44. Pearce, Denis Healey, pp. 545–6; Benn, End of an Era, p. 46; Hoggart and Leigh, Michael Foot, pp. 1–2.
45. Benn, End of an Era, p. 46; Healey, Time of My Life, p. 478.
46. The Times, 11 November 1980; Guardian, 11 November 1980; Benn, End of an Era, p. 46; Hoggart and Leigh, Michael Foot, p. 2.
47. Daily Express, 11 November 1980; Sun, 11 November 1980; The Times, 11 November 1980; The Economist, 15 November 1980.
48. Hattersley, Who Goes Home?, p. 225; Crewe and King, SDP, p, 75; Pearce, Denis Healey, p. 543.
49. On the prospects for a party led by Healey, see Jones, Michael Foot, p. 449; Golding, Hammer of the Left, p. 151; Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain: A New History of the Labour Party (2010), p. 364.
50. Morgan, Michael Foot, p. 381; Observer, 17 January 1982; Hattersley, Who Goes Home?, pp. 227–8. For the offending essay on Dorothy Parker, see Guardian, 24 April 1982.
51. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 50; Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion, 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001), p. 123.
52. Jones, Michael Foot, pp. 456, 497; The Times, 1 December 1982.
53. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, pp. 52, 51, 96; Jones, Michael Foot, pp. 497–8; Pearce, Denis Healey, pp. 540–41.
54. Roy Jenkins, European Diary, 1977–1981 (1989), p. 643; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 552; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 76, 81; The Times, 15 November 1980; Morgan, Michael Foot, p. 394; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 278–9.
55. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, pp. 204–5; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 83–4.
56. Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, p. 281; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 85–7; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 553–4; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, p. 531; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 464.
57. Guardian, 3 December 1980.
58. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 89–90; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 476–8; The Times, 24 January 1981.
59. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 478–9; The Times, 26 January 1981; Robert Harris, The Making of Neil Kinnock (1984), pp. 146–7; Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 158–61.
60. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, pp. 87, 90, 92–3, 95–7; Golding, Hammer of the Left, pp. 161–2; Harris, Making of Neil Kinnock, pp. 147–9; The Times, 26 January 1981.
61. Healey, Time of My Life, p. 479; Morgan, Michael Foot, p. 393; Daily Mirror, 26 January 1981; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 44; Guardian, 26 January 1981.
62. Kogan and Kogan, Battle for the Labour Party, p. 97; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 69–70.
63. Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History: Democratic Socialism in Britain (2000), p. 485; Mitchell, The Battle for the Labour Party, p. 45; Morgan, Michael Foot, p. 395; Hattersley, Who Goes Home?, p. 229; The Times, 26 January 1981.
Chapter 16. When the Wind Blows
1. The file is TNA CAB 130/1169, MISC 53 (81), ‘Wintex-Cimex 81 Committee’; see also Daily Mail, 25 February 2012.
2. Time, 5 February 1979; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), pp. 684–7; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen through the Gallup Data (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 122.
3. Sunday Express, 7 January 1979; Sir John Hackett, The Third World War: A Future History (1978); I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, 1763–3749 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 198–201.
4. Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), pp. 552–7, 572; James Callaghan, Time and Chance (1987), pp. 554–6; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Nott-Carrington)’, 10 February 1981, TFW; Hansard, 24 July 1980.
5. Michael J. Turner, Britain’s International Role, 1970–1991 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 84–5; Moore, Not for Turning, pp. 557–8; ‘No. 10 Record of Conversation (MT-Schmidt)’, 11 May 1979, TFW; Pym to Thatcher, ‘NATO Long-Range Theatre Nuclear Forces’, 5 July 1979. TFW; Pym to Thatcher, ‘US Ground Launched Cruise Missiles in the UK’, 20 September 1979, TFW; Daily Express, 13 December 1979.
6. Angela Carter, ‘Anger in a Black Landscape’, in Dorothy Thompson (ed.), Over Our Dead Bodies: Women against the Bomb (1983), p. 150; The Times, 18 June 1980, 23 June 1980; Moore, Not for Turning, p. 553; Tony Benn, Conflicts of Interest: Diaries, 1977–80 (1990), p. 575. On US bases in Britain, see Duncan Campbell, The Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier: American Military Power in Britain (1984).
