GPS Declassified
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132. Driscoll, “Locating Wireless 911 Callers. ”
133. Jeffrey Silva, “Public Safety, Wireless Industry at Odds Over Feasibility of E911 ,” Radio Communications Report, January 30, 1995, LexisNexis Academic.
134. “FCC Adopts Rules to Implement Enhanced 911 for Wireless Services ,” Communications Today, June 13, 1996, LexisNexis Academic.
135. “FCC Adopts Rules. ”
136. “FCC Adopts Rules. ”
137. Peter Clarke, “Radio Triangulation Proposed for Cellular 911 Call ,” Electronic Engineering Times, March 9, 1998, LexisNexis Academic.
138. Clarke, “Radio Triangulation Proposed. ”
139. Business Wire, “SiRF Delivers Instant Location Information for Consumer Products; Start-Up to Commercialize GPS Technology for a Wide Range of Consumer Applications ,” news release, September 10, 1996, LexisNexis Academic.
140. Elizabeth V. Mooney, “Handset Makers Set to Ride GPS Technology Wave with SiRF ,” Radio Communications Report, August 17, 1998, LexisNexis Academic.
141. John Markoff, “Deals to Move Global Positioning Technology toward Everyday Use ,” New York Times, August 10, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/10/business/deals-to-move-global-positioning-technology-toward-everyday-use.html.
142. Markoff, “Deals to Move Global Positioning Technology. ”
143. Darrell Dunn, “RFMD Takes Aim at GPS—To Buy IBM Unite to Increase Exposure in Cell Phone Market ,” Electronic Buyer’s News, December 10, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.
144. Rebecca Sykes, “Qualcomm Buys SnapTrack for $1 Billion ,” Network World, January 26, 2000, LexisNexis Academic; Donna Fuscaldo, “Chip Always in Touch with Cellphones ,” Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2002, ProQuest; David Pringle and Pui-Wing Tam, “Nokia and Qualcomm Square Off—Market Share Battle Intensifies for Dominance of 3G Mobile Phone Technology ,” Wall Street Journal, February 20, 2003, ProQuest.
145. Fuscaldo, “Chip Always in Touch with Cellphones. ”
146. Linley Gwennap, “Broadcom Gains Ground in the GPS Chip Market ,” Electronic Design, September 9, 2010, 16, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.
147. “GPS Chipmakers Headed for More Consolidation? ” GPS World, July 2008, 27, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.
148. Michael V. Copeland, “Location, Location, Location ,” Fortune, November 12, 2007, 147–50, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.
149. Jonathan Marino, “CSR Buys SiRF Technology ,” Mergers and Acquisitions Report, February 16, 2009, 3, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.
150. Gwennap, “Broadcom Gains Ground in the GPS Chip Market. ”
151. Ludovic Privat, “Samsung Acquires CSR Handset Connectivity and GPS Semiconductor Division ,” GPS Business News, July 18, 2012, http://www.gpsbusinessnews.com/Samsung-Acquires-CSR-Handset-Connectivity-GPS-Semiconductor-Division_a3759.html?preaction=nl&id=13088485&idnl=117462&.
152. Paul Davidson, “Enhanced 911 Calls Still Far from Wide Coverage ,” USA Today, October 25, 2002, LexisNexis Academic.
153. Amy Schatz, “Millions Resist Shift to Mobiles Fit for 911 Calls ,” Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2006, ProQuest.
154. Schatz, “Millions Resist Shift. ”
155. Erik Amcoff, “Mobile Phones Are Packing More GPS Features ,” Wall Street Journal, March 23, 2005, ProQuest.
156. Denis Dutton, “It’s Always the End of the World as We Know It ,” New York Times, January 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/01/opinion/01dutton.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
157. Steve Lohr, “1/1/00: Technology and 2000—Momentous Relief; Computers Prevail in First Hours of ’00 ,” New York Times, January 1, 2000.
158. Tyler Hamilton, “Coming Satellite Adjustment a Y2K ‘Dress Rehearsal’: People Relying on Electronic Tracking Devices at Risk of Going Astray as Orbiting Clocks Are Reset on Saturday ,” Globe and Mail (Canada), August 16, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
159. William Glanz, “GPS Users May Want to Dust Off Compasses ,” Washington Times, August 19, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
160. Steve Ranger, “Date Flaw Could Sink Navigation Systems ,” Computing, August 19, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
161. IS-GPS-200F, Global Positioning System Directorate, September 21, 2011, 42, http://www.gps.gov/technical/icwg/#is-gps-200.
