by Philip Dray
Nash, Howard P., Jr. Stormy Petrol: The Life and Times of General Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893. Farleigh Dickinson University Press, Rutherford, New Jersey, 1969
Nelson, Scott R. Iron Confederacies: Southern Railways, Klan Violence, and Reconstruction. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1999
Nieman, Donald G., editor. Black Freedom/White Violence, 1865–1900. Garland Publishing, New York, 1994
Nordhoff, Charles. The Cotton States in the Spring and Summer of 1875. Burt Franklin Publishers, New York, 1971; originally published 1876
Packwood, Cyril O. Detour—Bermuda, Destination— U.S. House of Represen tatives: The Life of Joseph Hayne Rainey. Baxter's Ltd, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1977
Painter, Nell. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction. W. W. Norton, New York, 1992, originally published 1977
———. Sojourner Truth. W. W. Norton, New York, 1996
Pearson, Elizabeth Ware, editor. Letters from Port Royal, 1862–1868. Arno Press, New York, 1969
Pierce, Edward L. Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner. Roberts Brothers, Boston, 1877
Pike, James'S. The Prostrate State: South Carolina Under Negro Government. Harper & Row, New York, 1968; originally published 1874
Piston, William G. Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History. University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1987
Przybyszewski, Linda. The Republic According to John Marshall Harlan. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1999
Rable, George C. But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1984
Rabinowitz, Howard, editor. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1982
Reuter, Edward B. The Mulatto in the United States. Haskell House Publishers, New York, 1969; originally published 1918
Reynolds, John'S. Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877. Negro University Press, New York, 1969; originally published 1905
Rollin, Frank A. Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany. Kraus Reprint, New York, 1969; originally published 1868
Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. Oxford University Press, New York, 1964
St. Clair, Sadie Daniel. The National Career of Blanche Kelso Bruce. Unpublished thesis, University of Michigan, 1947
Salisbury, Robert'S. William Windom: Apostle of Positive Government. University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland, 1993
Sanger, D. B., and Thomas R. Hay. James Longstreet. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1952
Sass, Herbert R. Outspoken: 150 Years of the News and Courier. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1953
Simkins, Francis B. Pitchfork Ben Tillman. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1944
Simmons, William J. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive, and Rising. George M. Rewell, Cleveland, 1887
Singletary, Otis A. Negro Militia and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963
Smith, Samuel D. The Negro in Congress: 1870–1901. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1940
Stanton, Elizabeth C., Susan B. Anthony, et al. History of Women's Suffrage. Charles Mann, publisher, Rochester, New York, 1887
Sterling, Dorothy, editor. The Trouble They Seen: The Story of Reconstruction in the Words of African Americans. Da Capo Press, New York City, 1994; originally published 1976
Sterling, Dorothy. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the 19th Century. W. W. Norton, New York, 1984
Sterling, Dorothy. Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls. Pocket Books edition, New York, 1972; originally published 1958
Stephens, Alexander H. Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, Before, During, and Since the War. Henry Cleveland, editor. Philadelphia, 1886
Stiles, T. J. Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2001
Storey, Moorfield. Charles Sumner. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1900
Sumner, Charles. Works: 1870–83. Volumes 1–15. Lee and Shepard, Boston, 1873–1883
Swisher, Carl Brent. Roger B. Taney. Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut, 1961; originally published 1935
Taylor, Alrutheus A. The Negro in South Carolina During the Reconstruction. Russell & Russell, New York, 1969; originally published 1924
Thomas, Benjamin P., and Harold M. Hyman. Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln s Secretary of War. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1962
