
27. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-29 (April 30, 1936); K-32, K-30 (May 20, 1936); R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998; AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-31 (April 9, 1936 [there is a mistake in the typescript; should be May 9, 1936]).
28. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, K-32–K-33 (May 20, 1936); K-34–K-35 (May 31, 1936).
29. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, R. M. Poloz’s letter to the Museum, October 7, 2000; R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
30. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, letters, M-1, July 1936.
31. Ibid., M-1–M-2 (July 18, 1936).
32. Ibid., M-3 (July 29, 1936).
33. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Vospominaniia Mirry Varshavskoi,” ll. 3–4.
34. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.;ru/index1.htm; Moroz, “Minuvshee,” 16–20, in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; N. N. Demchenko, “Kanikuly dlinoi v 18 let,” Mendeleevets 36, no. 1799 (November 30, 1988): 3.
35. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; Schumatsky, Silvester bei Stalin, 21–2; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil, NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 82–83.
36. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 43–49 (the quotation is from 47–48); “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm.
37. S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; A. G. Tepliakov, “Nepronitsaemye nedra”: VChK-OGPU v Sibiri, 1918–29 gg. (Moscow: AIRO-XXI, 2007), 137–47; Tepliakov, Mashina terrora, 356.
38. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under August 24, 1936; July 21, 1936; July 31, 1936).
39. Ibid. (under May 8, 1935).
40. Ibid. (under July 21, 1936; August 22, 1936).
41. Ibid. (under August 22, 1936).
42. Ibid. (under October 25, 1936; November 7, 1936); Pravda, December 19 and 29, 1936; GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 49, ll. 60–62.
43. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse,” 106; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under December 20, 1936, December 21, 1936; January 6, 1937; January 30, 1937; February 19, 1937).
44. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under February 9, 1937).
45. Ibid. (under March 21, 1937).
46. Ibid. (under February 19, 1937).
47. Ibid. (under April 16, 1937).
48. Ibid., chaps. 6 and 7; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru /index1.htm.
49. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, chap. 7, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
50. Ibid.; “Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm.
51. V. I. Piatnitskii, comp., Golgofa (St. Petersburg: Palitra, 1993), 18–24; V. I. Piatnitskii, Osip Piatnitskii i Komintern na vesakh istorii (Minsk: Kharvest, 2004), 452–72.
52. Piatnitskii, Golgofa, 25.
53. Ibid., 25.
54. Ibid., 25–27.
55. Ibid., 32.
56. Vladimir Khaustov and Lennart Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii 1936–1938 gg. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010), 265; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, 97–98; AOM, fond. 2 (memoir collection), V. V. Bogutskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 7–9.
57. “Operativnyi prikaz Narodnogo kommissara vnutrennikh del Soiuza SSR No. 00486,” Memorial Society database, http://www.memo.ru/history/document/00486.htm.
58. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 28–32, 70–71, 151, 167.
59. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 224–27.
60. Nataliia Sats, Zhizn’—iavlenie polosatoe (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 273–86.
61. V. N. Rabichev, interview with author, April 14, 1998; L. V. Maksimenkov, Sumbur vmesto muzyki: Stalinskaia kul’turnaia revoliutsiia 1936–1938 (Moscow: Iuridicheskaia kniga, 1997), 283–98.
62. N. A. Perli (Rykova), interview with author, February 12, 1998; in AMDNN, “Kuchmin” file, O. I. Kuchmin and E. I. Kuchmina, “Sud’ba soldata revoliutsii,” manuscript; letters to the Museum by E. I. Kuchmina, approx. August–September, 1991, and March 17, 2003; E. I. Kuchmina, interviews with author, April 6 and July 25, 2008; Anatoly Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent (New Yrk: Devin-Adair, 1962), 36–37.
63. Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, 40–41.
64. Gaister, Deti vragov
naroda, 52.
65. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 31–33.
66. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 33.
67. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 38–39.
68. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 33.
69. O. V. Khlevniuk, 1937oi: Stalin, NKVD i sovetskoe obshchestvo (Moscow: Respublika, 1992), 100–111 (the quotation is from 110); Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 170–1.
70. Khlevniuk, 1937, 110–4 (the quotation is on p. 113); Getty, The Road to Terror, 493–512 (the quotation is on p. 510).
