50. Guardian, 14 May 1982.
51. Ibid., 30 September 1982; Wilks, Industrial Policy, pp. 206, 212; Edwardes, Back from the Brink, p. 127; Sunday Times, 21 March 1982; The Times, 19 October 1982.
52. Wilks, Industrial Policy, pp. 206–7; Owen, From Empire to Europe, pp. 241, 243; Guardian, 15 March 1982, 30 September 1982, 19 March 1982, 20 March 1982.
53. Wilks, Industrial Policy, pp. 75, 229; Owen, From Empire to Europe, pp. 241–2; Guardian, 30 September 1982; see also the similar verdicts in Guardian, 16 September 1982; The Times, 19 October 1982.
54. Joseph to Thatcher, 6 August 1980, TFW; Joseph to Thatcher, 30 September 1980, TFW; ‘UKE Tokyo to FCO’, 19 September 1982, TFW; Thatcher, Downing Street Years, pp. 496–7; The Times, 13 January 1984, 30 March 1984; Observer, 29 January 1984; ‘Speech Opening Nissan Car Factory’, 8 September 1986, TFW.
55. Guardian, 13 March 1984, 23 April 1985; The Times, 13 May 1991; and see Wilks, Industrial Policy, pp. 307–8.
Chapter 14. A Really Angry Brigade
1. Philip Norman, John Lennon: The Life (2008), pp. 805–6. For a recording and transcript of Lennon’s last interview, see http://www.beatlesarchive.net/john-lennons-last-interview-december-8-1980.html.
2. Norman, John Lennon, p. 806.
3. Daily Mirror, 10 December 1980, 11 December 1980, 15 December 1980; Sun, 10 December 1980; The Times, 10 December 1980, 15 December 1980; Guardian, 15 December 1980; Daily Express, 10 December 1980.
4. Daily Mirror, 10 December 1980; Daily Express, 10 December 1980; The Times, 10 December 1980.
5. Daily Express, 15 December 1980.
6. Lincoln Allison, Condition of England: Essays and Impressions (1981), p. 153; The Face, April 1981. On the turn away from the 1960s, see Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-Punk, 1978–84 (2005), p. xiv.
7. The Times, 2 February 1980, 10 December 1980. On Bond, see James Chapman, Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films (1999), p. 202.
8. Guardian, 8 December 1980, 9 December 1980.
9. Allison, Condition of England, p. 40; Jeremy Seabrook, Unemployment (1982: 1983), p. 74.
10. Guardian, 12 May 1981, 30 March 2012; Observer, 14 June 1981; The Times, 17 September 1981.
11. Alan Bleasdale, Boys from the Blackstuff (1982: 1985), p. 47; The Times, 6 October 1981; Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), p. 257.
12. Guardian, 19 April 1979, 21 July 1981, 29 September 1981, 12 April 1980, 16 April 1980.
13. Daily Express, 25 October 1982.
14. Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett, Keith Joseph (2001: Chesham, 2002), pp. 291–6; Jacqueline McCafferty, ‘Us over Here – Them over There’, in Joan Scanlon (ed.), Surviving the Blues: Growing up in the Thatcher Decade (1990), p. 60.
15. Brian Harrison, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, Twentieth Century British History, 5:2 (1994), p. 239; The Times, 30 March 1981, 24 September 1983; Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants; A Biography of the Welfare State (1995), pp. 383–4; Guardian, 23 September 1983, 23 May 1983; New Statesman, 3 June 1983; Independent, 12 June 1987; Sunday Telegraph, 10 January 1988; and see Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 2: Everything She Wants (2015), pp. 635–7, 655, 657.
16. Let’s Go, 1982: The Budget Guide to Britain and Ireland (New York, 1982), p. 210.
17. Observer, 10 February 1980.
18. The Times, 11 May 1981.
19. Sue Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾ (1982: 2002), pp. 43, 159.
20. Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People (2001), pp. 393–4; David Kogan and Maurice Kogan, The Battle for the Labour Party (1982), pp. 122–5; Observer, 10 February 1980.
