The Fellowship: The Literary Lives of the Inklings

by Philip Zaleski

  ______, ed. The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise. London and New York: Nelson, 1960.

  Treglown, Jeremy. Romancing: The Life and Work of Henry Green. 1st American ed. New York: Random House, 2000.

  Turville-Petre, Gabriel, and Christopher Tolkien, eds. Hervarar Saga Ok Heiđreks. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College, 1956.

  Tuve, Rosemond. Allegorical Imagery: Some Mediaeval Books and Their Posterity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966.

  Unwin, Rayner. George Allen & Unwin: A Remembrancer. Ludlow, U.K.: Merlin Unwin Books, 1999.

  Urang, Gunnar. Shadows of Heaven: Religion and Fantasy in the Writing of C. S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and J.R.R. Tolkien. Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1971.

  Wain, John. Hurry on Down. London: Secker and Warburg, 1953.

  ______. Preliminary Essays. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1957.

  ______. Sprightly Running: Part of an Autobiography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1962.

  Waley, Arthur. The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Tê Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought. London: Allen & Unwin, 1934.

  Watkin, E. I. Roman Catholicism in England, from the Reformation to 1950. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1957.

  Watson, George. British Literature Since 1945. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.

  ______. Never Ones for Theory?: England and the War of Ideas. Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press, 2000.

  Watts, Alan. Behold the Spirit: A Study in the Necessity of Mystical Religion. New ed. New York: Pantheon Books, 1971.

  Wayne, Jenifer. The Purple Dress: Growing Up in the Thirties. London: Victor Gollancz, 1979.

  Whistler, Theresa. Imagination of the Heart: The Life of Walter de La Mare. London: Duckworth, 1993.

  Wilson, A. N. Betjeman: A Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.

  Winter, J. M. The Great War and the British People. 2nd ed. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

  Woolf, Virginia. Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown. London: L. and Virginia Woolf, 1924.

  Wrenn, C. L. The English Language. London: Methuen, 1963.

  Wrenn, C. L., and W. F. Bolton, eds. Beowulf: With the Finnesburg Fragment. 3rd rev. ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973.

  Wright, Elizabeth Mary. The Life of Joseph Wright. London: Oxford University Press, 1931.

  Wyrall, Everard. History of the Somerset Light Infantry 1914–1919. London: Methuen, 1927.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  We are grateful first of all to Paul Elie for his generous encouragement, beginning when he acquired The Fellowship for Farrar, Straus and Giroux and continuing without break after he left for Georgetown University’s Berkley Center. Happily, Paul entrusted us to Alexander Star at FSG, who steered The Fellowship safely to its conclusion; we are full of admiration for Alex’s penetrating and learned insight into all aspects of our project. Our thanks go also to editorial assistant Laird Gallagher, copy editor Frieda Duggan, production editor Chris Peterson, senior vice president Jeff Seroy, president and publisher Jonathan Galassi, and everyone else at FSG.

  A special thank-you is extended to Owen Barfield, whose letters and phone calls in the 1980s to a young writer (Philip Zaleski) helped inspire this book. We owe a great debt to Owen A. Barfield (grandson, and trustee of the Owen Barfield literary estate), Léonie and Stratford Caldecott, Kate Farrell, Alastair Fowler, Walter Hooper, Lois Lang-Sims, and Fr. Robert Murray, S.J., for generously sharing their firsthand knowledge of our subjects. We thank the Bodleian Library in Oxford for the privilege of reading unpublished Inklings material, including the recently catalogued Barfield Papers. For the same privilege, we thank associate director Marjorie Lamp Mead, archivist Laura Schmidt, and former archivist Heidi Truty at the Marion E. Wade Center at Wheaton College in Illinois. We were deeply honored to receive the Wade Center’s award of the Clyde S. Kilby Research Grant for 2014.