162. U.S. Air Force, “Global Positioning System Calendar Faces Rollover ,” FDCH Federal Department and Agency Documents, August 6, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
163. Glanz, “GPS Users May Want to Dust Off Compasses. ”
164. Glanz, “GPS Users May Want to Dust Off Compasses. ”
165. Hamilton, “Coming Satellite Adjustment a Y2K ‘Dress Rehearsal.’ ”
166. “Federal Agencies Warn Drivers, Boaters, Pilots and Hikers of False Readings with Some GPS-based Satellite Navigation Systems ,” FDCH Federal Department and Agency Documents, August 5, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
167. Hamilton, “Coming Satellite Adjustment a Y2K ‘Dress Rehearsal.’ ”
168. Shahid Ali Kahn, “Over 5,000 to Face Problems with GPS ,” Saudi Gazette via Middle East Newsfile, August 24, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
169. “End-of-Week Rollover Bug Strikes ,” Global Positioning & Navigation News, August 25, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
170. Bruce D. Nordwall, “GPS Rollover Passes without Incident ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, August 30, 1999, LexisNexis.
171. Nordwall, “GPS Rollover Passes without Incident. ”
172. Paul Daley, “Satellite Guidance Glitch Hits Navy Boat ,” The Age (Melbourne, Australia), August 26, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
173. Andrew Cornell, “Tokyo Traffic Chaos in GPS Date Rollover ,” Australian Financial Review, August 24, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
174. Cornell, “Tokyo Traffic Chaos. ”
175. Doug Struck, “Japan’s Cars Lost in Space; Y2K-Like Bug Cuts Some Motorists Off from Navigation System ,” Washington Post, August 24, 1999, LexisNexis Academic.
176. White House, “Statement by the President Regarding the United States’ Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Accuracy ,” news release, May 1, 2001, National Archives and Records Administration, http://clinton3.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_2.html.
177. Douglas Page, “Rising Star ,” Fire Chief, December 1, 2003, 12, LexisNexis Academic; Sarah Z. Sleeper, “Satellites Help Cut Sept. 11 Cleanup Costs; Positioning Gear Used by Tracking the Location of All Recovery Vehicles, Crews Boosted Efficiency ,” Investor’s Business Daily, June 7, 2002, LexisNexis Academic.
178. John Rendleman, “GPS Aids Recovery Effort—Searchers in New York Use Handheld Devices to Keep Track of Evidence ,” Information Week, November 12, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.
179. Page, “Rising Star ”; Sleeper, “Satellites Help Cut Sept. 11 Cleanup Costs. ”
180. Laura Q Hughes, “Breaking Ground; Firms Came to the Rescue at Ground Zero with Handheld Devices, Tracking Systems and Robots, but Involvement Has Come at a Price ,” Crain’s New York Business, April 22, 2002, 17, LexisNexis Academic; Sleeper, “Satellites Help Cut Sept. 11 Cleanup Costs. ”
181. PBS, Frontline, “Campaign Against Terror ,” “On the Ground—War Stories ,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
campaign/ground/warstories.html (accessed June 28, 2012).
182. Jim Yardley, “FBI Focuses on Navigational Device ,” New York Times, September 29, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/national/29FLIG.html?pagewanted=all.
183. “Doesn’t Work ,” Air Safety Week, November 5, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.
184. “Doesn’t Work. ”
185. Aaron Brown et al., CNN NewsNight, transcript, May 22, 2002, Lexis-Nexis Academic.
186. Greg B. Smith, “Hijacker in City Sept. 10 Used Navigation Tool to Pinpoint WTC Site ,” Daily News (New York), May 22, 2002, LexisNexis Academic; “Atta Thought to Have Cased WTC Before Attack ,” Bulletin’s Frontrunner, May 23, 2002, LexisNexis Academic.
187. Indictment, United States v. Zacarias Moussao
ui (USDC, E. D. Va., 2001), http://www.justice.gov/ag/moussaouiindictment.htm (accessed June 28, 2012); “Indictment Chronicles Overt Acts That It Says Led to Sept. 11 Attacks ,” New York Times, December 12, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/12/national/12ITEX.html?pagewanted=all.
188. Brief for the United States, United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui, No. 06-4494, Document 209, 41 (4th Cir. August 25, 2008), www.ca4.uscourts.gov/moussaoui4494/pdf/082508brief.pdf.
189. Richard J. Newman and Douglas Pasternak, “A Jekyll and Hyde System ,” U.S. News & World Report, December 24, 2001, 20, LexisNexis Academic.
190. Arik Hesseldahl, “After the Attacks, New Attention on GPS ,” Forbes.com, October 2, 2001, http://www.forbes.com/2001/10/02/1002gps.html.
