Digging for Richard III
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14 M. Shanks, Richard III found? – why it matters, http://www.mshanks.com/2013/02/04/richard-iii-found-why-it-matters, 4 February 2013.
15 Buckley et al. 2013, 537.
16 L. Worsley, Why Richard III’s final resting place matters, Guardian 30 March 2013; H. Mantel, Royal bodies, London Review of Books 35.4 (21 February 2013), 3–7.
17 Foard and Curry 2013. The most closely argued and nearest alternative location had been proposed by Peter Foss in 1985 (Foss 1998).
FURTHER READING
Many useful articles can be found at http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/publications/transactions.html, where the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society has made its entire Transactions since 1855 freely available, and at http://www.richardiii.net/6_3_1_the_ricardian_archive.php, where the Richard III Society is building a free archive of The Ricardian from 2004; the society’s newsletter, Ricardian Bulletin, is online (from 2003–2011) at http://www.richardiii.net/6_4_0_ricardian_bulletin.php. The Bosworth Battlefield Project has a free archive, which includes substantial reviews of historical sources, at the Archaeology Data Service (ADS, http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/bosworth_hlf_2011/index.cfm). The ADS’s Grey Literature Library archives all field reports from the University of Leicester Archaeological Services; the Grey Friars project code for both seasons is A11.2012 (visit http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/greylit/browse.cfm and select from the contractor list – as I write, Grey Friars reports have yet to be uploaded).
Ackroyd, P., 1998. The Life of Thomas More. London: Chatto & Windus. New York: Nan A. Talese.
Ashdown-Hill, J., 2006. ‘Alive and well in Canada – the mitochondrial DNA of Richard III.’ The Ricardian 16, 1–9.
Ashdown-Hill, J., 2010. The Last Days of Richard III. Stroud: The History Press.
Ashdown-Hill, J., 2013. The Last Days of Richard III and the Fate of his DNA: The Book that Inspired the Dig. Stroud: The History Press.
Austrums, R., 2011. Geophysical Survey Report: Greyfriars Church, Leicester. Upton-upon-Severn: Stratascan.
Baldwin, D., 1986. ‘King Richard’s grave in Leicester.’ Transactions Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 60, 21–24.
Baldwin, D., 2013. Richard III (2nd edn). Stroud: Amberley.
Battlefields Trust, 2013. UK Battlefields Resource Centre. http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre.
Billson, C., 1920. Mediaeval Leicester. Leicester.
Buckley, R., M. Morris, J. Appleby, T. King, D. O’Sullivan and L. Foxhall, 2013. ‘“The king in the car park”: new light on the death and burial of Richard III in the Grey Friars church, Leicester, in 1485.’ Antiquity 87, 519–38.
Carson, A., 2013. Richard III: The Maligned King (2nd edn). Stroud: The History Press.
Carter, H., and A. Mace, 1923. The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Reprinted 1977.
Cawthorne, D., 2007. ‘The Leicester Arch and the Temple of Janus.’ Leicestershire and Rutland Life, December 2007, 16–17.
Cottrell, L., 1957. Lost Cities. London: Robert Hale. New York: Rinehart.
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Hammond, P., 2010. Richard III and the Bosworth Campaign. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
Hicks, M., 2010. The Wars of the Roses. Newhaven and London: Yale University Press.
Hipshon, D., 2011. Richard III. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Hoskins, W., and R. McKinley, 1954. A History of the County of Leicester. Vol. 2. London: Victoria County History.
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Johnson, A., 1906. Glimpses of Ancient Leicester, in Six Periods (2nd edn). Leicester: Clarke and Satchell.
Jones, M., 2002. Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle. Stroud: The History Press. Charleston: Tempus.
Kendall, P., 1955. Richard the Third. London: Allen & Unwin. Reprinted 2002 by W. W. Norton.
Knight, S., and M. A. Lund, 2013. ‘Richard Crookback.’ Times Literary Supplement, 6 February 2013, 14–15.
Langley, P., 2012a. ‘The Man Himself: Looking for Richard: in search of a king.’ Ricardian Bulletin, June 2012, 26–28.
Langley, P., 2012b. ‘Update: Looking for Richard: in search of a king.’ Ricardian Bulletin, September 2012, 14–15.
Langley, P., and M. Jones, 2013. The King’s Grave: The Search for Richard III. London: John Murray. New York: St Martin’s.