71. Getty, The Road to Terror, 514–6; L. P. Postyshev, interview with author, October 1, 1998.
72. S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
73. Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; http://ru.rodovid.org/wk/Запись:798224; Ivan Dzhukha, Grecheskaia operatsiia. Istoriia repressii protiv grekov v SSSR (St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2006); S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
74. RGASPI (molodezhnye organizatsii), f. M-1, op. 2, d. 133, ll. 13, 53, 61–66; d. 157, l. 147; d. 161, l. 110; d. 156, l. 67; d. 161, l. 101, 63.
75. L. A. Kozlova (Bogacheva), interview with author, September 24, 1997.
76. Ibid.
77. Khlevniuk, Khoziain, 345–59; Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD i repressii, 304–24.
78. Granovsky, I Was an NKVD Agent, 51–77.
27. THE GOOD PEOPLE
1. GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 13, ll. 43–47; d. 14, ll. 1, 1 ob., 6–7, 96–96ob., 150b–150v; d. 34, ll. 27–54; E. E. Ivchenko, interview with author, September 23, 1998; E. I. Ivchenko’s autobiography (in the author’s possession).
2. TsAODM, f. 75, op. 1, dd. 176, 177 (quotations from ll. 6, 14, 41), 196 (quotation from l. 12), 200, 225, ll. 3–4; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.ru/index1.htm; RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 264, ll. 7, 8; Nikolai Zen’kovich, Elita: Samye sekretnye rodstvenniki (Moscow: Ol’ma-Press, 2005), 53–54.
3. TsMAM, f. 528, op. 1, dd. 493, 499 (quotation on l. 4), 504 (Dubrovina quotation on l. 15), 528, 575 (info on numbers on ll. 26 and 59).
4. TsAODM, f. 75, op. 1, d. 196, ll. 9–10, 30–32, 35.
5. Mikhail Kol’tsov, “Svora krovavykh sobak,” Pravda, March 3, 1938.
6. Ibid.; Mikhail Kol’tsov, “Ubiitsa s pretenziiami,” Pravda, March 7, 1938.
7. Kol’tsov, “Svora krovavykh sobak.”
8. A. Lakhuti, Izbrannye poemy (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1936), 29, 63–67.
9. I. R. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” manuscript in AMDNN, “Muklevich” file, 28.
10. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html, V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005) http://lib.rus.ec/b/387149/read (under August 24, 1936).
11. Ibid. (under January 30, 1937).
12. V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, September 10, 1998. “Black raven” was a colloquial term for “prison van.”
13. V. M. Soima, Zapreshchennyi Stalin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2005), 97–98.
14. RGALI, f. 457, d. 391, ll. 199–199ob.
15. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 65, ll. 182–84.
16. RGASPI, f. 135, op. 2, d. 19, l. 57.
17. Ibid., ll. 56–56ob.
18. RGASPI, f. 74, op. 2, d. 105, ll. 41–42, 47, 51, 55, 59–60 (cited in Boris Sokolov, “Dva marshala: Tragicheskii roman v pis’makh,” Grani.ru, February 21, 2003, http://grani.ru/Society/History/m.23664.html); RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1, d. 134, l. 25.
19. RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1, d. 134, ll. 15–15ob.
20. Ibid., l. 25; d. 128, ll. 7–9.
21. AMDNN, “Ankety” file, “Otvety M. I. Dement’evoi (Agroskinoi)”; AMDNN, “Ankety” file, Ruslan Nikolaevich Gel’man’s, letter to the Museum.
22. V. I. Piatnitskii, comp., Golgofa (St. Petersburg: Palitra, 1993), 46, 41–42.
23. Ibid., 56, 46.
24. Ibid., 63–64.
25. Ibid., 61.
26. Ibid., 51–53.
27. Ibid., 57; Kol’tsov, “Svora krovavykh sobak.”
28. Piatnitskii, Golgofa, 57, 60–61.
29. Ibid., 79.
30. Ibid., 82–83.
31. Ibid., 103.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., 13–16, 104–20; Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 55–57.
34. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml.
35. N. A. Gilinskaia, interview with author, March 2, 1998.
36. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” 12; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997.
37. N. N. Demchenko, “Kanikuly dlinoi v 18 let,” Mendeleevets 36, no. 1799 (November 30, 1988): 3.
38. Gaister, Deti vragov, 57–58.
39. Ibid., 66.
40. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 55–56.
41. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” 62–63.
