One Hundred Years of U.S. Navy Air Power
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Bennington (CV-20), 143
Birmingham, 5, 7, 12, 23, 153
bombing: aircraft for, 171, 195n23, 203–4, 210–15, 304, 309, 344–46nn7–8; dive-bombing, 86–87, 106–7, 119, 123, 169, 212; effectiveness of, 203, 214–15; horizontal bombing, 106–7, 119, 123
Bon Homme Richard (CV-31), 143, 289
Boxer, 272, 274
Bristol, Mark, 22–26, 27, 28, 190n2
Bunker Hill (CV-17), 141, 151n35, 179, 220, 221, 224–25
Bush, George H.W., 351
C
Carrier Strike Groups, 353
Carrier Task Force, 95, 123–24
Catalina aircraft. See PBY Catalina aircraft
catapults: advances in, 27–28, 330; development of, 17–18, 153; effectiveness of, 164; hydraulic, 186, 197n29, 258, 330, 334; importance of, 164–65, 178; installation of, 23–24, 161, 330–31; problems with, 25; purpose of, 161; steam, 258–59, 333–34
Chambers, Washington Irving: aeronautics board chairmanship, 19; aircraft development and flight testing, 13–14; aviation program, control of, 18–19; aviation program, promotion and development of, 5, 11–13, 15–16, 18, 27; catapult development, 17–18, 23, 27–28; legacy of, 27–28; pilot recruitment, 13; pilot training, 13; replacement of, 22; role in transformation of Navy, 11; safety concerns of, 20; sea duty of, 18, 19; seaplanes, interest in, 15
Civil War, 6
Coast Guard, U.S., 220–21, 222, 223, 224, 227, 315
Cold War, 243, 273, 293–94, 311–16, 323, 325–28
Constellation, 286–87
convoy escort operations. See escort operations
crew, 256, 260
Curtiss, Glenn: aircraft demonstration by, 12; aircraft demonstrations, 153; aircraft development and flight testing, 9–10, 13, 21; aircraft manufacturing by, 24–25; flying boat development, 17, 33–34; Navy’s relationship with, 27; seaplane development, 12, 15, 16, 17, 200; speed record, 9, 21
D
D-558-1 Skystreak, 247
D-558-2 Skyrocket, 247
Daniels, Josephus, 18, 19, 23, 24, 77n39, 133
Desert Storm Operation, 236, 243
disarmament: peacetime reductions, 54, 59–60, 64–65, 71, 72, 74–75n16, 95–96, 272, 273, 304; post–World War II drawdown, 272, 273. See also Washington Naval Treaty
Drone Antisubmarine Helicopter (DASH) program, 232, 235
DT aircraft, 201–2
E
E-2 Hawkeyes, 338
EA-6B Prowler, 282
ejection seats, 259–60, 276
Ellyson, Theodore, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 27, 28
Ely, Eugene Burton, 3, 5, 7, 12–13, 19, 27, 95, 153, 302
Enterprise (CV-6): Battle of Midway, 89; construction and commissioning of, 109, 135, 143, 152n54, 171; design of, 335; effectiveness of, 172; Fleet maneuvers, participation by, 117–19, 130n68; nuclear carrier, 338; Vietnam War, 284
Enterprise-class carriers, 282
Erickson, Frank, 222, 223–24, 226–27, 229–30
escort operations: air cover for shipping, 309; Battle of the Atlantic, 308–9; blimps, 49–50; escort carriers (CVEs), 146–47, 160, 187–88; sea control ships, 338, 339, 349n14
Essex (CV-9), 137, 142, 145, 146, 177–79, 196n27
Essex-class carriers, 89, 137, 146, 150n21, 163, 172, 181, 284–85, 331, 344n6, 347–48n9
F
F2H Banshee fighters, 244, 245, 246, 254, 259, 282
F3D Skyknight fighters, 245, 246, 282
F3H Demon fighters, 246, 247
F-4 Phantom II fighter, 241, 248, 253, 255, 266, 282, 285, 290, 291, 292
F4D Skyray fighters, 247, 251, 265
F4F Wildcat fighters, 87, 147, 148, 206, 210
F4U Corsair fighter-bomber, 147, 148, 210, 213–14, 260, 271, 272, 274, 275, 280
F-5L flying boats, 33, 207