Tindall, George. South Carolina Negroes, 1877–1900. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1952
Toomer, Jean. The Wayward and the Seeking: A Collection of Writings by Jean Toomer. Darwin Turner, editor. Howard University Press, Washington, D.C., 1980
Tourgee, Albion W. A Fool's Errand. Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1966; originally published 1879
Towne, Laura M. The Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne. R. S. Holland, editor. Negro Universities Press, New York, 1969; originally published 1912
Trefousse, Hans L. Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 2001; originally published 1997
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1971
Tunnell, Ted. Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1877. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1984
———. Edge of the Sword. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 2001
Twitchell, M. H. Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography ofM. H. Twitchell. Ted Tunnell, editor. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1989
Ullman, Victor. Martin R. Delany: The Beginnings of Black Nationalism. Beacon Press, Boston, 1971
Underwood, James Lowell, and W. Lewis Baker, editors. At Freedom's Door: African-American Founding Fathers and Lawyers in Reconstruction South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 2000
Uya, Okon Edet. From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls, 1839–1915. Oxford University Press, New York, 1971
Vandal, Gilles. The New Orleans Riot of 1866: Anatomy of a Tragedy. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwest Louisiana, Lafayette, 1983
Vaughn, William P. Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1974
Vinson, J. Chal. Thomas Nast: Political Cartoonist. University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1967
Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2001
Wallace, David Duncan. The History of South Carolina. American Historical Society, New York, 1934
Warmoth, Henry C. War, Politics, and Reconstruction. Negro Universities Press, New York, 1970; originally published 1930
Washington, Booker T. A New Negro for a New Century. American Publishing House, Chicago, 1900
———. The Story of the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery. 2 volumes. Negro University Press, New York, 1969; originally published 1909
Way, Frederick, Jr. She Takes the Horns: Steamboat Racing on the Western Waters. Young & Klein, Inc., Cincinnati, 1953
Wharton, Vernon Lane. The Negro in Mississippi 1865–1890. Harper & Row, New York, 1965; originally published 1947
Whitman, Walt. Walt Whitman's Civil War. Walter Lowenfels, editor. Da Capo Press, New York, 1961
Whyte, James H. The Uncivil War: Washington During the Reconstruction, 1865–1878. Twayne Publishers, New York, 1958
Williams, Alfred B. Hampton and His Red Shirts: South Carolina's Deliverance in 1876. Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, New York, 1970; originally published 1935
———. The Liberian Exodus: An Account of the Voyage of the First Emigrants in the Bark "Azor" and Their Reception at Monrovia. News and Courier Book Presses, Charleston, South Carolina, 1878
Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865. Harper & Bros., New York, 1888
Williams, Lou Falkner. The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871–72. University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1996
Williamson, Joel. After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877. W. W. Norton, New York, 1975; originally published 1965
Wood, Norman B. The White Side of a Black Subject. Negro University Press, 1969; originally published 1896 Woodson, Carter. Negro Orators and Their Orations. Associated Publishers, Washington, D.C., 1925
Woodward, C. Vann. The Burden of Southern History. New American Library edition, New York, 1969; originally published 1960
———. Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Little, Brown, Boston, 1951
Yarbrough, Tinsley E. Judicial Enigma: The First Justice Harlan. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
Zuczek, Richard. Encyclopedia of Reconstruction, Volumes 1 and 2. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2006
———. State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1996
Articles, Pamphlets, Speeches
"Anonymous", Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1877: "The Political Condition of South Carolina." Atlantic Monthly, Apr. 1877: "South Carolina Morals;" Atlantic Monthly, June 1877: "South Carolina Society."