Lansdale, M., and J. Boon, 2013. ‘The Man Himself. Richard III – a psychological portrait.’ Ricardian Bulletin, March 2013. 46–56.
Mancini, D., transl. C. Armstrong, 1969. The Usurpation of Richard the Third. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
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Mellor, J., and T. Pearce, 1981. The Austin Friars, Leicester. London: Leicestershire County Council and Council for British Archaeology.
Mitchell, P., H.-Y. Yeh, J. Appleby and R. Buckley, 2013. ‘The intestinal parasites of King Richard III.’ The Lancet 382 (7 September), 888.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the many people who helped me in the research for this book, especially those Leicester University archaeologists and scientists whose work was greatly disrupted by the arrival of Richard III into their lives, but yet found time to tell their stories and answer my questions: Richard Buckley and Mathew Morris in particular, as well as Jo Appleby, Jon Coward, Tony Gnanaratnam, Sarah Hainsworth, Leon Hunt, Turi King, Deirdre O’Sullivan and Kevin Schürer. Also at the university Ather Mirza, Peter Thorley (Press Office) and Carl Vivian were very helpful, and I am most grateful for the help and encouragement I received from Lin Foxhall and Richard Taylor. Other thanks go to David Baldwin, Glenn Foard, Sir Peter Soulsby, Phil Stone, Chris Wardle, Peter Warzynski, Caroline Wilkinson and Bob Woosnam-Savage, and Catherine Daunt (Assistant Curator, National Portrait Gallery), Bryony Millan (Archivist, National Portrait Gallery), Theya Molleson (Natural History Museum), Heather Rowland (Head of Library and Collections, Society of Antiquaries) and staff at the Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester & Rutland. I thank Philippa Langley, without whom none of this would have begun. I interviewed her before I knew I was to write the book, which itself would not have happened had Colin Ridler not suggested it: working with Thames & Hudson has been a pleasure, not least with Colin and Alice Reid as editors, Louise Thomas as picture researcher and Karolina Prymaka as designer. The University of Leicester acknowledges over 100 named people in its search for Richard III (http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/richard-iii/press-conference-4-february/search-for-richard-iii-acknowledgements), as well as unnamed individuals who include ‘the staff of the “secret location” where the bones [were] retained’.
In February 2013 I left a press conference in Leicester with great excitement. I was impressed with the research and the presentation, and pleased that the archaeologists had agreed to write about the excavation for the magazine I edit, British Archaeology. Later I found much cynicism, especially among academics. ‘All they can see’, I wrote in my diary, ‘is PR and fluff, I get quite angry.’ Working on the book allowed me to confirm that this really was a well managed, cooperative project in which extraordinary talents wished no more than to establish what truths they could. In November 2013 I watched Mathew Morris (wearing jeans and a T-shirt featuring a Dalek and the word ‘Excavate!’), Jo Appleby and Turi King address an audience in the Royal Institution’s Faraday Theatre in London. Between them they had personally found and excavated Richard III’s remains, and established their identity – yet none of them once said, ‘I did it’, preferring to talk about the larger team. It has been some achievement of all involved to remain so focused in the whirlwind of global attention.
INDEX
All page numbers refer to the 2014 print edition.
Page numbers in italic refer to figures.