F6C Hawks, 203
F6F Hellcat fighter, 147, 148, 210
F6U Pirate fighters, 245
F7U Cutlass fighters, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251, 266
F-8 Crusader fighter, 241, 242, 248, 251, 265, 266, 282, 285, 286, 292
F8C aircraft, 204
F9F-2 Panther fighters, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251, 254, 266, 271, 274, 275, 276, 281
F9F-6 Cougar fighters, 246, 247, 254, 257–58, 266
F-11 Tiger fighters, 244, 247, 265
F-14 Tomcat fighters, 248, 249, 255, 315, 327, 340, 343
F-18 Hornet fighters, 248, 249, 252, 253, 264
F-35C aircraft, 342, 343
F-80 Shooting Star, 241, 271, 275
F-86 Sabre fighters, 247, 275, 282
F/A-18 Hornet fighters, 241, 243, 267, 315, 343
fan jet engines, 255
FF-1 fighter, 205–6
FH-1 Phantom fighters, 241, 245–46
fighter aircraft, 173–74, 204–6, 212–13, 244
Fiske, Bradley, 18–19, 22, 24, 27
FJ-1/FJ-3 Fury fighters, 245–46, 247
Fleet Plan WPPac-46, 41–42
Fleet Problems and joint exercises: air operations during, 97; areas used for, 98, 125n10; aviation’s role in, 94–95; communications relay plane, 100, 125n22; contributions of, 123–24; deficiencies identified during, 39; diversion of fleet during, 96–97, 124–25n5; Exercise M, 109–10; FP I, 97; FP II, 97; FP III, 98; FP IV, 98; FP IX, 100–101, 206; FP V, 98–99; FP VI, 84; FP VII, 88, 99; FP VIII, 100; FP X, 101–3; FP XI, 103; FP XII, 103–4, 126nn28–29; FP XIII, 105–7, 123; FP XIV, 107–9; FP XIX, 116–17, 129nn64–65; FP XV, 109, 126n29; FP XVI, 110–12, 128nn50–51; FP XVII, 112–13; FP XVIII, 113–16, 129n58, 208; FP XX, 117–19, 126–27n22, 129–30nn67–68; FP XXI, 119–23; Grand Joint Exercises, 89, 94, 99, 100, 104–5, 126–27n33; naval force, creation of, 110–23; number held, 93n27; operational methods, doctrine, and tactics development during, 89, 94, 95, 134; phases of, 95
flight-deck cruisers, 175–76, 196n26
Flyer, 8
FM Wildcat aircraft, 210
Formosa, 269, 270
Forrestal, 243, 258, 289, 322, 332, 333, 335
Forrestal-class carriers, 282, 285, 347–48n9
France, 9, 17, 18, 21, 26, 139, 179, 303
Franklin (CV-13), 142, 151n35, 179
Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVB-42), 143
G
Germany: airships, 43, 45, 46, 154–55; aviation, funding for, 17; Battle of the Atlantic, 308–9; jet aircraft development, 242–43; naval aviation development, 12; number of planes, 26, 307, 320n40; Rainbow Five plan, 41
gold wings, 77n39
Grand Joint Exercises (GJEs), 89, 94, 99, 100, 104–5, 126–27n33
Great Britain, 41, 83, 303. See also Royal Air Force (RAF); Royal Navy
H
H-2 Sea Sprite helicopters, 231, 232, 235, 237
H-3 helicopters, 232
H-3 Sea King helicopters, 231–32, 234, 237
H-16 flying boats, 303
H-21 helicopters, 229
H-34 helicopters, 230
H-46 Sea Knight helicopters, 231, 234, 237, 292
H-53 helicopters, 236, 292
H-60 helicopters, 235, 237
Halsey, William F., 41–42, 73, 113, 158
Hancock (CV-19), 141, 144, 151n35, 287
Hawaii: exercises in waters around, 99, 100, 104–5, 107–8, 110–12, 116–17, 128nn50–51, 129n58, 129n65, 134; shore air facilities in, 137. See also Pearl Harbor
