The 900 Days

by Harrison Salisbury

  CHAPTER 38. THE ROAD OF LIFE

  Curiously, there is no single satisfactory or dramatic account of the Ladoga ice road among the numerous Soviet sources. A. Saparov’s Doroga Zhizni is weak and propa-gandistic, and A. D. Kharitonov’s Legendarnaya Ledovaya Trassa is little more than a pamphlet. The chapter is based on M. Murov, Zvezda, No. 5, May, 1965; F. Lagunov, Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964; Karasev; Pavlov; Kharitonov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 11, November, 1966; Y. Loman, Neva, No. 1, January, 1967; F. Lapukhov, Neva, No. 7, July, 1967; Na Zashchite; Dukhanov, Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964 (some detail is omitted in his book version, V Serdtse i v Famyati); Leningrad v VOV; Merets-kov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Inber; Luknitsky; Samsonov, V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina, Vol. II, pp. 159-166; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei.

  CHAPTER 39. THE CITY OF DEATH

  Nikolai Tikhonov’s account comes from Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964; with detail from D. Levonevskii, Neva, No. 2, February, 1966; Dmitri Moldavskii, O Mikhaile Dudine; Sayanov; Aleksandr Prokofyev, Literatwrnaya Gazeta, June 22, 1965. Other sources: Vishnevsky; Vera Petrova, Zvezda, No. 5, May, 1965; Leningrad v VOV; detail on Lebedev from Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II, and A. Kron in Kyadorn S Geroyami. Other sources: Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Luknitsky; Sayanov; Aleksandr Dymshits, Znamya, No. 3, March, 1966; Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky, Ogonok, No. 5, May, 1964; Podvig Ermitazha; Orbeli in Ashot Arzumanyan, Druzhba; Yuri L. Alanskii; K. M. Yuz-bashyan, Akademik Iosif A. Orbeli; Mikhailovsky, S Toboi Baltika!

  CHAPTER 40. THE SLEDS OF THE CHILDREN

  The Leningrad diarists are the principal sources for this chapter: V. Koneshevich, Novy Mir, Nos. 9 and 10, September and October, 1965; Luknitsky; Vera Inber; Vishnevsky; Skryabina; Dmitri Moldavskii in Podvig Leningrada; Panteleyev; Yelizaveta Sharypina, V Dni Blokady; Glazunov; and Shcheglov. The story of Zinaida Shishova comes from A. Abramov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965; and the poem from V. Azarov’s collection, Poeziya v Boyu. Other material is drawn from Leningrad v VOV; T. V. Pokrovskaya, Klimat Leningrada; Na Zashchite; Aleksandr Kron in Talent i Muzhestvo; Nikolai Chukovsky in Ryadorn s Geroyami; and Nikolai Markevich in V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya.

  CHAPTER 41. A NEW KIND OF CRIME

  Much detail comes from Dela i Lyudi, which, in large part, deals with the Leningrad police during the war. Material is drawn extensively from Na Zashchite; Karasev; Barba-shin; Konstantinov; Darov; the Razina diary; Pavlov; Aleksandr Chakovsky; a hasty examination of Leningradskaya Pravda files for November, December, 1941, and the winter months of 1942; Ivan Krutikov, V Prifrontovykh Lesakh; Inber; Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 5, May, 1965; Sharypina; L. Panteleyev, Moskva, No. 6, June, 1957. The description and text of Mayor Popkov’s speech are from 5 Perom i Avtomatom, Podvig Leningrada, pp. 287–288, and Chakovsky. Other material is from Vishnevsky and Inber: Leningrad v VOV, poo Dnei, Pavlov, Karasev and Na Zashchite provide data on the bakeries and the power and fuel situation. Podvig Leningrada, pp. 115-116, contains data on the Leningrad fire department. The “open city” proposal is discussed by Karasev (pp. 120, 204, 205) and Leningrad v VOV (p. 214).

