by Moore, Lucy
roi king
salon drawing-room; or, more often here, the regular parties held in a drawing-room
salonnière the hostess at a salon
sans without
sans-culottes lower-class Parisian radicals who, instead of aristocratic breeches or culottes, wore trousers, often striped red and white
Septembrist someone implicated in the September massacres of 1792
sections from May 1790, the 48 wards of Paris, each with its own popularly elected government
tendresse tenderness
toilette outfit; the process of getting dressed
tous/toute all
tribune visitors’ gallery at the manège or convention hall; or the speakers’ rostrum
tricoteuse literally, knitter; women making socks for their husbands and sons fighting in the revolutionary army were the most regular (and savagely vociferous) observers of the guillotine
tutoyer (noun, tutoiement) to address someone using the informal second-person-singular tu rather than the politer second-person-plural vous
tyran tyrant
vainqueur victor; applied as an honorary epithet to those men who sacked the Bastille on 14 July 1789
valet de chambre gentleman’s gentleman
vaillant/e brave
veuve widow
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book has been wonderful to write, firstly because the subject matter was so enthralling, secondly because it involved frequent visits to Paris where I tortured librarians at countless bibliothèques with my appalling French, and finally because everyone who helped me with it was so delightful and so enthusiastic. Many, many thanks to: the staff of the British and London Libraries in London and the Archives Nationales and the Richelieu, Mitterand and Arsenal Libraries in Paris; Elisabeth, princesse de Chimay, for taking the time to dicuss Thérésia with me; Sybille de Rosée, for putting me in touch with the princesse and having me to stay for such a lovely evening; Anne Colette, for being so patient with my French over countless breakfasts; everyone at the Milk Studios for making me feel so welcome; Sophie Richard; Andrew Stock; my sisters, Corina and Sophie, who made my stay in Paris so much fun; the wonderful Tif Loehnis, Eric Simonoff, Rebecca Folland, Christelle Chamouton, Mollie Stirling and everyone at Janklow & Nesbit; and the fantastic team at Harper Collins, including Arabella Pike, Terry Karten, Annabel Wright, Vera Brice, Alice Massey, Helen Ellis, Caroline Hotblack, Leslie Robinson and John Bond, as well as Sue Phillpott for her immaculate copy editing (the mistakes which remain are all my own) and Douglas Matthews for the index. Thank you for putting so much into this project and giving me such warm encouragement. I’m really looking forward to working on the next one with you. Finally I’d like to thank my husband, Justin, who nobly commuted to Paris while I was staying there and to whom this book is dedicated. We’ll always have Louis…
SEARCHABLE TERMS
Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Abbaye (prison), Saint-Germain: massacres, 142–3; Manon Roland in, 209–13
Abrantes, Laure Junot, duchesse d’, 12, 271
actors and actresses: prejudice against, 57–8
Acts of the Apostles (newspaper), 123
Adams, Abigail, 97
Adams, John, 97
Adélaïde, Mme (Louis XV’s daughter), 14–15, 79
Alexandre (secretary), 272, 278 Amar, André, 237–8
America see United States of America American War of Independence, 20, 97
Ami des Citoyens, L’ (newspaper), 150, 163, 319
Ami du Peuple, L’ (newspaper), 98, 102, 173
Ami du Peuple par Leclercl, L’ (newspaper), 201
Ami du Roi, L’ (newspaper), 43
Amis des Lois, 354
ancien régime: and power of women, 56, 218; manners and style changed by revolution, 152
‘Anglomaniacs’, 22, 77
anticlericalism, 30, 78, 229, 258, 290
aristocrats: leave France, 78–9
Artois, Charles, comte d’, 4, 6
Audu, ‘Queen’, 119, 132, 203
Aulard, Alphonse, 60, 217
Austria: Théroigne interrogated in, 52, 112–15; French consider war against, 117–18, 123; France declares war on (April 1792), 123–4; army advances into France, 228
Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 35
Ballanche, Pierre-Simon, 386
balls: public, 317–18, 366
Bancal, Henri, 100–1
Barbaroux, Charles, 211, 252
Barére, Bertrand, 77, 127, 161, 183, 195, 210, 228, 230–1, 320
Barnave, Antoine, 55, 100