helicopters and rotary-wing aircraft: acceptance of and response to, 221, 222–24; anti-submarine warfare use, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229–30, 231–32, 235, 236, 337, 339; capabilities of, 227–28; changing role for, 236–37, 283; demonstrations of, 220–22, 223–25; design of, 230–34; development of program for, 220–27; flight tests, 225–26, 227; importance of, 237; Korean conflict use of, 230, 233, 276, 313; Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) configuration, 232, 235, 236; LSTs as base for, 230; minesweeping operations, 234, 235, 236; procurement of, 223; rescue operations with, 222–23, 227, 228, 230, 232–34, 236, 237, 281, 313; training of pilots, 224, 227, 228–29; vertical reple
nishment missions, 234, 235, 281
HH-2C helicopters, 233
HH-3A helicopters, 233
HNS-1 helicopters, 226, 227
HO3S helicopters, 230, 276
HO4S helicopters, 229
Horne, Frederick J., 38, 76n35, 114, 115–16
Horne Board, 65, 70, 71–72, 76n35
Hornet (CV-8): construction and commissioning of, 137, 143, 176; loss of, 142; Pacific campaign, 310, 343n2; sinking of, 178
Hornet (CV-12), 89, 138, 142
Hornet-class carriers, 145–46
HOS-3 helicopters, 228
HRS helicopters, 229
HSS-1 helicopters, 229
HSS-1N Sea Bat helicopters, 230
HUP helicopters, 229
I
Independence-class light carriers, 143, 146, 180, 188
Intrepid, 138, 151–52n46
J
Japan: air wing, number of aircraft in, 163–64; aircrew, replacement of, 174–75; airship reconnaissance missions, 46; carrier-building program, 139, 156; China, dominance of by Japan, 31; conflict with, plans for, 134; disarmament conference and treaty, 158–59; Doolittle raid on Tokyo, 189–90, 342n2; number of planes, 307, 320n41; Pearl Harbor attack, 42, 176–77; Rainbow Five plan, 41–42; Russia, defeat of, 31; surrender of, 310–11; War Plan Orange strategy against, 31
jet aircraft: advances in, 3; carrier launching and landing procedures, 254, 257–59; cockpit design and system management, 255–56, 267; crashes and accidents, 241–42, 244–45, 252–53, 255, 260, 261–63, 264–65; design of, 241, 244; development of, 240; development of for carrier use, 242–45, 248–49; downing defective aircraft, 263–64; echelons of, 245–50, 252; ejection seats, 259–60, 276; engine design and performance, 240–41, 253–55; flight controls, 256–57; fuel management, 256; handling characteristics and performance of, 240–41, 245–46, 251–53, 264–67; maintenance of, 260–61; man-made interferences, 255–57; naval aviation culture and transition to, 261–64; night/all-weather operations, 245, 252, 265, 267; nuclear weapons delivery operations, 245, 247; pilot training, 253, 263, 265; seaplanes and flying boats, 250; sorties with, increase in, 282; transition to, 241, 264–67; VTOL aircraft, 251. See also swept-wing jets
Johnson, Lyndon B., 286, 287, 294
Joint Strike Fighter, 249, 251
K
Kearsarge (CV-33), 143
Kimmel, Husband E., 41–42, 91
King, Ernest J.: aircraft demonstrations, 17; aircraft for War Plan Orange, 37, 208; airship reconnaisance missions, 46; attack role of aircraft, 38; aviation training, 158; contributions of, 73; Fleet manuevers, participation by, 103, 104, 105–6, 116–17, 126–27n22, 129n65; promotion criteria, 68–69, 78n44; ship construction, rate of, 141
kites and kite-balloons, 9, 10, 13
Kitty Hawk, 289, 335, 338
Korean conflict: American air superiority, 274–75; Battle of Carlson’s Canyon, 280; carrier-based air support, 271–72, 274, 279–80; command arrangement for aviation units, 280; evacuation operations, 270–71, 281; ground forces, fighting by, 273–74; helicopter use during, 230, 233, 276, 281, 283, 313; jet aircraft and carrier operations, 243, 244, 246, 312–13, 320nn52–53, 325, 352; losses during, 313, 320n53; naval air power role in, 273–83, 294; start of, 269–70, 312