21. Tony Benn, Conflicts of Interest: Diaries, 1977–80 (1990), pp. 157, 453; and see Politico’s profile of Primarolo, dated 21 July 1999, at https://www.politico.eu/article/tax-collector/.
22. Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), p. 89; Roy Hattersley, Who Goes Home? Scenes from a Political Life (1995), p. 214.
23. Kenneth O. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford, 1997), p. 707; Observer, 22 April 1979, 6 May 1979; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Forward March of Labour Halted?’, Marxism Today (September 1978), pp. 279–86.
24. John Golding, Hammer of the Left: The Battle for the Soul of the Labour Party (2016), p. 48; Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party (Oxford, 1995), pp. 14, 33; David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (2nd edn: 1999), p. 212; The Times, 5 May 1981.
25. The Times, 19 February 1983; and see Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 37, 71; Michael Crick, Militant (1984), esp. pp. 45–62, 78–94, 211, 62, 315; Nick Thomas-Symonds, ‘A Reinterpretation of Michael Foot’s Handling of the Militant Tendency’, Contemporary British History, 19:1 (2005), pp. 27–51; Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain: A New History of the Labour Party (2010), pp. 366, 368.
26. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, pp. 21–2, 24; Anthony Sampson, The Changing Anatomy of Britain (1982: 1983), p. 87; Ian Bradley, Breaking the Mould? The Birth and Prospects of the Social Democratic Party (Oxford, 1981), p. 115.
27. Guardian, 26 September 1981; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 157, 453.
28. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 16, 18; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 35; The Times, 28 November 1981; Daily Telegraph, 12 June 1979.
29. Guardian, 10 December 1981; Stuart Hall, ‘The Great Moving Right Show’, Marxism Today (January 1979), pp. 14–20.
30. Guardian, 10 December 1981.
31. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 57; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 28; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 16; The Times, 24 September 1981; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 31.
32. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 20; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 56–7; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 13–14, 20–21; The Times, 5 June 1980; Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History: Democratic Socialism in Britain (2000), p. 476. The Hattersley line is from the first episode of BBC2’s documentary The Wilderness Years, ‘Cast into the Wilderness’ (3 December 1995).
33. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 22–3, 49; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 482, 485–8, 508; Morgan, Callaghan, pp. 711, 708.
34. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 24–5, 31; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, pp. 38, 46; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 17.
35. Dell, Strange Eventful History, p. 481; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p. 440
36. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 46; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 541, 504, 581; Kenneth O. Morgan, Michael Foot: A Life (2007), p. 374; The Times, 12 July 1980; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 33; the Sun quotation is from Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 384.
37. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 30–31, 17–18, 21, 48; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 32–3, 42–3, 55–6; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 21; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989), p. 470.
38. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 39, 45–6, 28, 42; Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 19–20.
39. The Times, 12 May 1975; Daily Mirror, 9 May 1975.
40. The Times, 4 November 1982; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (rev. edn: Oxford, 1992), pp. 301–2. On Benn’s strengths, see, for example, Crewe and King, SDP, p. 16; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 3.
41. Shirley Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves (2009), p. 276; Healey, Time of My Life, p. 471; Bill Rodgers, Fourth among Equals (2000), p. 189; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1974–76 (1980), pp. 126, 128, 109. See also Crewe and King, SDP, p. 28.
42. Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 3, 5; Robert Harris, The Making of Neil Kinnock (1984), p. 154.
43. The Times, 15 May 1981. On Benn the populist, see Morgan, Labour People, pp. 304–6, 311.
45. Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 484, 528, 560, 556; see also Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 6–10, which is merciless about Benn’s leadership ambitions.
46. Ibid., p. 389.
47. Daily Mirror, 6 November 1979; Daily Express, 10 June 1980; The Times, 20 November 1981. On Benn and the media, see, for example, Benn, End of an Era, p. 79.
48. Michael Foot, Loyalists and Loners (1986), p. 119; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 498, 501, 516; Benn, End of an Era, p. 16.
