Who Dares Wins

by Dominic Sandbrook

  36. Ibid., p. 121; Guardian, 22 December 1979.

  37. The Times, 10 December 1980; Guardian, 4 February 1982; Observer, 7 February 1982. Among countless other examples, see, for instance, Guardian, 11 December 1980; The Times, 26 September 1981.

  38. Guardian, 6 December 1986.

  39. Ibid., 3 May 1982, 30 July 1985.

  40. Ibid., 3 July 1982, 17 July 1982, 24 July 1982; Observer, 25 July 1982.

  41. Guardian, 31 July 1982; The Times, 3 December 1982; David Harrison and Steve Gordos, The Doog: The Incredible Story of Derek Dougan, Football’s Most Controversial Figure (Studley, 2008), pp. 141–63; and see Ian King, ‘The Bhatti Brothers: Wolverhampton Wanderers’, 15 May 2013, http://twohundredpercent.net/?p=23076.

  42. Guardian, 23 April 1984, 16 January 1985, 30 July 1985, 31 July 1985, 2 November 1985.

  43. Ibid., 30 July 1986, 6 December 1986.

  Chapter 10. A Bit of Freedom

  1. Romford Recorder, 30 July 2013; and see Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People (2001), pp. 43, 57; Simon Donoghue and Don Tait, Harold Hill and Noak Hill: A History (Havering, 2013).

  2. ‘Remarks on Council House Sales’, 11 August 1980, TFW; and see Daily Mail, 10 April 2013; Daily Telegraph, 14 April 2015. There are clips from the footage of Mrs Thatcher’s visit in the fourth episode of The 70s, ‘The Winner Takes It All, 77–79’ (BBC Two, 7 May 2012).

  3. Tony Travers, ‘GLC Leaders, 1965 to 1986’, London School of Economics HEIF2 Seminars paper (31 July 2007); ‘First GLC Tenant to Buy, 1967’ (British Pathé report), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=945Mu0tYauE; for later reports on Harold Hill, see Observer, 6 December 2009; Daily Telegraph, 14 April 2015.

  4. Daily Telegraph, 14 April 2015.

  5. Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (1982), p. 196; Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), p. 175; Colin Jones and Alan Murie, The Right to Buy: Analysis and Evaluation of a Housing Policy (Oxford, 2006), pp. 12–15, 23; and see David Torrance, Noel Skelton and the Property-Owning Democracy (2010).

  6. Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), pp. 260, 262; ‘Article for Daily Telegraph: The Owner-Occupier’s Party’, 1 July 1974, TFW; The Times, 11 September 1974.

  7. Jones and Murie, Right to Buy, pp. 8, 52; Bernard Donoughue, The Heat of the Kitchen: An Autobiography (2003), pp. 172–3; Joe Haines, The Politics of Power (1977), pp. 96–100; and see Peter King, Housing Policy Transformed: The Right to Buy and the Desire to Own (Bristol, 2010), pp. 74, 86–7.

  8. Peter Walker, Staying Power: An Autobiography (1991), pp. 140–41; Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 175; Simon Jenkins, Accountable to None: The Tory Nationalization of Britain (1995), p. 175; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2: The Iron Lady (2003), pp. 232–3; Hansard, 15 January 1980. See also King, Housing Policy Transformed, pp. 56, 58; Jones and Murie, Right to Buy, p. 33; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 260, 340, 469–71.

  9. Guardian, 12 August 1980; Daily Express, 6 October 1980; The Times, 4 October 1980, 24 October 1980; Hansard, 25 November 1980.

  10. The Times, 24 November 1979, 4 October 1980; Jenkins, Accountable to None, pp. 176–7.

  11. Observer, 28 September 1980; The Times, 5 December 1979, 4 October 1980, 10 October 1980, 8 April 1981; Guardian, 9 April 1981.

  12. Jenkins, Accountable to None, p. 178; Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, pp. 175–6; The Times, 16 April 1980, 10 October 1980; Ray Forrest and Alan Murie, Selling the Welfare State: The Privatisation of Public Housing (1988), pp. 213–15.