Barras, Paul, vicomte de: criticizes Manon Roland, 158; on Marat’s dislike of violence, 193; on Robespierre’s repressions, 296–7; and plot against Robespierre, 298; suspected by Jacobins, 308; at La Chaumière, 313; silver harness, 316; on Thérésia Cabarrus, 319, 346; on Tallien, 324; as Director of Council of Elders, 325; qualities and character, 325; excuses behaviour under Terror, 334; given emergency command of army, 335; ascendancy, 336–7; disparages Joséphine, 338; takes Thérésia Cabarrus as mistress, 338–9; witnesses Napoléon-Joséphine wedding, 338; Joséphine’s fondness for, 340; dress, 342; pride in title, 343; appoints Talleyrand Minister for Foreign Affairs, 344; on women’s role, 344–5; military action in Paris, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; and Thérésia’s affair with Ouvrard, 354; card-playing, 367; alliance with Talleyrand and Siéyes, 368; ousted in Brumaire coup, 369; portrayed in Zoloé, 374
Basire, Claude, 202, 238
Bastille: stormed (1789), 5–6, 32; fall celebrated, 72–5
Baudelaire, Charles, 47
Beauharnais, Eugéne de, 294
Beauharnais, Hortense de, 294, 351, 364
Bedford, Lord (?Lord John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford), 202–3, 225
Béranger, Pierre Jean de, 257
Bercy, marquis de, 81
Bernadotte, General Jean (later King of Sweden), 380
Bernard, Jean, 182–3
Bernard, Marie, 182–4
Berry, Mary, 17, 70, 78, 106
Berthaut, Louis, 364
Berthier, General Louis Alexandre, 376
Bertrand (coiffeur), 315
Bessborough, Henrietta Frances, Countess of (née Spencer), 339, 341, 365, 377
Beugnot, Jacques-Claude, 212–13, 249, 250, 292
Bidos, William, 264
Billaud-Varenne, Jacques-Nicolas, 320
Blanc, François de, 114–16
Boigne, Adéle, comtesse de, 9, 359–60
Bonaparte, Jérôme (Napoléon’s brother), 339
Bonaparte, Joseph (Napoléon’s brother), 376, 390
Bonaparte, Lucien (Napoléon’s brother), 361–2, 368–9, 376
Bonstetten, Charles-Victor de, 382 Bordeaux: Thérésia Cabarrus in, 263–4, 270, 273, 278–9, 285, 375–6; Convention représentants (Tallien and Ysabeau) in, 264–5, 268–70, 273–5; famine in, 273–4; executions in, 275; Jullien in, 282, 285; Hospice de Sainte-Croix, 285
Bordereau, Renée, 227
Bosc d’Antic, Augustin, 54, 85–7, 170, 215, 219, 246, 255
Bouchard, Mme (prison keeper’s wife), 221
Bourienne, Louis-Antoine, 368
bread riots see food shortages
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre: and Manon Roland, xxi, 87–8, 98, 101, 108; Théroigne and, 52; publishes Patriote Français, 58; membership of clubs, 62; admires USA, 97; as deputy to Assembly, 107; differences with Robespierre, 117, 123, 126; favours war with Austria, 117, 123; belief in equality, 137; Robespierre accuses of conspiring with Brunswick, 148; elected to National Convention, 149; warrant for arrest, 159; on Danton’s attitude to September massacres, 160; Pauline Léon vows enmity to, 191; arrested, 211; Manon Roland writes for, 219; awaits execution, 247; Travels in the United States, 87
Brissotin group see Girondins
Britain (England): French admiration for, 22; influence on Mme de Staël’s circle, 22, 77; French émigrés in, 153; war with France (1793), 171; captures Toulon, 228; French recapture Toulon from, 270; visitors in France, 377
Brookner, Anita, 365
Bruce, Evangeline, 77
Bruix, Admiral Eustache, 369
Brumaire coup (1799), 368–9
Brune, General Guillaume, 270
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of, 131, 147
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 12, 16, 68
Burke, Edmund, 40
Burney, Fanny (Mme d’Arblay): on Narbonne and Mme de Staël, 14–15; on French émigrés at Juniper Hall, Surrey, 153
Buzot, François: as deputy in Estates-General, 23; in National Assembly, 88; Rolands meet, 88, 104; Manon Roland corresponds with, 103; Manon Roland respects, 104, 160–1; elected to National Convention, 149; Tallien attacks, 151; commitment to Girondins, 162; proposes inviting Roland to stay in office, 163; defends Roland, 170; Manon Roland’s love for, 170, 174, 214, 216, 220–1, 251, 256, 267; denounces militant women, 193–4; flees to Caen, 194, 196, 211–12, 222; outlawed, 244; learns of Manon Roland’s death, 252; suicide, 252
‘Ça Ira’ (revolutionary anthem), 77–8, 100, 121
Cabarrus, Domingo (Thérésia’s brother), 263
Cabarrus, Dominique (Thérésia’s uncle), 263
Cabarrus, Francisco (Thérésia’s brother), 263