L
Landing Signal Officer (LSO), 193n14, 254, 257–58, 334
Langley (CV-1): air show demonstrations, 87–88; air wing, number of aircraft in, 88, 163; air wing, types of aircraft for, 87; capabilities and specifications of, 80; commissioning of, 80, 201, 305, 319n29; conversion to aircraft tender, 129n57; design of, 168; equipment modifications, 84; Fleet manuevers, participation by, 84, 88, 95, 97, 98–100, 101–2, 105, 109, 110–12; flight-deck operations, 85; launching and landing procedures, 83–85; in Pearl Harbor, 96; Reeves as commander, 80, 83; safety record on, 88; ship conversion, 80, 97, 134, 156; Washington Naval Treaty and, 170, 172
Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 6–8
Langley aeronautical laboratory, 21–22
Lexington (CV-2): air wing, number of aircraft in, 88, 169; capabilities of, 38, 80, 89; construction and commissioning of, 98–99, 143, 201, 319n29; Fleet manuevers, participation by, 95, 100, 101–3, 104–6, 107–9, 110–23, 129n64, 199; safety record on, 88; sinking of, 161, 178; specialized air groups, 126–27n22
Lexington (CV-16), 141, 144, 151n35
lighter-than-air craft. See airships
London Treaty, 175
Long Island (CVE-1), 146–47, 186
Los Angeles, 103–4, 106, 126n29
M
MacArthur, Douglas: fleet-based versus land-based aircraft for Navy, 35, 208, 214, 306; Japan, surrender of, 311; Korean conflict, 270, 271, 276, 277, 279; Pacific campaign, 141
Macon, 35, 46, 47, 106, 109, 110, 126n29
Maddox, 286
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 10, 27, 32, 137, 150n19, 301
Marine Corps, U.S.: close air support, 292–93; demise of and lack of support for, 272–73, 294; independence of, 311; Korean conflict, 276–80; officers in, 73n4; promotion in, 68; roles and missions of, 311–12, 324; Vietnam War, 290
Mars aircraft, 37
Midway: bases at, 40; Battle of Midway, 89, 163–64, 179, 264; exercises in waters around, 110–12; Rainbow Five plan, 41–42
Midway and Midway-class carriers, 180–81, 292, 329–30, 331, 333, 344n6, 347–48n9
Military Flyer, 8–9
missile development, 335–36
Mississippi, 22–23
Missouri (BB 63), 215, 311
Moffett, William A.: air attacks against ships, 107; airships, support for use of, 35, 45, 48; bombing, effectiveness of, 203; death of, 35, 48, 131; flight-deck cruisers, 175; as naval aviation observer, 74n13; Naval Aviation Reserve Policy, 61; naval aviation, support for, 131, 306
N
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 22, 27
national aeronautical laboratory, 12, 20–22
Naval Academy: appointments to, 59, 64; enrollment numbers, 60, 61, 62; length of coursework, 65
naval aviation: acceptance of and response to, 10, 54, 80, 131–32, 133–35; accident rate, 262; aircraft development and flight testing, 9, 13–14; airfield for, 14–15; Army aviation, cooperation with, 14–15; birth of, 6, 16; under Bristol, 22–26; Centennial activities, 2; challenges of development of program, 5, 8, 26–28; culture of, 261–64; demise of and lack of support for, 272–73, 294; development of program for, 5, 11–13, 15–16, 18, 19, 302–3, 318n6; effectiveness of, 53, 73, 215, 294, 353–54; fleet-based versus land-based aircraft, 35, 208, 214, 305–7; funding for, 10, 12, 15, 16–17, 18, 24, 26, 28, 305; growth of, 148–49, 152nn53–54, 302–3, 307–8, 319nn37–39; importance of, 1–2, 243, 305; inattention to, 25–26; modernization of, 26; naval control of, 166–67; responsibility and control of program, 11–12, 15–16, 18–19, 25–26; roles and missions of, 2–3, 52–53, 352; shore air facilities and bases and, 38–40, 137, 148, 150n22, 303, 305; standards for, 134–35; technological advances, 3, 315; wartime expansion and peacetime reduction, 54, 59–60, 64–65, 71, 72, 74–75n16, 95–96, 304, 318n16