  For help in locating photographs and for permission to use them, we especially wish to thank the Tolkien scholar John Garth and Alison Wheatley, archivist of the Schools of King Edward VI in Birmingham (for identifying and sharing the rare photo of Tolkien with the KES cadet corps), Sister Jean Frances, C.S.M.V. (for Sister Penelope), Adrian Rance-McGregor and Kathryn Spink (for the young Bede Griffiths), Owen A. Barfield, Douglas Gilbert, Martin Macgregor, Harry Lee Poe, and Laura Schmidt at the Wade Center. We thank our wonderful agents, Kimberly Witherspoon and David Forrer of InkWell Management, for years of friendship, guidance, and support, and Frederick T. Courtright and the Permissions Company for skillfully handling a very complicated set of permissions issues. We thank Smith College for generous sabbatical research time and funding; and the acquisitions, circulation, interlibrary loan, and reference staff at Neilson Library, Smith College, for their kind attention and selfless assistance. We thank our student assistants for their enthusiasm for all things Inkling, medieval, and Romantic: Kiersten Acker, Liz Casler, Emma De Lisle, Gwen Gethner, Megan Kearney, Natalie Sargent, and Alexandra Zaleski; Janet Brennan Croft, Craig Davis, Robert Easting, Alan Jacobs, Fr. Ian Ker, William Oram, Kimberley Patton, Fr. Gregory Phillips, O.S.B., the late G. B. Tennyson, John F. Thornton, and Ptolemy Tompkins for encouragement and advice; Kriston Rucker and Anne Larlarb for love and cheer; John Zaleski for translation help; Andy and John Zaleski for filling our lives with joy, wisdom, love, and exuberance; and the Caldecott family for true fellowship in Oxford and beyond.

  We are especially grateful to the scholars cited in our notes and bibliography, who have devoted their lives to conserving, editing, and interpreting the literary legacy of Tolkien, Lewis, Barfield, Williams, and their associates, and to all those, named and unnamed, whose contributions to the growing field of Inklings studies would, if listed in full, swamp the book.

  INDEX

  The index that appears in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  “Abecedarium Philosophicum” (Barfield and Lewis)

  Abercrombie, Lascelles

  Abolition of Man, The (Lewis)

  Ace Books

  Ackerman, Forrest J.

  Adams, Walter

  Addison, Joseph

  Adoration of the Magi (Morris)

  Adrian IV (pope)

  Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book (Tolkien)

  AE (George William Russell)

  Aeneid (Virgil)

  Aeschylus

  Aesop

  Afrikaans

  Afterwards (Tolkien)

  Agape Fund

  Agrippa, Cornelius

  Aïda (Verdi)

  “Air Castles” (Barfield)

  Aldwinckle, Stella

  Alexander, Samuel

  Al-Ghazālī

  Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)

  All Hallows’ Eve (Williams)

  allegory, (see also Allegory of Love, The; Pilgrim’s Regress, The); in Narnia books; parody of; in poetry; in science fiction

  Allegory of Love, The (Lewis)

  Allen & Unwin

  All My Road Before Me (Lewis)

  Allott, Kenneth

  Al-munqidh min al-dalāl (The Deliverer from Error) (al-Ghazālī)

  Alphabet of Rúmil

  Altizer, Thomas J.J.

  Amen House

  America

  Amis, Kingsley

  Analects (Confucius)

  Ancrene Wisse

  Anderson, Douglas A.

  Angel in the House (Patmore)

  Angles

  Anglican Church; Barfield’s baptism in; converts to Roman Catholicism from; holy orders in; Irish; Lewis and; moral theology of; at Oxford University; Williams and

  Anglo-Catholicism

  Anglo-Norman

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

  Anglo-Saxons; language of, see Old English/Anglo-Saxon


  Angry Young Men

  Animalic

  Annan, Noel

  Anscombe, G.E.M. (Elizabeth)

  Anstey, F.

  Anthroposophy; American interest in; Christianity and; de la Mare’s interest in; Lewis’s rejection of; Maud Barfield’s animosity to; Nazi ban on; See also Steiner, Rudolf

  anti-Catholicism

  Anya (Davidman)

  apologetics; of Lewis (see also titles of specific books)

  “Apologist’s Evening Hymn” (Lewis)

  Apolausticks

  Apostles, the

  Apuleius

  Aquinas, see Thomas Aquinas, Saint

  Aquinas and Kant (Ardley)

  Arbuthnot, John

  Ardley, Garvin

  “Are There Any Valid Objections to Free Love?” (Williams)

  Ariosto, Ludovico

  Aristotle

  Arnold, Matthew

  Arras, Battle of

  Art (Bell)

  Art of the Cave Dweller (Brown)

  Arthurian legends; Williams’s fascination with

  Arthurian Torso (Williams)

  Art Nouveau

  Arts and Crafts movement

  Artzybasheff, Boris

  Asclepius (Pseudo-Apuleius)

  Asiatic Society of Bengal

  Askins, John “Doc”

  “Ass, The” (Lewis)

  Assault on Olympus (W. Lewis)

  Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)

  Assyrian

  As You Like It (Shakespeare)

  At the Back of the North Wind (MacDonald)

  atheism; of Barfield; of Kirkpatrick; Lewis and; opposition to

  Auden, W. H.