  CHAPTER 42. THE CITY OF ICE

  An excellent description of Radio Leningrad is provided by A. Polovnikov, Neva, No. 6, June, 1965; and by Yuri L. Alanskii, Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela; in S Perom i Avtomatom by Olga Berggolts; and by Aleksandr Kron in Ry adorn s Geroyami. Vera Ketlinskaya describes the writers in Neva, No. 5, May, 1965, and Leonid Rakhmanov adds detail in Ryadom s Geroyami and in Moskva, No. 6, June, 1957. Vishnevsky and Sayanov contribute vignettes. The story of the Leningrad film is told by Vishnevsky and V. Solovtsov in S Perom i Avtomatom. The story of Olga Berggolts and Ketlinskaya is told by Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965. Luknitsky describes Ketlinskaya, and Olga Berggolts tells the story of the walk to her father’s in Dnevnye Zvezdy.

  CHAPTER 43. THE LENINGRAD APOCALYPSE

  Not all the sources of this chapter can be identified. Cannibalism is not a subject which Leningraders care to discuss publicly. Material is drawn from Kochetov, Oktyabr, No. 5, May, 1965; Berggolts; Moldavskii in Podvig Leningrada; Varshavsky and Rest; Vishnevsky; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Inber; Sayanov; Konstantinov; Alexander Werth, Leningrad; Skryabina; Darov; Alanskii; Luknitsky. The Andreyev poem has not been published in the Soviet Union, but a mimeograph copy is in the author’s possession.

  CHAPTER 44. “T” IS FOR TANYA

  The Savichev notebook is in the Leningrad City Museum. The story of the family comes from Literaturnaya Gazeta, January 25, 1964. The winter campaign is described by Meretskov in his book and in Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; and by Fedyuninsky. Detail is provided in VOVSS, Na Zashchite. Anna Vasileyeva, the Kirov girl, was interviewed by the author, February 11, 1944. The Milova story is from Karasev, the Mironova diary from Leningrad VOV. The death estimates are from Na Zashchite, p. 264; Pavlov (3rd edition), p. 144; Karasev, pp. 184, 185; V. I. Dmitriyev, Salut Leningrada, p. 11; hospital deaths from poo Geroicheskikh Dnei, p. 342; and Leningrad v VOV, pp. 504 et seq. Ration card figures are from Na Zashchite, p. 284, and Karasev, p. 199. Markevich is published in V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya, the writers’ appeal in Leningrad v VOV. The ice road is described by Pavlov, Na Zashchite, and Karasev, and deaths are listed by Leningrad v VOV; Merkulov; G. A. Sobolev, Uchenye Leningrada; A. V. Kolstov, Uchenye Leningrada; and Sayanov.

  CHAPTER 45. THE ICE ROAD TO THE MAINLAND

  The stories come from Luknitsky, Saparov, Skryabina, Leningrad v VOV, and Inber.

  CHAPTER 46. DEATH, DEATH, DEATH

  The spring story is told by Luknitsky; Karasev; Yuri Alanskii; L. Panteleyev, Novy Mir, No. 5, May, 1965; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Leningrad v VOV; Inber; Na Zashchite; Vishnevsky; Razina in Podvig Leningrada; Mikhailovsky; Matvei Frolov, Novy Mir, No. 6, June, 1957; 5 Perom i Avtomatom. Statistics on Ladoga deliveries are from Na Zashchite, pp. 340–341. Death and burial figures are from Karasev, pp. 236-237; ration card and food estimates for April 15 from Na Zashchite, pp. 307, 340. The original official death figures are from 900 Geroicheskikh Dnei, pp. 397–398; criticism from Na Zashchite, p. 336. The analysis of the death toll by V. M. Kovalchuk and G. L. Sobolev, published in Voprosy Jstorii, No. 12, December, 1965, is the most important single piece of historical research done on the Leningrad tragedy. Mikhail Dudin’s estimate appeared in Literaturnaya Gazeta, No. 39, March 27, 1960. The military losses are estimated by O. F. Suvenirov, V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina, Vol. II, p. 160. Na Zashchite, p. 336, estimates deaths at “not less than a million.” Pavlov’s criticism of the more recent death estimates is contained in the third edition of his book, pp. 148–149.