  13. MO R470, Spring Directive 1982; The Times, 3 June 1983; Guardian, 23 May 1983.

  14. Ibid., 23 May 1983; The Times, 3 June 1983.

  15. MO W632, Spring Directive 1982; MO H260, Spring Directive 1982.

  16. MO S496, Spring Directive 1983.

  17. The Times, 9 April 1981, 20 June 1981, 11 February 1982; King, Housing Policy Transformed, p. 67; Christopher Johnson, The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–1990 (1991), p. 151; ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 8 October 1982, TFW; ‘Interview for The Times’, 24 March 1986, TFW.

  18. The Times, 1 November 1982, 2 November 1982, 9 April 1981, 19 May 1984.

  19. Ibid., 2 November 1982, 12 December 1984. See also Richard Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era (2009), p. 203; Andy Beckett, Promised You a Miracle: UK80–82 (2015), pp. 222, 224–5.

  20. King, Housing Policy Transformed, pp. 7, 107, 109–10; Mary Abbott, Family Affairs: A History of the Family in Twentieth-Century England (2003), pp. 155–6.

  21. The Times, 30 October 1984.

  22. Ibid., 2 November 1982, 26 October 1984.

  23. ‘Interview for The Times’, 24 March 1986, TFW; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), pp. 280–81; Howe to Thatcher, ‘Tax Reliefs for Housing’, 7 August 1980, TFW; and see Jenkins, Accountable to None, pp. 176, 181–2; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 233.

  24. T. S. Callen and J. W. Lomax, ‘The Development of the Building Societies Sector in the 1980s’, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin (November 1990), pp. 503–4; Johnson, Economy under Mrs Thatcher, pp. 148–9; The Times, 31 December 1983; Graham Stewart, Bang! A History of Britain in the 1980s (2013), pp. 418, 422–3.

  25. King, Housing Policy Transformed, p. 8; ‘A Century of Home Ownership and Renting in England and Wales’, 19 April 2013, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/a-century-of-home-ownership-and-renting-in-england-and-wales/short-story-on-housing.html; The Times, 9 July 1983, 24 August 1983, 12 December 1984.

  26. Forrest and Murie, Selling the Welfare State, p. 103; Jenkins, Accountable to None, p. 176; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 471; The Times, 3 June 1983. For an example of the ‘creating a new demand’ interpretation, see Beckett, Promised You a Miracle, p. 226. On the Right to Buy and the Tory vote, see E. H. H. Green, Thatcher (2006), p. 130.

  27. King, Housing Policy Transformed, pp. 1, 6, 67; Alan Murie, ‘Housing and the Environment’, in Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Thatcher Effect: A Decade of Change (Oxford, 1989), pp. 213–25; Jenkins, Accountable to None, p. 179; Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain, p. 202.

  28. Sir Kenneth Berrill to Ken Stowe, ‘The Prime Minister’s Talk with Mr Heseltine’, 22 July 1979, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 469–70; Jenkins, Accountable to None, p. 179; Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (1992: 1993), pp. 566–7.

  29. The Times, 6 February 1982, 21 May 1983; Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 177; Redwood to Thatcher, ‘Housing Expenditure’, 6 November 1984, TFW; Jones and Murie, Right to Buy, p. 19; Jess McCabe, ‘Thatcher’s Secrets’, 4 April 2014, https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/insight/insight/thatchers-secrets-39472; James Meek, ‘Where Will We Live’, London Review of Books, 36:1 (9 January 2014); Moore, Not for Turning, p. 471. For house prices, see, for example, the Office for National Statistics’ page ‘Housing and Home Ownership in the UK’, 22 January 2015, http://visual.ons.gov.uk/uk-perspectives-housing-and-home-ownership-in-the-uk/.

  30. Rob Baggott, Health and Health Care in Britain (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 224–5; The Times, 11 December 1990, 2 November 1984. See also the good section on this in Stewart, Bang!, pp. 420–21.

