Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France

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by Moore, Lucy


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  WORDS AND PHRASES

  À bas…! Down with…!

  à la in the style of

  amazone a women’s masculine-cut riding habit, or a female soldier

  ami/e friend

  ancien règime the old regime (before the revolution)

  baiser to kiss

  bonnet rouge red Phrygian cap once worn by freed Roman slaves; revolutionary symbol of liberty

  beau/belle handsome/beautiful

  bon/bonne good

  bourgeois/e member of the middle class, generally urban

  cahier notebook

  ‘Ça Ira’ revolutionary anthem; the chorus translates as ‘It will go our way!’

  caisse box; crate; fund

  chemise de la reine a simple white dress; literally, the queen’s dress

  cher/chère dear

  ci-devant former

  citoyen/ne citizen/citizeness

  clubist/e a frequenter of clubs

  cocarde rosette, cockade

  comité committee

  commissaire police officer, commissioner

  Commune the popularly-elected Parisian government from 1789 until 1795

  Conventionnel member of the National Convention

  coup d’épée sword blow

  cour court

  cul noir rough pottery (literally, black-bottomed)

  curè priest

  dauphin heir to the French throne

  décadi tenth day of the new revolutionary calendar, equivalent to a Sunday

  Department one of the 83 administrative areas into which France was divided in 1790

  deputy member of the National Assembly

  droit right

  émigré someone who fled revolutionary France, usually aristocratic

  enragés/enragées a group of populist extremists prominent in the summer of 1793

  épouse wife

  Estates-General the French representative assembly, composed of three estates, or classes (clergy, nobility and commons); it was called by the king in 1788 (and met in May 1789) for the first time since 1614

  étranger/étrangère foreigner, stranger

  étrenne gift, money

  faubourg suburb; traditionally, a working-class area like Saint-Antoine just outside Paris’s walls

  faux false

  fédérés National Guardsmen from all over the country who gathered in Paris in summer 1792 for the Fête de la Fédération in July, and were instrumental in the storming of the Tuileries in August

  femme woman, wife

  femme de chambre maid

  femme publique prostitute; literally, public woman

  fête champêtre a rural village festival

  Feuillants club of constitutional monarchists, mostly aristocratic liberals, created in July 1791; met in the convent of the Feuillants on the rue Saint-Honoré; most of its members left Paris before or during the September massacres of 1792

  fille de joie prostitute

  fournée literally, batch; large groups of prisoners dispatched to the guillotine during the Terror

  garde française an elite force, founded in 1563, stationed in Paris in 1789 and highly susceptible to the incendiary revolutionary idealism prevalent there; dissolved in September 1789, with most of its men joining the new National Guard

  garde nationale a patriotic, voluntary National Guard formed in July 1789

  gendarme policeman

  gens people

  Girondin deputy from the Gironde region around Bordeaux; the word came to be used for a group of progressive, federalist deputies opposed to Robespierre and to the dominance of Paris in revolutionary politics; also known, after one of their prominent members, as Brissotins

  guerre war

  guillotine machine used to behead convicted criminals swiftly and humanely; it took its name from the doctor and deputy to the National Assembly who recommended its use

  haut monde high society

  honnête honourable, honest

  hôtel large town-house, either a private residence or an establishment renting out rooms and apartments

  Hôtel de Ville town hall

  infortuné/e unlucky; ill-fated

  Jacobin member of the Jacobin Club, especially a follower of Maximilien Robespierre

  jeunesse dorée gilded youth; a name given to the muscadins of 1794–5

  joie/joyeuse joy/joyful

  joli/e pretty

  journèe day

  lanterne lamppost; ‘à la lanterne!’ meant ‘string them up!’

  lettres de cachet royal writs of pardon, imprisonment or exile; literally, stamped or sealed
letters; the king needed no authority to issue them, and they became a hated symbol of his arbitrary power

  libérateur/libératrice rescuer

  liberty trees trees planted by groups or individuals as symbols of liberty and decorated with tricolour ribbons and red bonnets; perhaps 60,000 were planted in 1792

  Liégois/e person from Liège

  Lyonnais/e person from Lyon

  mairie town council or town hall

  maisons de santé temporary revolutionary holding-houses or prisons

  manège hall; a former indoor riding arena attached to the Tuileries palace, in which the National Assembly, the National Convention and the Council of Five Hundred successively sat; destroyed in 1802

  marais area of central Paris, literally meaning swamp; the name derives from the boggy land it was built on

  marchand/e shopkeeper or stall-holder

  mariée bride

  ‘Marseillaise’ the marching song of the Rhine army, composed in 1792 by Rouget de Lisle, which was declared the French national anthem in 1795

  mère mother

  merveilleuses literally, the wonderful ones; the women of Directory high society

  mondain/e socialite

  Montagnard the name given to the most extreme left-wing deputies to the National Assembly, generally Jacobin supporters of Robespierre, because of the high seats they took on the left-hand side of the manège

  mouchard spy or informer

  muscadin dandy

  Notre Dame Our Lady, generally referring to the Virgin Mary

  nourrice wet-nurse

  observateur spy

  oeil de vigilance literally, a vigilant eye

  pain bread

  patriote patriot, but carrying with it the implicit meaning of a supporter of the revolution

  patrie the homeland

  pauvre poor

  peuple people

  pierrot a short woman’s shift

  pique pike; a simple weapon used by common people and thus a symbol of their independence and patriotism

  poissard/e literally, rogue; also refers to the rough slang spoken by the market people of Paris

  propriété nationale national property; the slogan daubed on to émigrés’ abandoned houses that had been confiscated by the revolutionary government

  protecteur/protectrice protector

  putain slut

  quartier area of Paris

  régicide a deputy who voted for Louis XVI’s execution

  reine queen

  représentants en mission envoys appointed by the National Convention to maintain order in the French provinces

  rivière necklace; literally, river

 

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