7. Hansard, 17 June 1980, 13 February 1983; The Times, 18 June 1980, 14 February 1983; and see Simon Duke, United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe (Oxford, 1989), pp. 300–301. On the American offer of dual control, see Pym to Thatcher, ‘Nuclear Issues’, 2 November 1982, TFW.
8. Nott to Thatcher, ‘Nuclear Issues’, 20 October 1982, TFW; Nott to Thatcher, ‘Basing of Cruise Missiles and Arms Control’, 15 December 1982, TFW; ‘Minutes of MISC 7 (83) 1st Meeting (Basing of United States Cruise Missiles)’, 27 January 1983, TFW; ‘Minutes of MISC 7 (83) 2nd Meeting (Basing of United States Cruise Missiles)’, 8 March 1983, TFW; Hansard, 12 May 1983, 30 June 1983; MO D156, Autumn Directive – USA, 1984. See also Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 2: Everything She Wants (2015), pp. 24–5.
9. Hansard, 17 June 1980; The Times, 18 June 1980, 19 June 1980, 20 June 1980, 25 July 1980. On the choice of bases, see Robert Armstrong and R. M. Hastie-Smith, ‘Basing of United States GLCMs in the United Kingdom’ (OD (80) 42), 8 May 1980, TFW.
10. The Times, 9 March 1981.
11. ‘Introduction’, in John Minnion and Philip Bolsover (eds.), The CND Story: The First 25 Years of CND in the Words of the People Involved (1983), p 36; The Times, 2 June 1981, 11 December 1982; Observer, 18 January 1981.
12. E. P. Thompson, ‘Resurgence in Europe and the Role of END’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, pp. 80–81; ‘Introduction’, in ibid., p. 36; The Times, 30 January 1980, 19 January 1980.
13. Duncan Campbell, War Plan UK: The Truth about Civil Defence in Britain (1982), pp. 150–51; The Times, 7 February 1980; Guardian, 19 February 1980; Hansard, 20 February 1980; New Statesman, 27 June 1980.
14. E. P. Thompson, Protest and Survive (1980), p. 26; Philip Bolsover, ‘A Victory – And a New Development’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, p. 89; Guardian, 31 May 1980.
15. The Times, 23 June 1980; Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), p. 12. Benn says there were 25,000 there, but this seems to have been an exaggeration.
16. Benn, End of an Era, p. 20; David Griffiths, ‘CND and the Labour Party’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, p. 133; The Times, 3 October 1980, 4 October 1980; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), p. 59; Guardian, 11 November 1980.
17. ‘Introduction’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, p. 36; The Times, 27 October 1980; Benn, End of an Era, pp. 40, 37.
18. Ibid., p. 44; Guardian, 6 June 1981; MO D156, Autumn Directive – USA, 1984; Caroline Blackwood, On the Perimeter (1984), p. 101.
19. Martin Anderson, Revolution (San Diego, CA, 1988), pp. 64–72; Time, 19 November 1984; John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War (2006), p. 226; Paul Lettow, Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (2005: New York, 2006); Moore, Everything She Wants, p. 588; Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher (1990), p. 58; The Times, 22 September 1980; Daily Mirror, 6 November 1980.
20. Jonathan Hogg, British Nuclear Culture: Official and Unofficial Narratives in the Long 20th Century (2016), pp. 137–9; Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, pp. 204, 209–10; Russell Hoban, Riddley Walker (1980: 2012), p. 19.
21. Guardian, 8 January 1983; and see Robert Swindells, Brother in the Land (1984); Raymond Briggs, When the Wind Blows (1982).
22. Rob Jovanovic, Kate Bush: The Biography (2005: 2006), pp. 112–14; the Nationwide interview (29 April 1980) can be seen on YouTube.
23. Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again: Post-Punk, 1978–84 (2005), pp. xxv, 327; Pascal Bussy, Kraftwerk:
Man, Machine and Music (1993), pp. 75–6; Johnny Waller and Mike Humphreys, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark: Messages (1987), pp. 79–80; Guardian, 7 January 2013.
24. Observer, 18 January 1981.
25. ‘Introduction’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, pp. 37–8; Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (1994), p. 194.
26. Guardian, 8 June 1981; Crispin Aubrey and John Shearlaw, Glastonbury: An Oral History of the Music, Mud and Magic (2005), pp. 57–62; and see George McKay, Glastonbury: A Very English Fair (2000), ch. 6.
