GPS Declassified

by Richard D. Easton

  157. Xinhua, “Satellite System for Seismic Survey Work ,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, June 15, 1988, LexisNexis Academic.

  158. Gary Robbins, “Quakes: Space Used to Pinpoint Ground Movement on Earth ,” Orange County (CA) Register, April 23, 1991, LexisNexis Academic.

  159. Yomiuri Shimbun, “More Sites Considered to Monitor Earthquakes ,” Daily Shimbun (Japan), January 21, 1996, LexisNexis Academic; Eric Talmadge, “One Year after Kobe, Researchers Labor at Quake Prediction ,” Associated Press, January 16, 1996, LexisNexis Academic.

  160. Betsy Mason, “Chile Earthquake Moved Entire City 10 Feet to the West ,” blog at Wired.com, March 8, 2010, http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/03/chile-earthquake-moved-entire-city-10-feet-to-the-west.

  161. Mason, “Chile Earthquake Moved Entire City. ”

  162. James Dacey, “Rapidly Spotting Major Earthquakes Using GPS ,” Physics World, April 9, 2011, http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/apr/09/rapidly-spotting-major-earthquakes-using-gps; “GPS Could Warn of Tsunamis ,” Investor’s Business Daily, April 26, 2012, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.

  163. PR Newswire, “NASA Tests GPS Monitoring System for Big U.S. Earthquakes ,” news release, April 24, 2012, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nasa-tests-gps-monitoring-system-for-big-us-earthquakes-148720795.html.

  164. Henry Kenyon, “NASA Looks to Space for Better Earthquake Data ,” Government Computer News, April 27, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  165. Dacey, “Rapidly Spotting Major Earthquakes Using GPS. ”

  166. Edward Powers, “Applications of GPS Provided Time and Frequency and Future ,” paper presented at the Tenth Meeting of the National PNT Advisory Board, Sheraton Pentagon City, Arlington VA, August 14, 2012, http://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/meetings/

  2012-08/powers.pdf.

  167. Spectracom Corp., “GPS Clock Synchronization ,” http://www.spectracomcorp.com/Solutions/Applications/

  GPSClockSynchronization/tabid/100/Default.aspx (accessed April 4, 2013).

  168. Symmetricom Inc., “Symmetricom Delivers Precise Time to the Next Generation Smart Grid ,” news release, January 28, 2013, http://www.symmetricom.com/company/news-and-events/press-room/index.cfm?releaseID=1778484.

  169. Powers, “Applications of GPS Provided Time and Frequency and Future. ”

  170. Pham, Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use, 9–10.

  171. U.S. General Accountability Office, Global Positioning System: Significant Challenges in Sustaining and Upgrading Widely Used Capabilities, GAO-09-670T (Washington DC, May 7, 2009), 3–4, http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/122502.pdf.

  172. U.S. General Accountability Office, Global Positioning System.

  173. Catherine Rampell, “Nips and Tucks to the Federal Budget ,” Economix (blog), New York Times, May 7, 2009, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/07/nips-and-tucks-to-the-federal-budget.

  174. William Jackson, “DOD Faces Tough Hurdles in Maintaining, Upgrading an Aging GPS ,” Government Computer News, May 8, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  175. Gizmodo.com, “GPS Accuracy Might Be Less Accurate in 2010 ,” blog, May 14, 2009, LexisNexis Academic; Engadget.com, “GPS System Might Begin to Fail in 2010, Government Accounting Office Warns ,” blog, May 19, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  176. “GPS System ‘Close to Breakdown ,” ” Guardian Unlimited, May 19, 2009, LexisNexis Academic; “Satnav Crisis: So Where the Hell Are We? ” mX (Melbourne, Australia), May 20, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  177. Ivan Petrov, “Russia’s GLONASS to Profit from GPS Problems ,” RusData DiaLine–Russian Press Digest, May 22, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  178. States News Service, “Space Command Official Tweets on GPS ,” news release, May 21, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  179. States News Service, “Space Command Official Tweets on GPS. ”

  180. YouTube.com, “2SOPS Keeps GPS Flying ,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unFVspzSIr0&lr=1 (accessed August 17, 2012).

  181. Callan James, “Fixing GPS ,” Avionics Today, October 1, 2009, http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/cover/Fixing-GPS_35197.html.