49. Morgan, Callaghan, pp. 702–3; Healey, Time of My Life, p. 466; Edward Pearce, Denis Healey: A Life in Our Times (2002), pp. 531–2; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 188.
50. Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 501–2, 504; Observer, 13 May 1979; Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 83–4.
51. Daily Mirror, 1 October 1979; Daily Express, 1 October 1979; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 94; The Times, 1 October 1979; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 31; Pearce, Denis Healey, p. 529; Guardian, 2 October 1979; Morgan, Callaghan, p. 711.
52. Daily Mirror, 2 October 1979; Daily Express, 2 October 1979; Guardian, 2 October 1979; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 542, 545.
53. Guardian, 2 October 1979; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, p. 545; and see Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 101–5.
54. Benn, Conflicts of Interest, p. 546; Guardian, 2 October 1979; Mirror, 4 October 1979; Sunday Express, 7 October 1979; Daily Express, 2 October 1979.
55. Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 489, 568; ‘Eric Hobsbawm Interviews Tony Benn’, Marxism Today (October 1980), p. 6.
56. David Owen, Time to Declare (1991), pp. 430, 418; Harris, Making of Neil Kinnock, p. 141; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, pp. 190–91; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 101; Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 475; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 63; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 22–4; The Times, 17 January 1980, 27 March 1980.
57. Sunday Express, 4 February 1980; The Times, 11 February 1980; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, p. 599; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 73, 80–82.
58. The Times, 14 July 1980, 31 May 1980; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 108. The text of Peace, Jobs and Freedom is included as an appendix in Benn, Conflicts of Interest, pp. 626–32.
59. Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 109; Benn, Conflicts of Interest, p. 599; The Times, 2 June 1980; Pearce, Denis Healey, p. 532; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 39–40. On Fields, see his obituary in the Guardian, 1 July 2008.
60. Guardian, 2 June 1980; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 435–6; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 40.
61. Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 117–20; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 5–10; Morgan, Callaghan, pp. 715–16.
62. Benn, End of an Era, p. 10; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 195; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 45–6; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 440–41, 445.
63. Daily Mirror, 16 June 1980; The Times, 16 June 1980, 18 June 1980, 24 June 1980; Guardian, 18 June 1980.
64. Daily Mirror, 23 June 1980; Daily Express, 19 June 1980.
Chapter 15. Another Day of Feud and Fury
1. The episode is ‘The Devil You Know’ (BBC2, 23 March 1981). There is a slightly different version in Jonathan Lynn and Antony Jay, The Complete Yes Minister: The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister by the Right Hon. James Hacker, MP (1984), pp. 282–3.
2. Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (1991), p. 444.
3. Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, SDP: The Birth, Death and Life of the Social Democratic Party (Oxford, 1995), pp. 56, 53; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), p. 69; The Times, 23 March 1982; John Campbell, Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life (2014), pp. 9, 523, 525; Shirley Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves (2009), p. 269.
4. Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 28, 162–3, 476, 518; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 448–9.
5. Ibid., pp. 364, 388, 410, 416, 424–6, 493, 513–14; Ronald McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy: Politics, Trade Union Power and Economic Failure in the 1970s (2006), pp. 87, 120, 130; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 503, 506.
6. Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 514–19; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 511–15.
7. Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 514–15; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 515; Hugh Stephenson, Claret and Chips: The Rise of the SDP (1982), pp. 21–2; The Times, 26 November 1979.
8. Ibid., 27 November 1979; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 520; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 516–17; Bill Rodgers, Fourth Among Equals (2000), pp. 199–200; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 36–7, 67.
9. Ibid., pp. 71, 39; David Owen, Time to Declare (1991), pp. 426, 428; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 31.
10. Crewe and King, SDP, p. 67; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 544.
11. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 438; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 40–41; Financial Times, 6 June 1980.
12. Alwyn W. Turner, Rejoice! Rejoice! Britain in the 1980s (2010), pp. 31–2; David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (2nd edn: 1999), pp. 196–7.
13. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 74; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 194; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 38; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 624; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (1989), p. 480.
14. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, pp. 192–3; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 39–40, 452; Marquand, Progressive Dilemma, pp. 203–4; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 554; Guardian, 9 January 1984.
15. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 419, 425, 438–9; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 41, 44; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 271–3; Sunday Times, 8 June 1980.
16. Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 142; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 207; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 36; The Times, 15 July 1980.
17. Louis Heren, Alas, Alas for England: What Went Wrong with Britain (1981), p. 73; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 41–2; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 148–50.
18. Ibid., pp. 254, 210, 266–7, 271; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 42–3; Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record (2008), pp. 147–8.
19. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, pp. 155, 191, 196–7; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 438; Guardian, 1 August 1980.
20. Ibid.; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 447; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 47; Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), p. 23.
21. The Times, 10 June 1980; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 525–6; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 68; Spectator, 14 June 1980; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 72; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 549–50.
22. Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 526.
23. Anthony Sampson, The Changing Anatomy of Britain (1982: 1983), p. 60. On Blackpool (and Morecambe), see The Times, 9 July 1980, 2 July 1983, 5 October 1983.
24. Peter Jenkins, Mrs Thatcher’s Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era (1987: Cambridge, MA, 1988), p. 117; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 202; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, p. 276; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 49.
25. David Kogan and Maurice Kogan, The Battle for the Labour Party (1982), p. 105; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 276–7.
26. Guardian, 30 September 1980; The Times, 30 September 1980; and see Benn, End of an Era, p. 30.
27. The Times, 30 September 1980; Daily Mirror, 30 September 1980; Daily Express, 30 September 1980; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 30–31.
28. Guardian, 30 September 1980; Daily Mirror, 30 September 1980; The Times, 30 September 1980; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 50.
29. For the extraordinary events of Wednesday 1 October, see The Times, 2 October 1980; Guardian, 2 October 1980; Daily Mirror, 2 October 1980; Daily Express, 2 October 1980; as well as Crewe and King, SDP, p. 50; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p. 440; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 451–2; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 31–2; John Golding, Hammer of the Left: The Battle for the Soul of the Labour Party (2016), pp. 131–2, 141.
30. The Times, 2 October 1980; Daily M
irror, 2 October 1980; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 85–6; Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 141–2; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 33–4.
31. The Times, 3 October 1980; Guardian, 3 October 1980; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 451; Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 145–6; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 86; Daily Mirror, 3 October 1980.
32. Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 111; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 34–5.
33. ‘Speech to Conservative Party Conference’, 10 October 1980, TFW; Daily Mirror, 2 October 1980; Daily Express, 2 October 1980.
34. Guardian, 4 October 1980 (and see the letters on 7, 8 and 10 October); The Times, 4 October 1980.
35. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 450, 452–3, 457, 461, 467; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 50, 69, 79; The Times, 4 October 1980; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 36; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, pp. 203–4.
36. Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 146–7; Guardian, 16 October 1980; ‘No.10 Letter to FCO (“Conversation with Chancellor Schmidt”)’, 31 October 1980, TFW.
37. Benn, End of an Era, pp. 43–4, 35–6, 38; Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 90.
38. The Times, 17 October 1980; Daily Mirror, 16 October 1980, 17 October 1980.
39. Simon Hoggart and David Leigh, Michael Foot: A Portrait (1981), pp. 5–6.
40. Kenneth O. Morgan, Michael Foot: A Life (2007), pp. 9–10; Jones, Michael Foot, pp. 21, 432–3; Hoggart and Leigh, Michael Foot, pp. 11–12.
41. Ibid., pp. 4–7; Jones, Michael Foot, pp. 448, 450–52; Observer, 19 October 1980; The Times, 21 October 1980.
42. Sun, 3 November 1980; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, pp. 49–50; The Times, 31 October 1980; Edward Pearce, Denis Healey: A Life in Our Times (2002), p. 541; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. xxvii; Roy Hattersley, Who Goes Home? Scenes from a Political Life (1995), p. 223; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, p. 224.
43. Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 151; Pearce, Denis Healey, p. 545; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 73–4.
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