  31. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, pp. 177–8; The Times, 1 December 1981; Church Times, 29 October 1982.

  32. The Times, 28 March 1986; Beckett, Promised You a Miracle, pp. 221, 225; Campbell, Iron Lady, p. 235; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 471; Anne Power and Rebecca Tunstall, Swimming Against the Tide: Polarisation or Progress on 20 Unpopular Council Estates, 1980–1995 (York, 1995), p. 32; Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain, p. 203; and see Guardian, 23 May 1983.

  33. The Times, 14 November 1980, 19 October 1981; Jones and Murie, Right to Buy, p. 78.

  34. The Times, 2 February 1983, 12 December 1984; King, Housing Policy Transformed, pp. 75–9; Stewart, Bang!, p. 420; Jones and Murie, Right to Buy, p. 86.

  35. Jeremy Seabrook, Unemployment (1982: 1983
), pp. 28, 148–9.

  36. White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 73, 163–4; ‘History of Broadwater Farm’, 7 November 2018, https://www.haringey.gov.uk/libraries-sport-and-leisure/culture-and-entertainment/visiting-haringey/archive-and-local-history/history-broadwater-farm; Paul Harrison, Inside the Inner City: Life under the Cutting Edge (Harmondsworth: 1983), pp. 229–30, 382; The Times, 8 October 1985.

  37. Seabrook, Unemployment, pp. 57–8.

  38. The Times, 15 June 1981.

  39. Ibid., 10 November 1981, 11 November 1981; Hansard, 14 November 1974; and see Peter Shapely, ‘Social Housing in Post-War Manchester: Change and Continuity’, 27 April 2013, http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/pwm/Shapely-talk-PWM-symposium.pdf.

  40. Peter Shapely, The Politics of Housing: Power, Consumers and Urban Culture (2007: Manchester, 2014), pp. 181–8; The Times, 10 November 1981, 11 November 1981; and see Shapely, ‘Social Housing in Post-War Manchester’.

  41. Ruth Glass, Clichés of Urban Doom and Other Essays (Oxford: 1988), p. x; Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), p. 124.

  42. Guardian, 13 November 1981.

  Chapter 11. She’s Lost Control

  1. See Deborah Curtis, Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division (1995); Mick Middles and Lindsay Reade, Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis (2006).

  2. James Nice, Shadowplayers: The Rise and Fall of Factory Records (2010), pp. 22–23, 68–9; Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-Punk, 1978–84 (2005), pp. 180–81, 183; NME, 19 July 1979.

  3. Curtis, Touching from a Distance, p. 142; Nice, Shadowplayers, pp. 91–2, 122; Reynolds, Rip It Up, pp. 187–9.

  4. Mick Middles, Factory: The Story of the Record Label (2009), pp. 55–6; Dave Haslam, Manchester, England: The Story of the Pop Cult City (1999), p. xxiv.

  5. Reynolds, Rip It Up, p. 173; Haslam, Manchester, England, pp. 124–6; Sounds, 26 May 1979.

  6. Reynolds, Rip It Up, p. 174; Haslam, Manchester, England, p. 110; The Times, 2 November 1984.

  7. The Times, 17 February 1982; Haslam, Manchester, England, p. xvii; Nice, Shadowplayers, pp. 36, 157; Middles, Factory, pp. 228–33.

  8. Geoffrey Moorhouse, Britain in the Sixties: The Other England (Harmondsworth, 1964), pp. 95, 97; The Times, 11 September 1980; Beryl Bainbridge, English Journey, or, The Road to Milton Keynes (1984), pp. 58, 60–61; and see Ken Spencer et al., Crisis in the Industrial Heartland: A Study of the West Midlands (Oxford, 1986).