27. Guardian, 26 October 1981; Benn, End of an Era p. 162.
28. The Times, 16 November 1981, 6 April 1983; Guardian, 16 November 1981; Daily Mirror, 26 January 1983; Michael Heseltine, Life in the Jungle: My Autobiography (2000), p. 244.
29. ‘Introduction’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, pp. 39–40; The Times, 26 November 1982; Church Times, 13 August 1982, 22 October 1982, 18 February 1983; Daily Express, 18 October 1982.
30. Guardian, 7 June 1982, 29 November 1982; Shipley to Cecil Parkinson, ‘Some Brief Observations on Yesterday’s CND Demonstration’, 7 June 1982, TFW.
31. ‘Introduction’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, p. 36; Guardian, 26 February 1981, 16 June 1981, 24 February 1982, 13 March 1982.
32. Ibid., 24 February 1982; and see Rhys Evans, Gwynfor Evans: A Portrait of a Patriot (Talybont, 2008), p. 436.
33. Guardian, 7 June 1982, 4 August 1982, 11 September 1981, 24 February 1982, 15 July 1982, 7 October 1982, 22 October 1983, 27 October 1983; Dorothy Thompson, ‘Defend Us against Our Defenders: Democracy and Security’, in Thompson (ed.), Over Our Dead Bodies, p. 67.
34. On London, see Guardian, 14 May 1982, 22 October 1983, 27 October 1983; Ken Livingstone, You Can’t Say That: Memoirs (2011), p. 215; Andrew Hosken, Ken: The Ups and Downs of Ken Livingstone (2008), pp. 152–5. On Sheffield, see Guardian, 18 December 1982, 7 April 1983.
35. The Times, 4 August 1982, 1 August 1983.
36. Daily Express, 7 January 1983; Sunday Express, 1 November 1981, 6 June 1982; The Times, 29 November 1982.
37. Guardian, 15 November 1983; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009), pp. 673–6; Ann Pettitt, Walking to Greenham (Dinas Powys, 2006), p. 172.
38. Independent, 19 September 1999; The Times, 9 March 1985; Guardian, 21 February 1985, 27 November 1999.
39. ‘Speech to Young Conservative Conference’, 12 February 1983, TFW; ‘MT Notes on USSR’, 8 September 1983, TFW; ‘Conservative Political Centre Report: Modernising Britain’s Defences’, 1 September 1982, TFW.
40. The Times, 26 November 1982; Guardian, 23 September 1982; Keith Britto, ‘Public Opinion Background Note 132’, 26 September 1982, TFW; Keith Britto, ‘First State of Battle Survey – General Election 1983’, 14 May 1983, TFW.
41. The Times, 31 July 1984; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (1993), p. 685.
42. The Times, 9 October 1981, 3 December 1983.
43. ‘Introduction’, in Minnion and Bolsover (eds.), CND Story, p. 35; Daily Mirror, 11 November 1980, 5 March 1981; Andy Beckett, Promised You a Miracle: UK80–82 (2015), pp. 95–6; Daily Mail, 23 January 1981.
44. The Times, 10 October 1984.
45. Anthony King and Robert J. Wybrow (eds.), British Political Opinion, 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001), pp. 267–8; The Times, 1 August 1983; Sue Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾ (1982: 2002), pp. 226–7.
Chapter 17. The Gang’s on Its Way!
1. Observer, 18 January 1981; Shirley Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves (2009), p. 282; Bill Rodgers, Fourth among Equals (2000), pp. 208–9.
2. David Owen, Time to Declare (1991), pp. 481, 92, 127, 210; The Times, 11 March 1980.
3. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 209; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, p. 282.
4. The Times, 26 January 1981; Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher (rev. edn: 1990), p. 294; Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party (Oxford, 1995), p. 93; John Campbell, Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life (2014), pp. 557–8.
5. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 481–2; Austin Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party (1983), p. 76; Hugh Stephenson, Claret and Chips: The Rise of the SDP (1982), p. 40.
6. Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1: Not for Turning (2013), p. 549.
7. Spectator, 31 January 1981; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 47; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 559; Daily Express, 26 January 1981, 27 January 1981.