naval aviation cadets, 62–63, 64, 65, 76n31
Naval Aviation Maintenance Program (NAMP), 260, 265
naval aviation observers, 57, 67, 74n13, 83
naval aviation pilots, 57
Naval Aviation Reserve Act, 64
naval aviators: commanding officer qualifications, 135, 158; definition of, 57; flight time, 123, 130n72; helicopter pilot qualifications, 228; hostility toward, 77n39; independence of and self-reliance characteristics, 261–62; insignia for, 77n39; at Pensacola, 55; uniform for, 77n39
Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), 61, 65, 71, 75nn26–27
Naval Reserve, U.S.: creation of, 59, 74–75n16; disestablishment of, 61; officers, number of, 59–60, 62–63, 64–65, 75nn19–20, 76n36; pilots for, authorization of, 137, 150n17; reorganization of, 64; training of officers, 63–64, 75n19, 76n34; wartime expansion and peacetime reduct
ion, 59–60, 71, 74–75n16
Naval War College: instructors at, 11, 82–83; presidents of, 80, 90, 91n4, 133; war games and concept generation at, 80, 81–83, 89, 133
Navy, U.S.: Aide System organization, 10, 15–16; aircrew, replacement of, 174–75; air-surface-undersea actions, 110, 128n46, 301; battleships of, capabilities of, 83; Commander-in-Chief of U.S. Fleet, 90, 96, 109; fleet expansion, 10, 148–49; 152nn53–54, 157, 175, 304; fleet expansion, funding for, 135–40, 150n27, 151n29, 151n31; fleet expansion, public support for, 157; Fleet organization, 96; maneuvers with aviation unit, 17; maritime strategy, 327–28, 344n4, 352–53; roles and missions of, 311–12, 318, 324; sea duty requirement, 18, 19, 25, 57, 68–69, 78nn44–45; superiority of, 149, 274
Nimitz, Chester, 17, 81, 141, 149, 158, 311
Nimitz and Nimitz-class carriers, 282, 338, 339
North Carolina (ACR-12/CA-12), 23, 24, 25, 95, 153, 190n2
North Carolina (BB-55), 89, 90–91
nuclear weapons delivery operations, 245, 247, 326
O
officer personnel system: development of, 54, 72–73; Marine officers, 73n4; naval aviation corps, 54–55, 56; number of officers, 58–66, 72, 75nn19–20, 318n16; promotion, 54, 61, 66–72, 73n6, 76–77n38, 77n40, 77n42, 78nn44–45; retirement, 61, 75–76n28; specialization, 54–58; staff corps, 55; structure and components of, 53; transfer of officers, 60, 75n22, 76n36; two-tier system, 66, 76n37
Oriskany (CV-43), 143, 181, 289, 290, 331
P
P-2 Neptune, 290, 313, 314, 329–30
P2Y aircraft, 34, 207, 208, 209
P-3 Orion, 290, 308, 315, 316–17, 321nn71–72, 337
P6M SeaMaster aircraft, 250, 315, 321n67
P-8 Poseidon, 317
PB-1 bombers, 310
PB2Y Coronado aircraft, 37, 209, 310
PB4Y-1 aircraft, 214, 308, 309, 310
PB4Y-2 Privateer aircraft, 214
PBJ Mitchell aircraft, 214
PBJ-1 aircraft, 310
PBM Mariner aircraft, 37, 209, 310
PBY Catalina aircraft, 34, 36–38, 40, 42, 113, 119, 176–77, 208, 215, 250, 309, 310
PBY-5A aircraft, 40, 214
Pearl Harbor: airship reconnaisance and, 49; attack on, 42, 105, 176–77; base at, 41, 42; battleships lost at, 143, 308; development of, 32; fleet transfer to, 41; investigation of, 91; Langley in, 96; Navy expansion following attack on, 148–49