191. Hesseldahl, “After the Attacks. ”
192. Katharine Mieszkowski, “A No-Fly Zone for Terrorism ,” Salon.com, December 13, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/12/13/soft_walls.
193. Mieszkowski, “No-Fly Zone for Terrorism. ”
194. “GPS: America’s ‘Maginot Line’ in Impending Conflict? ” Global Positioning & Navigation News, October 3, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.
195. Alan Levin, Marilyn Adams, and Blake Morrison, “Terror Attacks Brought Drastic Action: Clear the Skies ,” USA Today, August 12, 2002, http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-12-clearskies_x.htm.
196. Levin, Adams, and Morrison, “Terror Attacks Brought Drastic Action. ”
197. Alan Levin, “For Air Traffic Controllers, a Historic Achievement ,” USA Today, August 12, 2002, http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-12-atc_x.htm.
198. Associated Press, “FAA Lifts Restrictions on General Aviation Flights ,” December 21, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.
199. National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing, “Special Notice: September 17, 2001 ,” http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/sa/IGEB/.
200. Peter Warner, “U.S. Isolated on Civil GPS Liability Issue ,” Global Positioning & Navigation News, October 17, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.
201. Warner, “U.S. Isolated on Civil GPS Liability Issue. ”
202. Brian Harvey, The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing, 2007), 129.
203. Bruce D. Nordwall, “It’s Never Easy ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 8, 2003, 60, LexisNexis Academic; Charles R. Trimble, letter to the editor, Foreign Affairs, September–October 2003, LexisNexis Academic.
204. Kathy Gambrell, “U.S., U.K. Reach Agreement on Satellite Positioning Systems ,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, June 22, 2004, LexisNexis Academic.
205. Robert Wall, “Keeping Time: Updated GPS Policy Reflects a Decade of Change in System’s Customer Base ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, December 20, 2004, 34, LexisNexis Academic.
9. Where Are We?
1. Rachel Beck, “Family Fine after Snow Scare ,” Corvallis (OR) Gazette-Times, December 28, 2009, http://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/7f1f6338-f3d8-11de-8b6c-001cc4c002e0.html; A. K. Dugan, “Lost Family Found on Forest Service Road ,” Lebanon (OR) Express, December 30, 2009, http://lebanon-express.com/news/local/lost-family-found-on-forest-service-road/article_acccef26-f4d2-11de-a852-001cc4c03286.html; Tim Fought, “GPS-Led Travel Goes Amiss; 3 Ore. Parties Rescued ,” Associated Press, January 2, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.
2. Amy Gilroy, “PNDs Were Hot Black Friday Items ,” TWICE, December 7, 2009, http://www.twice.com/article/438924-PNDs_Were_Hot_Black_Friday_Items.php.
3. Dugan, “Lost Family Found. ”
4. Beck, “Family Fine after Snow Scare. ”
5. Fought, “GPS-Led Travel Goes Amiss. ”
6. Dugan, “Lost Family Found. ”
7. Fought, “GPS-Led Travel Goes Amiss. ”
8. “The Air Force Wants You to Stop Blaming GPS Satellites When You Get Lost ,” Gizmodo.com, December 30, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.
9. “Michael Drives Car into Lake ,” The Office, YouTube.com, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIakZtDmMgo (accessed July 24, 2012).
10. “Technology Blamed as Thousands Get Lost at Newgrange ,” Irish Independent, June 30, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
11. Al Webb, “Wrong-Way GPS Leading British Astray: Navigation Gizmos Are Unable to Track Narrow Village Lanes, Fields and Streams ,” Washington Times, March 2, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
12. Margaret Toal, “GPS Gaffe Landlocks Truckers Bound for Port in Residential Neighborhood ,” Beaumont (TX) Enterprise, December 1, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.
13. Associated Press, “Oops! Crew Demolishes Wrong House ,” June 11, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.
14. Dakota Smith, “GPS Directions to Hollywood Sign Will Change ,” Contra Costa (CA) Times, http://www.contracostatimes.com/california/ci_20186097 (updated March 15, 2012).
15. Charles Malinchak, “GPS Units Sending Rigs down Narrow Roads ,” Allentown (PA) Morning Call, February 4, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
16. PR Newswire, “Former Cruise Ship Officer M.L. Meier Reveals What Cruise Lines Don’t Want You to Know ,” news release, February 6, 2012, http://media.prnewswire.com/en/jsp/search.jsp?searchtype=full&option=headlines&
criteriadisplay=show&resourceid=4976409.
17. Jacquelin Magnay, “London 2012 Olympics: American and Australian Team Buses Get Lost from Heathrow to Olympic Park ,” London Telegraph, July 16, 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9403023/London-2012-Olympics-American-and-Australian-
team-buses-get-lost-from-Heathrow-to-Olympic-Park.html.