8. The Times, 19 February 1981, 18 February 1981, 16 February 1981.
9. Ibid., 27 January 1981, 28 January 1981; Daily Express, 27 January 1981.
10. Daily Mirror, 28 January 1981; Tony Benn, The End of an Era: Diaries, 1980–90 (1992), pp. 75–6.
11. Guardian, 5 February 1981; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 48; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 94.
12. Benn, End of an Era, p. 83; Guardian, 9 February 1981; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 488; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, pp. 50, 89; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 94.
13. The Times, 10 February 1981.
14. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 94, 100; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 488; Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (1991), p. 536; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 282–3.
15. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 493, 473; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 98–9, 91–2.
16. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, p. 81; Guardian, 26 January 2016; Sue Townsend, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13¾ (1982: 2002), p. 229.
17. Roy Hattersley, Who Goes Home? Scenes from a Political Life (1995), p. 235; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 77, 84.
18. Ibid., pp. 105, 107–8, 110, 113.
19. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 490–91; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 214; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 99, 103; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 561.
20. Hansard, 16 March 1981; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 496; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 114–16; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 553–4; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 168, 190–92, 635; and see Observer, 6 December 1981.
21. The Face, December 1982.
22. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 503; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, pp. 5–6; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 563; Guardian, 25 March 1981; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 102; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 211; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, pp. 5–6.
23. Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, p. 284; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 5; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 504–5; The Times, 27 March 1981.
24. Ibid., 23 March 1981; Observer, 22 March 1981.
25. Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 9; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 241–2, 135, 247; and see, for example, Andy Beckett, Promised You A Miracle: UK80–82 (2015), p. 128.
26. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 213; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 238, 103, 131, 133, 522.
27. Ion Trewin (ed.), The Hugo Young Papers: Thirty Years of British Politics – Off the Record (2008), pp. 162–3; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 141; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 210; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 505; Observer, 29 May 1981.
28. Crewe and King, SDP, p. 135; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, p. 285; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 487; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 211.
29. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 70, 124, 151; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 558.
30. Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 554; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 201.
31. Crewe and King, SDP, p. 65; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 298–9; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, pp. 544–5, 156.
32. Crewe and King, SDP, p. 102.
33. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 207; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, pp. 40, 44, 174; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 556, 510–11; Guardian, 24 November 1981; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 565.
34. Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 482, 519; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 573; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 41.
35. Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, pp. 212–13; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 26; Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party,
pp. 79–80.
36. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 135, 169; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 286–7; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 508, 516.
37. The Times, 24 April 1981; Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 462, 464, 287, 291, 298; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 505.
38. Benn, End of an Era, p. 113; John Golding, Hammer of the Left: The Battle for the Soul of the Labour Party (2016), p. 176; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (1994), p. 463; Owen, Time to Declare, p. 486; Martin Westlake, Kinnock: The Biography (2001), p. 173.
39. Mitchell, Four Years in the Death of the Labour Party, pp. 81–2; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 254; Guardian, 12 September 1981.
40. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 254, 260, 256–8.
41. Ibid., p. 272; Daily Express, 6 October 1981; Observer, 14 September 1986; Peter York, Modern Times (1984), p. 12; The Times, 13 October 1982; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 30; Spectator, 1 December 1979, 31 January 1981; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 559; Sun, 7 October 1981; Alwyn W. Turner, Rejoice! Rejoice! Britain in the 1980s (2010), pp. 40–41.
42. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 273–6, 292, 246–7, 281; Brian Harrison, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, Twentieth Century British History, 5:2 (1994), pp. 223, 225.
43. Owen, Time to Declare, p. 534; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 217; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, pp. 170–71, 172.
44. Crewe and King, SDP, pp. 136–7; Williams, Climbing the Bookshelves, pp. 288–9; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 68; Sun, 4 June 1981; The Times, 4 June 1981; Owen, Time to Declare, pp. 520–21.
45. Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 61; Jenkins, Life at the Centre, pp. 539–40.
46. Ibid., p. 542; Rodgers, Fourth among Equals, p. 216; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 61; Daily Express, 10 July 1981.
47. The Times, 30 June 1981; Guardian, 2 July 1981; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, p. 579.
48. David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (2nd edn: 1999), p. 186; The Times, 6 July 1981.
49. Guardian, 17 July 1981; Stephenson, Claret and Chips, p. 63; Daily Mirror, 17 July 1981; Crewe and King, SDP, p. 138; Sun, 17 July 1981.
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