Selected footnotes are indicated by n, thus: 200n17(L/R)
Addison, Heidi 147
Aitken, Janice 172
Anne of York, sister of Richard III 17, 26, 55, 178
Appleby, Jo: career, 118; excavation of Skeleton I 115–33, 164, 168; unease with graveside ceremony 134–35; takes Skeleton I from site 136, 138; excavates Skeleton 2 117; 2012 press conference 142; post-excavation meeting 144; analysis of Skeleton I 145, 147, 150, 152–56; February 2013 press conference 131, 181, 182
Armitage, Richard 71, 87, 197n8
armour 45, 131, 165, 166, 167, 200n17(L)
arrowhead, iron (suspected) 133, 152
Ashdown-Hill, John 54–57, 60, 65, 80–81, 82, 93, 101, 133, 135, 150, 177–78
Austin Friars 38, 40, 44, 46–47, 61, 64, 80–81
Balaresque, Patricia 179–80
Baldwin, David 65, 181, 196n19, 196n20
Barnet, Battle of 26, 29, 194n25
Battles, Wars of the Roses see Barnet, Blore Heath, Bosworth, Edgcote, Hedgeley Moor, Hexham, Losecoat Field, Ludford Bridge, Mortimer’s Cross, Northampton, St Albans, Tewkesbury, Towton, Wakefield
BBC, Local Legends 55–56, 65
BBC Radio Leicester 88, 92, 93
Beard, Mary 189
Beaufort, Margaret 16, 21–22
Billson, Charles 65
Black Friars 61, 64, 80
Blore Heath, Battle of 22, 29, 194n13
bone, behaviour of 121, 145
Book of Hours 13, 14, 90
Bosworth: Battle of 10, 11, 13, 16, 21, 22, 29, 30, 34, 38, 44, 49, 50, 61, 84, 92, 147, 160–61, 161, 162, 168, 173, 176, 184, 185; archaeology 11, 191, 192–93, 192; Battlefield Centre 89, 191–92, 195n4; re-enactment 89, 188, 190–92, 196n23
Bow Bridge see Leicester: Bow Bridge
Bow Bridge skeleton 37–38
Broadbent, Benjamin 32, 35, 37, 46, 187
Bronk Ramsey, Christopher 158
Buckingham, Henry Duke of 17, 27, 28–29, 168
Buckley, Richard: first dig 38–41, 44; school 40–41; university 41–42; works with Leicester Archaeological Unit 39, 42; works with ULAS 43; director ULAS 39; Langley contacts 47, 58–60; no interest in finding Richard III 52; doubts about finding Richard III, 7, 58, 72, 105, 126; search for friary 58–59, 141; plans 2012 dig 59–60; works with Langley 70–72, 77, 81; agrees to join search 78; written scheme of investigation 78–79, 85–86; Guildhall book launch 79–80; ground-penetrating radar survey 81–82; costing 83; university grant 88; excavation launch 93, 95; Skeleton I found 104; walls found 106; delegates 111; applies for exhumation licence 112, 114; plans for Richard III reburial 114; invites Appleby 118; discusses with O’Sullivan 123; press briefing 126–27; Richard III found 127–28, 130, 139, 142; Langley asks to drape flag on Skeleton I 133; press conference 142; post-excavation meeting 144; skeletal analysis 153; public talks 156; February 2013 press conference 6, 181–82, 182; Queen’s Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education 186; differences with Langley 188
&
nbsp; Butler, James 45, 45, 73
car parks: New Street 50, 51, 56, 67, 68–69, 97, 97, 107; R on tarmac 51, 99, 101, 122, 134, 146, 199n9; Social Services 51, 53–54, 56–58, 60, 67, 68–70, 78, 80–84, 93–94, 94, 97–98, 97, 101, 102, 107, 109, 121, 143, 186, 197n21
Carson, Annette 72–73, 74, 82, 84, 86–87, 134
Carter, Howard 129–30
Cassiman, Jean-Jacques 55
Castillon, Battle of 20
Channel 4 47, 56, 57, 58, 81, 82, 89, 99, 116, 129, 134–35, 136, 164, 181, 186
Clarence, George Duke of 15, 17, 25, 26
Clay, Patrick 39, 40, 42, 43
clinical imaging 169, 171
Codd, Mike 80, 86
Cooper, Nick 144
Coppack, Glyn 123, 127–28, 139
costs see funding
Croyland Chronicle, the 176
Dadlington 161, 161
Darlow Smithson Productions 57, 81–82, 99, 103, 105–6, 115–16, 119–20, 122, 128–29, 134, 181, 198n5, 198n9, 199n14(L)
death, archaeology of 112–13, 198n1
desk-based assessment 60–62, 65, 78, 82, 114
DNA analysis 54–55, 57, 94, 104, 132, 135–36, 138, 142, 146–47, 150, 152, 171, 177–80, 182–83
Dundee, University of 148, 170, 172
East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit (EMFPU) 148, 153–54, 164
Edgcote, Battle of 25, 29, 194n23
Edmund, brother of Richard III 17, 22–24, 26
Edmund, son of Edward III 17, 18
Edmund Tudor, husband of Margaret Beaufort 16, 21
Edward I 30
Edward III 16, 16, 18–19, 21, 179
Edward IV 12, 15, 16, 16, 22–23, 24, 25, 26–27, 28, 30, 178
Edward V 16, 26, 27
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI 16, 17, 20, 25, 26, 174
electronic distance measuring device (EDM) 110