18. Avril Ormsby and Paul Sandle, “Olympics—Don’t Tweet If You Want TV, London Fans Told ,” Reuters, July 29, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/29/oly-twitter-day-idUSL6E8IT2UH20120729.
19. Mark Hinchliffe, “Navigating Through a Lack of Trust ,” Hobart Mercury (Australia), August 14, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.
20. Callie Watson, “Most Lost Motorists Place Blame on Their GPS Units ,” Advertiser (Australia), December 18, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.
21. Michelin, “Survey: Most Drivers Using GPS Say It Has Led Them Astray ,” news release, June 17, 2013, http://michelinmedia.com/news/survey-drivers-gps-led-astray/.
22. Allstate.com, “Survey Finds 83 Percent of Men Occasionally Disobey GPS Directions ,” http://www.allstate.com/insurance-industry-news/auto-insurance-news/survey-finds-83-percent-of-men-occasionally-disobey-gps-directions-800487019.aspx (accessed July 22, 2012).
23. Barbara Rodriguez, “Fewer Maps Being Printed as Travelers Reach for Technology ,” Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, August 19, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
24. Preston Sparks, “Demand Remains for Map of State ,” Augusta (GA) Chronicle, January 15, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.
25. James Q. Lynch, “With an Eye on GPS Navigational Unites, Iowa House Cuts Funds for Road Maps ,” Cedar Rapids (IA) Gazette, March 21, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
26. Rodriguez, “Fewer Maps Being Printed. ”
27. Richard Willing, “Thieves Find Way to GPS Units in Cars; High-Tech Gear, Parts Increasingly Irresistible ,” USA Today, June 22, 2006, LexisNexis Academic.
28. Kevin Johnson, “Violent Crime Falls in 2008; FBI Also Sees Rise in Burglaries ,” USA Today, September 15, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.
29. Barbara Boyer, “GPS Devices Lure Thieves ,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 23, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
30. John Mooney, “Satnavs a Must-Have, Especially Now for Thieves ,” London Times, September 16, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.
31. Cruz Morcillo and Pablo Munoz, “Economic Crisis Reflected in Growing Crime Figures—Spanish Police ,” ABC.es (Madrid), transcript of Spanish newspaper website by BBC Worldwide Monitoring, September 30, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
32. David Hastie, “GPS Units on the Map for Thieves ,” Herald Sun (Australia), December 7, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
33. Ernesto Londoño, “Rising Thefts from Cars Have Police on the Alert; Cellphones, Money, GPS Devices Stolen ,” Washington Post, June 21, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.
; 34. Business Wire, “Factory Installed Automotive Navigation Solutions to Surpass PND Shipments by 2015, Says ABI Research ,” news release, May 16, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
35. “Take Me Home … Take Everything ,” Navigation News, May–June 2012, 5.
36. Frank Main, “iPhone Theft Suspects Tripped Up by GPS App ,” Chicago Sun-Times, February 18, 2011, http://www.suntimes.com/3890624-417/iphone-theft-suspects-tripped-up-by-gps-app.html.
37. UPI, “iPhone App Leads Police to Wrong House ,” February 27, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
38. Lauren Davidson, “Tracking Apps Not Fail-Safe Protection ,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, July 10, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
39. Rick W. Sturdevant, “The Socioeconomic Impact of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, 1989–2009 ,” paper presented at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Space 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 14–17, 2009, Pasadena CA.
40. Sturdevant, “Socioeconomic Impact of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. ”
41. General Dynamics, “AN/PRC-154 Rifleman Radio ,” http://www.gdc4s.com/content/detail.cfm?item=b8c971d4-9784-41c7-b8e1-1f557f1b2d0d&page=2 (accessed August 3, 2012); Thales Communications Inc., “AN/PRC Rifleman Radio ,” http://www.thalescomminc.com/ground/anprc154.asp (accessed August 3, 2012).
42. Business Wire, “Satellites and Computers Track Houston Buses in Demonstration of Transit Future ,” news release, October 1, 1990, LexisNexis Academic.
43. PR Newswire, “MARCOR Lands Industry’s Largest GPS Commercial Contract: Over 1,600 Buses and Cars to Be Equipped with Satellite Tracking System ,” news release, September 19, 1991, LexisNexis Academic.
44. Sturdevant, “Socioeconomic Impact of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. ”
45. Pham, Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use, 9.
46. Youtube.com, “AT&T TV Commercial: Genco Services ,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3QHQEXb9Tg&feature=player_embedded (accessed August 20, 2012).
47. Sturdevant, “Socioeconomic Impact of the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. ”