  9. The Times, 30 June 1981, 17 February 1982.

  10. Ibid., 31 August 1981, 1 September 1981, 3 September 1981, 4 September 1981, 5 September 1981.

  11. Guardian, 28 August 1980.

  12. Ibid., 19 November 1980; David Smith, From Boom to Bust: Trial and Error in British Economic Policy (rev. edn: 1993), pp. 253–4, 257; Ian Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma: Britain under Thatcherism (1992), pp. 67, 69; David Smith, North and South: Britain’s Economic, Social and Political Divide (1989), p. 132; and see John Wells, ‘Miracles and Myths’, Marxism Today (May 1989), pp. 22–5.

  13. Nicholas Comfort, The Slow Death of British Industry: A Sixty-Year Suicide, 1952–2012 (2013), pp. 113–14; Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe: The Decline and Revival of British Industry since the Second World War (1999), pp. 199–200; Smith, North and South, pp. 126, 127, 133; David Smith, Something Will Turn Up: Britain’s Economy, Past, Present and Future (2015), pp. 41–2.

  14. Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), p. 199; Smith, From Boom to Bust, p. 19.

  15. Guardian, 11 November 1980; Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1996), p. 472; Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (1992: 1993), pp. 184–5; The Times, 14 December 1981

  16. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma, p. 56; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 528; Lawson, View from No. 11, pp. 186–7.

  17. Hansard, 21 March 1978; and see the excellent discussion in Graham Stewart, Bang! A History of Britain in the 1980s (2013), pp. 193–5. For a contrasting argument, see, for example, Simon Wren-Lewis, ‘On the Economic Achievements and Failures of Margaret Thatcher’, 10 April 2013, https://mainlymacro.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/on-economic-achievements-and-failures.html.

  18. William Keegan, Mrs Thatcher’s Economic Experiment (1984), p. 171; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism, 1979–1981, and Its Political Consequences’, British Politics, 2:1 (2007), p. 6. See also the very useful guide by Christopher Collins, ‘The 1981 Budget: Background and Documents’, at https://www.margaretthatcher.org/archive/1981_budget.asp.

  19. Richardson to Howe, ‘Exchange Rate Policy’, 4 May 1979, TFW.

  20. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 59.

  21. Christopher Johnson, The Economy under Mrs Thatcher, 1979–1990 (1991), p. 38; Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism’, p. 11; Jürg Niehans, ‘The Appreciation of Sterling: Causes, Effects, Policies’, 7 January 1981, TFW; Hoskyns diary, 9 January 1981, TFW; Walters diary, 8 January 1981, TFW. See also David Smith, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism (1987: 1991), pp. 96–7.

  22. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 192.

  23. Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism’, p. 4; ‘Speech to Conservative Rally in Birmingham’, 19 April 1979, TFW; ‘Conservative General Election Manifesto’, 11 April 1979, TFW.

  24. Tim Congdon, Reflections on Monetarism: Britain’s Vain Search for a Successful Economic Strategy (Aldershot, 1992), p. 96; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 468; Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), p. 316; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 55; Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism’, pp. 4–5, 7.

  25. See Jim Tomlinson, ‘De-Industrialization Not Decline: A New Meta-Narrative for Post-War British History’, Twentieth Century British History, 27:1 (2016), pp. 76–99; Smith, North and South, p. 88; Smith, Something Will Turn Up, pp. 31, 50.

  26. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 285–6; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 479.

  27. Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 57; Owen, From Empire to Europe, p. 456; Wells, ‘Miracles and Myths’, p. 25.

  28. Smith, Something Will Turn Up, pp. 12–13, 38–9, 45–6; Guardian, 2 July 1981, 10 May 1983.

  29. John Wiggins to Tim Lankester, ‘Economic Prospects in the Medium Term’, 20 June 1980, TFW; Sunday Times, 3 August 1980.

  30. Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 529–30; Christopher Collins, ‘The Origins of the Budget in 1980’, in Duncan Needham and Anthony Hotson (eds.), Expansionary Fiscal Contraction: The Thatcher Government’s 1981 Budget in Perspective (Cambridge, 2014), p. 104; Brunner to Thatcher, 10 September 1980, TFW.