Alilunas, Leo. "A Review of Negro Suffrage Policies Prior to 1915." Journal of Negro History, vol. 25, no. 2, Apr. 1940
Anderson, Eric. "James O'Hara of North Carolina: Black Leadership and Local Government," in Rabinowitz, Howard, ed. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1982
Avins, Alfred. "The Civil Rights Act of 1875: Some Reflected Light on the Fourteenth Amendment and Public Accommodations." Columbia Law Review, vol. 66, no. 5, May 1966
Blassingame, John W. "The Freedom Fighters." Negro History Bulletin, vol. 28, Feb. 1965
Burton, Vernon. "Race and Reconstruction: Edgefield County, South Carolina." Journal of Social History, vol. 11, no. 1, fall 1978
Ball, W. W. "An Episode in South Carolina Politics." Reconstruction pamphlet collection, Charleston Historical Society
Bell, Frank C. "The Life and Times of John Roy Lynch: A Case Study 1847–1939." Journal of Mississippi History, vol. 38, no. 1, 1976
Belz, Herman. "The New Orthodoxy in Reconstruction Historiography." Reviews in American History, vol. 1, no. 1, Mar. 1973
Bigelow, Martha M. "The Significance of Milliken's Bend in the Civil War." Journal of Negro History, vol. 45 no. 3, July 1960
Blakely, Allison. "Richard T. Greener and the Talented Tenth's Dilemma." Journal of Negro History, vol. 59, no. 4, Oct. 1974
Borome, Joseph H. "The Autobiography of Hiram R. Revels Together with Some Letters by and About Him." Midwest Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, winter 1952–53
Bowman, Robert. "Reconstruction in Yazoo County." Mississippi Historical Society Publication, vol. 7, 1903
Brayton, Ellery M. "An Address upon the Election Laws of South Carolina." Columbia, William Sloane, Printer, 1889
Brock, Euline W. "Thomas W. Cardozo: Fallible Black Reconstruction Leader." Journal of Negro History, vol. 47, no. 2, May 1981
Brough, Charles Hillman. "The Clinton Riot." Mississippi Historical Society Publication, vol. 6, 1902
Burton, Vernon. "Race and Reconstruction: Edgefield County, South Carolina." Journal of Social History, vol. 12, no. 1, fall 1978
Chamberlain, Daniel H. "The Race Problem at the South." Yale Review, June 1890
———. "Reconstruction and the Negro." North American Review, 1879
———. "Reconstruction in South Carolina." Atlantic Monthly, Apr. 1901
Cheek, William F. "A Negro Runs for Congress: John Mercer Langston and the Virginia Campaign of 1888." Journal of Negro History, vol. 52, no. 1, Jan. 1967
Christian, Marcus B. "The Theory of the Poisoning of Oscar J. Dunn." Phylon, vol. 6, no. 3, third quarter, 1945
Coleman, John A. "The Fight of a Man with a Railroad." Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1872
Coulter, E. Merton. "Negro Legislators in Georgia During the Reconstruction Period." Georgia History Quarterly, Athens, 1968
Cox, LaWanda. "The Promise of Land for the Freedmen." Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 45, no. 3, Dec. 1958
Cox, LaWanda, and John H. Cox. "Negro Suffrage and Republican Politics: The Problem of Motivation in Reconstruction Historiography." Journal of Southern History, vol. 33, no. 3, Aug. 1967
Cresswell, Stephen. "Enforcing the Enforcement Acts: The Department of Justice in Northern Missisippi, 1870–1890." Journal of Southern History, vol. 53, no. 3, Aug. 1987
Donaldson, Gary A. "A Window on Slave Culture: Dances at Congo Square in New Orleans, 1800–1862." Journal ofNegro History, vol. 69, no. 2, spring 1984
Dorris, J. T. "Pardoning the Leaders of the Confederacy." Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 15, no. 1, June 1928
Dunbar-Nelson, Alice. "People of Color in Louisiana (Part I)." Journal of Negro History, vol. 1, no. 4, Oct. 1916
Durden, Robert F. "The Prostrate State Revisited: James'S. Pike and South Carolina Reconstruction." Journal of Negro History, vol. 39, no. 2, Apr. 1954
Elliott, Robert Brown. "Oration Delivered by the Hon. R. B. Elliot, April 16, 1872, at the Celebration of the Tenth Anniversary of Emancipation in the District of Columbia." H. Polkinhorn (Publisher), Washington, 1872
Fair, Sophie M. "Distinguished Confederate War Record of Gen. Martin Witherspoon Gary." Southern Herald and Working Man of New York and Columbia, S.C., Feb. 13, 1878
Fischer, Roger A. "A Pioneer Protest: The New Orleans Street Car Controversy of 1867." Journal ofNegro History, vol. 53, no. 3, July 1968
Fleming, Walter L. "'Pap' Singleton, the Moses of the Colored Exodus." American Journal of Sociology, vol. 15, no. 1, July 1909