Cabarrus, François (Thérésia’s father) 67, 277
Cabarrus, Galabert (Thérésia’s uncle), 263
Cabarrus, Thérésia (later de Fontenay, then Tallien, then Chimay): social status, xxiii, 56, 67; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; marriage, 67–9; effect of revolution on, 68–9; appearance and dress, 69; political activities, 70–2, 80, 83, 319; attends salons, 76; social life, 78, 312–13, 318–19; liaison with Félix Lepeletier, 80, 266; reputed licentiousness and promiscuity, 80–1, 339–41; relations with Tallien, 81–2, 118, 265–8, 270, 276–8, 287, 307–8; embroiders life-story, 82 & n; education, 92; divorce, 150–1, 167, 263; flees to south, 167; in Bordeaux, 263–5, 270, 279; love for Lamothe, 263–4; 263–4; imprisoned and released, 269; saves lives in Bordeaux, 273, 275–6, 278, 285; donates money to National Convention, 275; confides in Mme Lage de Volude, 276–8; discourse on women, 285–6; leaves Bordeaux for Orléans and Paris, 286–7; imprisoned in La Force, 289–92, 294; meets Tallien at Fontenay, 289; on Robespierre’s downfall, 297; released after death of Robespierre, 301, 305; celebrity and influence, 305–6, 308, 314, 319, 323–4, 341; friendship with Rose de Beauharnais ( Joséphine), 307, 314, 340, 363; closes Jacobin Club, 309; marriage to Tallien, 310–12, 323–4, 347–8; daughter born, 314; regrets killing of royalists, 323; captivates Napoléon, 325–6; Mme de Staël visits at La Chaumière, 333; as Barras’s mistress, 338–9; press and public turn against, 340–1, 346; introduces Talleyrand to Directory society, 344; femininity, 345–6; pregnancy and stillborn child by Barras, 347–8, 352; affair and children with Ouvrard, 354, 367–8, 372; letters to Tallien from prison, 357; relations with Juliette Récamier, 358–9; and Barras’s ousting in Brumaire coup, 369; Joséphine banned from seeing, 372; portrayed in Zoloé, 374; rebuked by Napoléon at masked ball, 374; divorce from Tallien, 377; entertaining, 377–8; marries Camaran-Chimay, 379–80, 385; influence, 385; retirement and death, 385; rejects Napoléon, 389; Discours sur l’Éducation, 271, 274
Caen: anti-Robespierre and Commune movement in, 194, 196–7, 212
calendar (revolutionary), 149
Calonne, Alexandre de, 182
Cambacérès, Régis de, 370
Carmes, Les (prison), 294, 301
Chabot, Citoyen, 231–3
Chalier, Citoyen (deputy), 238
Chalier, Joseph, 228
Champagneux, Luc-Antoine de, 215, 219, 255
Champs de Mars, Paris, 73; massacre (July 1791), 101–2
Charles IV, King of Spain, 276–7
Charles, Hippolyte, 358
Chastenay, Victorine de, 19, 349, 353
Chateaubriand, François-René de, vicomte, 378, 382, 386
Châteauvieux regiment and festival, 120, 149
Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard, 239, 257–8, 281
Chaumière, La (cottage), 311–13, 318–19, 323, 333, 347–8, 353–4, 379
Chénier, André, 121, 313
Chénier, Marie-Joseph, 58, 120–1, 313
Chimay, Joseph de Caraman-Chimay, prince de, 287, 379–80
Chimay, Joseph (Thérésia-Chimay’s son), 386
Chimay, Thérésia, princesse de see Cabarrus, Thérésia
Chronique de manége, 122
Chronique scandaleuse, 80
Church, the: excommunicates actors and actresses, 57; Manon Roland rejects, 93; and freedom of worship, 258; Robespierre’s attitude to, 290; tolerated under Thermidorians, 322 citizenship: for women, 57, 61, 104; under 1795 constitution, 324
Civil Code (Napoléon’s), 379
Clairon, Claire Joséphe Hippolyte de Latude, 16, 59
Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas de, 16, 23–4, 137
Clichy, château de, 358, 362, 364
Club of the Rights of Man, 71
Cobb, Richard, 185, 226, 264, 289, 347
cockades see tricolour cockade
Coicy, Mme de, 12
Coigny, Aimée de, 20, 313, 372–3
Colbert, Édouard de, 263
Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie, 120, 265, 280, 289, 298, 320
Colombe, Anne, 102, 173, 190
Committee of Public Safety: Girondins’ proposals to, 174; Marat serves on, 199, 228, 296; spies report to, 226; and war with Austria, 228; opposes enragés, 229; questions Rose Lacombe on Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 230, 233; Rose Lacombe attacks, 231; and effect of executions, 247; Ysabeau and Tallien’s life in Bordeaux reported to, 274; justifies policy of terror, 280; rebels in, 296; and wearing of cockades and red bonnets, 237