  31. Moore, Not for Turning, p. 530; John Hoskyns, Just in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution (2000), p. 225; Collins, ‘The Origins of the Budget in 1980’, pp. 103–4; Smith, From Boom to Bust, p. 41; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 184; Tim Lankester, ‘The 1981 Budget: How Did It Come About?’, in Needham and Hotson (eds.), Expansionary Fiscal Contraction, pp. 16–17.

  32. Burns to Howe, ‘Economic Strategy – Latest Developments’, 3 September 1980, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 531; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Treasury-Bank of England)’, 3 September 1980, TFW; Michael Pattison to Clive Whitmore and Tim Lankester, 3 September 1980, TFW; Pattison to Lankester, 8 September 1980, TFW.

  33. Nigel Lawson, View from No. 11, pp. 84–5; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 186–7.

  34. Duncan Needham, Michael J. Oliver and Andrew Riley (eds.), ‘The 1981 Budget: Facts and Fallacies’, transcript of witness seminar held at Lombard Street Research, 27 September 2011, https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/1981_Budget.pdf, p. 12; R. C. W. Mayes, ‘Bank of England Record of Conversation’, 19 September 1980, TFW.

  35. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 188, 190; ‘Treasury Note of Conversation (Economic Strategy)’, 22 September 1980, TFW; Kit McMahon to Gordon Richardson, ‘Treasury Thinking on Economic Policy’, 25 September 1980, TFW; Lankester, ‘The 1981 Budget: How Did It Come About?’, p.
19; and see Tomlinson, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s Macroeconomic Adventurism’, p. 12; Lawson, View from No. 11, p. 63.

  36. Howe to Thatcher, 18 September 1980, TFW; Hoskyns to Thatcher, ‘Economic Strategy’, 19 September 1980, TFW; Howe to Thatcher, ‘Public Expenditure’, 10 October 1980, TFW.

  37. The Times, 1 September 1980, 29 September 1980, 14 October 1980, 17 October 1980.

  38. Daily Mirror, 30 August 1980, 17 October 1980; The Times, 18 October 1980, 20 October 1980.

  39. Hoskyns, Just in Time, p. 232; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 532.

  40. The Times, 11 October 1980; Guardian, 11 October 1980.

  41. Ibid.; ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 10 October 1980, TFW.

  42. Dell, The Chancellors, p. 473; Daily Express, 11 October 1980; Daily Mirror, 11 October 1980; Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream: My Early Life and Other Mistakes (2008), p. 330; Ian Gow to Thatcher, ‘Party Conference Speech’, 13 October 1980, TFW. On the memory of Heath’s supposed betrayal, see E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 2002), p. 234.

  43. Ridley to Howe, ‘Policy Options’, 13 November 1980, TFW; Hoskyns to Thatcher, ‘Policy Options’, 11 November 1980, TFW; McMahon to Richardson, ‘The Roll-Over and Policy Generally: Tomorrow’s Meeting with the Chancellor’, 21 October 1980, TFW; McMahon to Richardson, ‘Policy and the Exchange Rate’, 27 October 1980, TFW.

  44. ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (Monetary Policy Seminar)’, 13 October 1980, TFW. Goodhart’s cake story is from Needham, Oliver and Riley (eds.), ‘The 1981 Budget’, p. 9.

  45. Wass to Howe, ‘Policy Options’, 7 November 1980, TFW; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Howe-Wass)’, 12 November 1980, TFW; Collins, ‘The Origins of the Budget in 1980’, p. 112; Sir Geoffrey Howe, ‘The Economic Prospect and Implications for Policy’, C (80) 59, 22 October 1980, TFW; John Biffen, ‘Public Expenditure Programmes’, C (80) 58, 22 October 1980, TFW; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 534–5; Minutes of Full Cabinet, CC (80) 37, 30 October 1980, TFW; Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 195; CC (80) 38, 4 November 1980, TFW.