Foner, Eric. "Thaddeus Stevens, Confiscation, and Reconstruction." Appears in The Hofstadter Aegis: A Memorial. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, eds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1974
Forten, Charlotte. "Life on the Sea Islands." Atlantic Monthly, vol. 13, May 1864
Frasure, Carl M. "Charles Sumner and the Rights of the Negro." Journal of Negro History, vol. 13, no. 2, Apr. 1928
Fredrickson, George M. "A Man but Not a Brother: Abraham Lincoln and Racial Equality." Journal of Southern History, vol. 41, no. 1, Feb. 1975
French, Justus C. "The Trip of the Steamer Oceanus to Fort Sumter and Charleston ... (and) the re-raising of the flag over the ruins of Fort Sumter, April 14, 1865." Union Steam Printing House, Brooklyn, New York, 1865
Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. "The Remarkable Misses Rollin"—Black Women in Reconstruction South Carolina." South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 92, 1991
Gelston, Arthur Lewis. Radical Versus Straight-Out in Post-Reconstruction Beaufort County. South Carolina Historical Magazine, Oct. 1974
Gilbert, Abby L. "The Comptroller of the Currency and the Freedman's Savings Bank." Journal of Negro History, vol. 57, no. 2, Apr. 1972
Gressman, Eugene. "The Unhappy History of Civil Rights Legislation." Michigan Law Review, vol. 50, 1952
Grosz, Agnes. "The Political Career of P.B.S. Pinchback." Louisiana Historical Quarterly, vol. 27, Apr. 1944
Guignard, John G. "How the Wallace House Met in Carolina Hall." Pamphlet in "Reconstruction" folder, South Carolina Room, Charleston Public Library
Hanchett, William. "Reconstruction and the Rehabilitation of Jefferson Davis: Charles G. Halpine's Prison Life." Journal of American History, vol. 56, no. 2, Sept. 1969
Harris, William C. "Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi: Conservative Assimilationist," in Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. Howard Rabinowitz, ed. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1982
Hennessey, Melinda Meek.
"Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy." South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 86, no. 2, Apr. 1985
Houston, G. David. "A Negro Senator (Blanche K. Bruce)." Journal of Negro History, vol. 7, no. 3, July 1922
Hyman, Sidney. "Washington's Negro Elite." Look Magazine, Apr. 6, 1965
Jager, Ronald B. "Charles Sumner, the Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875." New England Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 3, Sept. 1969
Jones, Howard James. "Images of Legislative Reconstruction Participants in Fiction." Journal of Negro History, vol. 67, no. 4, winter 1982
Johnson, Manie W. "The Colfax Riot of April 1873." Louisiana Historical Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, July 1930
Johnston, Frank. "The Conference of October 15th, 1875 Between General George and Governor Ames." Mississippi Historical Society Publication, vol. 6, 1902
Kaczorowski, Robert J. "To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights After the Civil War." American Historical Review, vol. 92, no. 1, Feb. 1987
Katz, William. "George Henry White: A Militant Negro Congressman in the Age of Booker T. Washington." Negro History Bulletin, Mar. 1966
Kindall, George B. "The Question of Race in the South Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1895." Journal of Negro History, vol. 37, no. 3, July 1952
Lestage, H. Oscar, Jr. "The White League in Louisiana and Its Participation in Reconstruction Riots." Louisiana Historical Quarterly, vol. 28, July 1935
Levy, Leonard W., and Harlan B. Phillips. "The Roberts Case: Source of the 'Separate but Equal' Doctrine." American Historical Review, vol. 56, no. 3, Apr. 1951
Libby, Billy W. "Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi Takes His Seat, January-February, 1870." Journal of Mississippi History, vol. 37, no. 4, 1973
Lynch, John Roy. "Civil Rights Speech of Hon. John R Lynch, of Mississippi, in the House of Representatives, Feb. 3, 1875." Government Printing Office, Washington, 1875
———. "Some Historical Errors of James Ford Rhodes." Journal of Negro History, vol. 2, no. 4, Oct. 1917
———. "The Tragic Era." Journal of Negro History, vol. 15, no. 1, Jan. 1930
Lynd, Staughton. "Rethinking Slavery and Reconstruction." Journal of Negro History, vol. 50, no. 3, July 1965 MacDowell, Dorothy A. "Hamburg: A Village of Dreams." South Carolina Magazine, June 1969