  Augustans and Romantics (Dyson and Butts)

  Augustine, St.

  “Aunt and Amabel, The” (Nesbit)

  Austen, Jane

  Ave Maria

  Ayer, A. J.

  Babbitt (S. Lewis)

  “Babylon” (Graves)

  Bach, Johann Sebastian

  Bacon, Francis

  Bacon, Roger

  Baha’i

  Baker, Leo Kingsley

  Ball, Robert Stawell

  “Ballade Mystique” (Lewis)

  Ballantine Books

  Balzac, Honoré de

  Baptists

  “Barbarians and Citizens” (C. Tolkien)

  Barfield, Alexander (Owen’s son)

  Barfield, Arthur (Owen’s father)

  Barfield, Elizabeth (Owen’s mother)

  Barfield, Jeffrey (Owen’s son)

  Barfield, Lucy (Owen’s daughter)

  Barfield, Matilda (“Maud” née Douie; Owen’s wife); in America; animosity to Anthroposophy of; children adopted by; marriage of Owen; old age and death of

  Barfield, Owen; academic interest in; Allegory of Love dedicated to; American success of; Bellow and; childhood and adolescence of; children adopted by; dancing of; death of; depression of; essay in memorial volume for Williams by; fascination with language of; “Great War” debates of Lewis and; influence on Lewis of; on inception of Inklings; law practice of; and Lewis’s conversion; Lewis’s friendship with; at Lewis’s funeral; marriage of; on Mrs. Moore; novels by; old age of; personal characteristics of; Pitter and; plays by; poetry by; rejected for Magdalene College tutorship; spiritual views of; stutter of; in World War I; during World War II

  Barfield, Owen A. (Owen’s grandson)

  Barnacle, Nora

  Barrett, Grant

  Basque

  Bassano, Jacopo

  Bateson, F. W.

  “Battle of Maldon, The”

  Baxter, Mrs. E. L.

  Baxter, Richard

  Baynes, Pauline

  BBC; Barfield’s talks on; dramatic readings of Tolkien’s works on; Lewis’s World War II talks on; Sayers’s Jesus play on

  Beatrice

  Beat writers

  Beaumont, Francis

  Beckett, W. Eric

  Bede, St.

  Beerbohm, Max

  Before (Tolkien)

  Behold the Spirit (Watts)

  Beith, John Hay

  Bell, Clive

  Belloc, Hilaire

  Bellow, Saul

  Beloit College

  Benedictines; Anglican

  Bennett, Arnold

  Bennett, Henry Stanley

  Bennett, J.A.W.

  Benson, R. H.

  Benson, Richard Meux

  Bentley, Edmund Clerihew

  Beowulf

  “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics” (Tolkien)

  Bergson, Henri

  Berkeley, George

  Bernard of Clairvaux, St.

  Betjeman, John

  Beyond Personality (Lewis)

  Bible; Deuteronomy; Exodus; Genesis; Isaiah; John; Jonah; Joshua; Judges; Luke; Numbers; Peter; Psalms; Revelation; Romans; Samuel; Song of Songs; Ten Commandments; Timothy

  Bide, Peter W.

  “Bill Stickers” (Tolkien)

  Biographia Literaria (Coleridge)

  “Biographia Theologica” (Barfield)

  Birmingham University

  Blackfriars

  Blackwell, Basil

  Blackwood, Algernon

  Blake, William

  Blamires, Harry

  Blavatsky, Helena

  Blaxland–de Lange, Simon

  Blickling Homilies, The

  Bloomsbury Group

  Blunden, Edmund

  “Bluspels and Flalansferes” (Lewis)

  Bodkin, Maud

  Boers

  Boethius

  Bohm, David

  Book of Common Prayer

  “Book of the Foxrook, The” (Tolkien)

  Book of Lost Tales, The (Tolkien)

  Books on Trial

  Borges, Jorge Luis

  Borrow, George

  Bosanquet, Bernard

  Boshell, Patricia

  Boswell, James

  Bosworth, Joseph

  Bottomley, Gordon

  Bowra, Maurice

  Boxen

  Bradley, F. H.