Commune (Paris): formed, 131; Surveillance Committee, 140, 159; Manon Roland dislikes, 161; proposes taxes and arrests, 174; and arrest of Girondins, 176; elections to, 190; defends Robespierre, 298; dismantled, 309
Conciergerie (fortress-prison), Paris, 248, 250, 293
Condorcet, M.J.A.N. de Caritat, marquis de: in Mme de Staël’s circle, 21–2; on citizenship for women, 61, 389; membership of clubs, 62; and Thérésia Cabarrus, 80; and Manon Roland, 88, 127; collaborates on The Republican, 99; Tallien denounces, 124; attends Mme Dodun’s salon, 158; on Robespierre, 164–5; as co-author of new constitution, 195; suicide, 247
Condorcet, Sophie, marquise de (née de Grouchy), 21, 106, 122, 124, 376
Confederation of the Friends of Truth, 61
Constant, Benjamin: on Mme de Staël, xx, 331; relations with Mme de Staël, 331–3, 342; in Paris, 333, 367; arrested, 336; informs Talleyrand of appointment, 344; Barras dines with, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; on Mme de Staël and Juliette Récamier, 364; appointed tribune under Napoléon, 370–1; attempts to leave Mme de Staël, 371; Napoléon expels from Tribunate, 377; on tyranny of public opinion, 378; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 382, 386; Cécile, 331
Constant, Charles, 357–8
Corday, Charlotte, 196–9, 250, 254–5
Cordeliers’ Club, 41, 60, 71, 102
Council of the Elders, 325, 335, 369
Council of Five Hundred, 325, 335, 369
Couton, Georges, 299
Danton, Georges: membership of clubs, 62; celebrates Tennis Court Oath, 72; and threat to Paris, 131; influence and popularity, 140–1; as Minister of Justice, 140–1, 157; in National Convention, 149; Manon Roland’s hostility to, 157–9, 216, 218; recalls Commune’s arrest warrants for Girondins, 159; and September massacres, 159–60; campaign against Roland, 163; Olympe de Gouges admires, 166; informed of Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; and warrant for Roland’s arrest, 174; dismisses Grandpré, 210; Manon Roland describes in memoirs, 216; Robespierre has e
xecuted, 281
David, Jacques-Louis: friendship with Talma, 58; and delegation to commemorate Châteauvieux soldiers, 120; paints Michel Lepeletier, 167; portrays death of Marat, 199; designs anniversary celebrations (1793), 204; designs new seal for Republic, 259; designs for Festival of Supreme Being, 291; imprisoned, 312; devises fêtes, 313; portrait of Juliette Récamier, 365–6; The Lictor Bringing Back to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons (painting), 75
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 25, 39, 53, 72, 104, 388
Delphin (Récamier’s brother-in-law), 181, 183, 185
Desmoulins, Camille: urges rebellion against Louis XVI, 5–6; in storming of Bastille, 37; Théroigne supports, 49 & n, 52; marriage to Lucile Duplessis, 50; on Théroigne’s appearance, 60; Thérésia Cabarrus entertains, 72; celebrates fall of Bastille, 73; on Jacobin Club, 88; Pauline Léon reads newspaper, 102; on commemoration of Châteauvieux regiment rebellion, 121; and threat to Paris, 131; in National Convention, 149; told of Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; on Marat, 173; on condemnation of Girondists, 247; on appeal of executions, 253; first published, 257; publishes Vieux Cordelier, 280; executed, 281–2
Desmoulins, Lucile, 50, 282
Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, 377, 380
Diderot, Denis: on informality of manners, 10; ideas, 11; Mme de Staël meets, 16; satirizes Louis XV, 56
Dillon, Arthur, 282
Directory: proposed, 335–6; begins, 337; corruption and inefficiency, 341–2; constitutional monarchists in, 343; rule under Barras, 349; derided as failure, 367; ends, 369
Dodun, Mme, 107, 158 dress and fashion: under ancien régime, 59; of muscadins, 305–6; post-Terror, 314–16, 345; see also Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne-Joséphe
Drôme, Rosalie Jullien de see Jullien, Rosalie
du Barry, Jeanne Bécu, comtesse, 214, 253–4, 346
Dubois, Élisabeth (Mme Pierre Favre), 295
Dubouy, Femme (la Mére Duchesne), 190
Duchastellet, Achille (formerly marquis), 100
Ducos, Roger, 369
Dufourny, Louis-Pierre, 194
Dufriche-Valazé, Charles Eléonor, 247
Dumouriez, General François, 108, 160, 164, 171
Duplessis, Lucile see Desmoulins, Lucile
Dyzez, Jean, 298
Écherolles, Alexandrine des, 227–8
Egypt: Napoléon’s expedition to, 352–3, 366, 368