  CHAPTER 47. AGAIN, SPRING

  The portrait of Leningrad on May Day is from Luknitsky and A. Fadeyev, Sobraniye Sochinenii, Vol. HI. The portrait of Govorov is from Bychevsky; A. Kiselev, Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, February, 1967; Sayanov, G. Odintsov, Voyenno-lstori-cheskii Zhurnal, No. 12, December, 1964. The story of Vlasov is told by Meretskov, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1965; Larry Lesueur, Twelve Months That Shook the World; Eve Curie, Journey Among Warriors; General M. Khozin, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, February, 1965; Fedyuninsky; Boris Gusev, Smert Komissara; L. Panteleyev, Novy Mir, No. 5, May, 1965; Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia. Yevgeny Zhilo’s lovely sketch is from Zvezda, No. 12, December, 1967.

  CHAPTER 48. OPERATION ISKRA

  The picture of Leningrad in summer is based on Luknitsky; poo Dnei; Sayanov; A. Shtein, Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964; and Vishnevsky. Military data come from Bychevsky; Barbashin; Meretskov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 10, October, 1965; Na Zashchite. The story of Vishnevsky’s The Wide, Wide Sea is told by Shtein, Znamya, No. 6, June, 1964; Vishnevsky in his diary and in Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II. Preparations for Iskra are drawn from Sayanov, Bychevsky, Barbashin, Istoriya VOVSS, Vol. Ill; code names from Shcheglov; G. Zhukov, Voprosy Istorii, No. 8, August, 1967; and Kuznetsov, Nakanune. The operation is described in V. M. Yarkhunov, Cherez Nevu; Bychevsky; Sayanov; Leni
ngrad v VOV; Vishnevsky; Inber; Barbashin; S. N. Borshchev, Oktyabr, No. 1, January, 1968; Dukhanov, Zvezda, No. 1, January, 1964. Berggolts’ poem is from Izbrannoye, Vol. II. The victory is described in the Vishnevsky diary, by Inber, Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II, and Luknitsky.

  CHAPTER 49. THE 900 DAYS GO ON

  Much detail on Leningrad in 1943 is drawn from Na Zashchite, with additions from Karasev, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1961; Vishnevsky; Inber; Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Luknitsky; Sayanov; poo Geroicheskikh Dnei. Vishnevsky’s difficulties with The Walls of Leningrad are detailed in his diary and in his correspondence in Literaturnoye Nasledstvo, Vol. II. The military situation is from Bychevsky, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964; Barbashin; Na Zashchite; Voronov, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1965; M. Stre-shinskii, Neva, No. 1, January, 1964; VOVSS; Sayanov; N. N. Zhdanov, Ognevoi She hit Leningrad a; Fedyuninsky, Pravda, January 26, 1964. The Leningrad description is from L. Panteleyev, Novy Mir, No. 5, May, 1965; Luknitsky and Berggolts, Izbrannoye, Vol. II.

  CHAPTER 50. THE LENINGRAD AFFAIR

  The description of the Leningrad exhibition is from Luknitsky; V. Makhlin, Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, January, 1964; Vishnevsky; Inber; Shtein, Znamya, No. 4, April, 1964; Karasev; and Pavlov, 3rd edition. Difficulties of writers are dealt with by Ketlinskaya, Neva, No. 5, May, 1965; Yuri Alanskii; Luknitsky. The conception of the Renaissance is based on Karasev, Istoriya SSSR, No. 3, 1961; Leningrad v VOV; the handsome wartime album of Leningrad plans prepared by N. V. Baranov and his associates. The Leningrad damage toll comes from Leningrad v VOV, pp. 687 et seq. Ilya Ehrenburg’s essay is in poo Dnei. The plans for the future city were outlined by many officials and citizens during the writer’s visit to Leningrad in February, 1944. Data on Zhdanov come from Na Zashchite, Khrushchev’s “secret speech"; Shtein, Znamya, No. 5, May, 1964. Material on the Leningrad Affair is drawn from F. Kozlov, Pravda, October 14, 1952; Shtein; Karasev; Robert Conquest, Power and Policy in the USS.R.; and Boris Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite.

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