42. Ibid., 24–25. Cf. AOM, fond. 2 (memoir collection), V. V. Bogutskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 7–8.
43. See Golfo Alexopoulos, “Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 1 (2008): 91–117; Cynthia Hooper, “Terror of Intimacy: Family Politics in the 1930s Soviet Union,” in Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman, eds., Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006); Amir Weiner, “Nature, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia: Delineating the Socio-Ethnic Body in the Age of Socialism,” American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (October 1999): 1114–55.
44. Muklevich, “Dorogoi drug,” 30–31; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; T. V. Shuniakova (Ignatashvili), interview with author, April 22, 1998.
45. G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998.
46. Iudit Agracheva, “Chlen partii s 1903 goda,” Vesti-2, June 1, 1995; “Biografiia” and “Avtobiografiia,” in AMDNN, “Brandenburgsky” file (KP-371/17, KP-3771/18).
47. E. I. Zelenskaia, “A. A. Sol’ts,” unpublished manuscript in AMDNN, “Solts” file, 68–92. Cf. Yury Trifonov, The Disappearance, trans. David Lowe (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991), 99–100. Cf. Iurii Trifonov, Ischeznovenie, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.ru/read/trifonov_yuriy/ischeznovenie.html#0.
48. RGALI, f. 2310, op.1. d. 19, ll. 55, 70–72; d. 78, ll. 13–15. On the similarity between Uriel Acosta and “blue-eyed Kim,” see Iakov Grinval’d, “Peresmotrennyi Gutskov: ‘Uriel’ Akost’ v Novom teatra,” Vecherniaia Moskva, May 7, 1934.
49. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 51, ll. 121–25.
50. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 51, ll. 126; Nikita Petrov and Mark Iansen [Jansen], “Stalinskii pitomets”—Nikolai Ezhov (Moscow: Rossiiskaia politicgeskaia entsiklopediia, 2008), 29, 204, 366; “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; http://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/activist/m/283730/bio/; http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/almanah-dict-bio/1021729/0; Stalin’s Lists on Georgia, forthcoming, see Heinrich Böll Stiftung, https://ge.boell.org/en/2014/01/20/stalins-lists-georgia-2011-2013 and https://idfi.ge/en/stalins-lists-on-georgia.
28. THE SUPREME PENALTY
1. F. Beck and W. Godin [Konstantin Shteppa and Fritz Houtermans], Russian Purge and the Extractio
n of Confession (New York: Viking Press, 1951), 215.
2. “Zhertvy politicheskogo terrora v SSSR,” Memorial Society database, http://lists.memo.; ru/index1.htm; Teatral’nye deiateli, http://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/activist/m/283730/bio; Al’manakh “Rossiia: XX vek,” Alexander Yakolev.org, http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/almanah-dict-bio/1021729/0; Ivan Gronskii, Iz proshlogo (Moscow: Izvestiia, 1991), 162–69; Igor’ Nepein, “Tsareubiitsa v rukakh NKVD,” Cheliabinskii rabochii, July 17, 2004 (http://www.chelpress.ru/newspapers/chelrab/archive/17–07–2004/2/A121270.DOC.shtml.ru) and July 21, 2004 (http://mediazavod.ru/articles/15797).
3. Eikhe quoted in N. S Khrushchev, “O kul’te lichnosti i ego posledstviiakh,” Wikisource, http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/О_культе_личности_и_его_последствиях._Доклад_XX_съезду_КПСС_(Н.С._Хрущев).
4. Ibid.; see also Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo; Dokumenty prezidiuma TsK KPSS i drugie materialy (Moscow: MFD, 2003), 2:646–47.
5. Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo, 2:647.
6. Ibid., 647–48.
7. Vitalii Shentalinskii, “Rasstrel’nye nochi,” Zvezda 5 (2007): 67–78.
8. Ibid., 83–84.
9. “Stalinskie spiski,” Memorial Society database, http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm.
10. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, 215; Shentalinskii, “Rasstrel’nye nochi,” 82.
11. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 234–35.
12. Ibid., 235.
13. Ibid., 236.
14. Ibid., 236–44; “Stalinskie spiski,” http://stalin.memo.ru/names/index.htm.
15. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Svetlana Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora: Vospominaniia (Moscow: AGRAF, 2013), 15–66.
16. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 20.
17. Obolenskaia, Iz vospominanii, http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; Obolenskaia, Deti Bol’shogo terrora, 16–17.
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