  Bradley, Henry

  Brady, Charles A.

  Brandeis University

  Bratman, David

  Bratt, Edith, see Tolkien, Edith (née Bratt)

  Brendan, St.

  Brewer, Derek

  Brideshead Revisited (Waugh)

  Bright Young Things

  Brinkworth, Guy

  Britain, Battle of

  British Academy

  British Columbia, University of

  British Council

  British Expeditionary Force

  British Foreign Office

  British Library Association

  Broad, Dorothy

  Broadcast Talks (Lewis); See also Mere Christianity

  Brogan, Hugh

  Brontës

  Brook, G. L.

  Brooke, Rupert

  Brown, Gerald Baldwin

  Brown, Norman O.

  Bruno, Giordano

  Buchanan-Riddell, John Walter

  Bucke, Richard Maurice

  Buddha

  Bulgarian

  Bunyan, John

  Burchfield, Robert

  Burckhardt, Jacob

  Burgeon, G.A.L. (Barfield pseudonym)

  Burgess, Anthony

  Burke, Edmund

  Burne-Jones, Edward

  Burton, Richard

  Butler, Theobald

  Butterfield, Herbert

  Butterfield, William

  Butts, John

  Byron, George Gordon, Lord

  C. S. Lewis (Walsh)

  C. S. Lewis in a Time of War (Phillips)

  Cædmon

  Caird, Edward

  Calabria, Don Giovanni

  “Calling of Arthur, The” (Williams)

  Cambridge University; Lewis’s chair in Medieval and Renaissance Literature at; new critical movement at; RAF Chaplains School at

  Campbell, Roy

  Campbell College

  Campion, Ed
mund

  Camus, Albert

  Candida (Shaw)

  Canisius College

  Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)

  Capron, Robert “Oldie”

  Captain, The

  Carpenter, Harry James

  Carpenter, Humphrey

  Carritt, E. F.

  Carroll, Lewis

  Catechism of the Catholic Church

  Catenian Association

  Catholicism; Anglo-; antagonism toward, see anti-Catholicism; converts to; Eucharist in; of Griffiths; in Ireland; in Italy; Joyce’s upbringing in; Lewis’s views on; at Oxford; of post–World War II new Inklings; pre-Reformation, in England; in Tolkien’s mythology; Vatican II and changes in; Williams and; during World War II; See also Jesuits

  Catholic World

  Catullus

  Cavaliero, Glen

  Cave, the

  Cecil, Lord David

  Cecil, Rachel

  Cellini, Benvenuto

  Celtic mythology

  Celtic Revival

  Celts

  Centenary Press

  “Century of Poems for Celia, A” (Williams)

  Cevasco, G. A.

  “Chaining of Melko, The” (Tolkien)

  Chambers, R. W.

  Chapman, R. W.

  Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (Shaftesbury)

  Chaucer, Geoffrey

  Cheke, John

  Chequers Clubbe

  Cherbourg Preparatory School

  Cherwell, The

  Chesterton, G. K.; Catholicism of; cosy little cosmos of; critique of skepticism; narrative loop deployed by; religious influence on Lewis of

  Children of Húrin, The (Tolkien)

  Chopin, Frédéric

  Chrétien de Troyes

  Christian Behaviour (Lewis)

  Christianity; charitable giving and; evangelization for; Inklings united by; Jews and; of Joy Davidman; language and; Lewis’s conversion to; in Lewis’s fantasy fiction, see Chronicles of Narnia; titles of individual books; Lewis’s renunciation of; of Milton; moral foundation for; mystical; mythopoeic; new criticism and; occult; orthodoxy; at Oxford; Platonic; radio broadcasts on; post-Christian culture and; romantic love and (see Allegory of Love; Figure of Beatrice); in science fiction (see also titles of specific books by Lewis and Williams); theology and philosophy of (see also apologetics); virtues in; war and; see also Catholicism; Protestantism

  “Christianity and Aesthetics” (Lewis)

  Christianity Past and Present (Wiley)

  Christianity Today

  Christian Mystery, The (Lang-Sims)

  Christian Reflections (Lewis)

  “Christians in Danger” (Lewis)

  Christian Symbolism (Williams)

  Christopher, John