  182. David Goldstein, “GPS IIR-20 (SVN-49) Information ,” presentation to 2010 International Technical Meeting (ITM) of the Institute of Navigation (ION), January 26, 2010, Anaheim CA, http://www.gps.gov/multimedia/presentations/

  2010/01/ITM/goldstein.ppt; Alan Cameron, “Here’s What’s Up with SVN49 ,” GPS World, November 23, 2009, http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/heres-whats-up-with-svn49-9166.

  183. Goldstein, “GPS IIR-20 (SVN-49) Information ”; Cameron, “Here’s What’s Up with SVN49. ”

  184. GPS.gov, “Space Segment: Current and Future Satellite Generations: GPS Block IIR(M) ,” http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space (accessed August 24, 2012); U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center, “GPS Constellation Status for 08/24/2012 ,” http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?Do=constellationStatus (accessed August 24, 2012).

  185. Iridium Communications, “Iridium/Boeing Team Completes High Integrity GPS Milestones ,” news release, July 13, 2009, http://investor.iridium.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=429130;DefenseIndustryDaily.com, “High Integrity GPS/iGPS: Boeing’s Iridium Ace Card ,” July 13, 2013, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Boeing-Wins-RD-Contract-for-High-Integrity-GPS-05000.

  186. Jeffrey Hill, “Boeing Brings Iridium Capability to U.S. GPS System ,” Satellite Today, October 4, 2012, http://www.satellitetoday.com/military/headlines/Boeing-Brings-Iridium-Capability-to-U-S-GPS-System_39624.html.

  187. Amy Butler and Michael Mecham, “GPS IIF Fix Needed ,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 6, 2010, 35, LexisNexis Academic; Titus Ledbetter III, “Software Issues Found with GPS IIF-1, Nuclear Detection Payload Harmed ,” Inside the Air Force, September 10, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.

  188. Titus Ledbetter III, “GPS II-F Software Fixes to be Deployed On-orbit Early Next Year ,” Inside the Air Force, September 24, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.

  189. Dan Elliott, “Glitch Shows How Much U.S. Military Relies on GPS ,” Associated Press, June 1, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.

  190. Titus Ledbetter III, “GPS IIF-2 Launch Delayed to Prolong Anomaly Investigation of Program ,” Inside the Air Force, June 10, 2011, LexisNexis Academic; Amy Butler, “USAF Eyes Fix for GPS IIF Electrical Problem ,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, June 21, 2011, LexisNexis Academic.

  191. “More GPS Brownouts Ahead ,” Farm Industry News, February 25, 2010, http://farmindustrynews.com/precision-farming/more-gps-brownouts-ahead; James, “Fixing GPS. ”

  192. Harvey, Rebirth of the Russian Space Program, 127–29.

  193. Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993), 251–52.

  194. Beaty and Gwynne, Outlaw Bank.

  195. ITAR-TASS, “Yeltsin Clears GLONASS Space Navigation System for Civilian Use ,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 22, 1999, LexisNexis Academic; “Cabinet Approves Fund for GLONASS ,” Moscow Times, August 3, 2001, LexisNexis Academic.

  196. Harvey, Rebirth of the Russian Space Program, 129–30.

  197. Harvey, Rebirth of the Russian Space Program, 129–30.

  198. “GLONASS Plans 30 Satellites, Complete Augmentation System and Improved OCX by 2020 ,” Inside GNSS, March–April 2012, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/3010.

  199. “GLONASS Plans 30 Satellites. ”

  200. Harvey, Rebirth of the Russian Space Program, 130.

  201. DefenseWorld.net, “Russia Offers India Participation in GLONASS GPS Satellite Project ,” July 18, 2012, http://www.defenseworld.net/go/defensenews.jsp?id=7218&h=Russia%20Offers%20India%20Participation%20In%20GLONASS%20GPS%20Satellite%20Project.

  202. “Russia Threatens Device Makers to Force GLONASS Acceptance ,” Navigation News, July–August 2010, 4.

  203. Arthur Thayer, “West Europe, US Propose Rival Satellite Navigation Systems ,” Christian Science Monitor, December 2, 1983, LexisNexis Academic.

  204. Thaye
r, “West Europe, US Propose Rival Satellite Navigation Systems. ”

  205. Brian Evans, “Setting a Course: Beyond GPS ,” Avionics, May 1, 2006, http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/feature/Setting-a-Course-Beyond-GPS_896.html.

  206. Iannotta, “Europe Weighs Building Its Own GPS ,” 34; Gambrell, “U.S., U.K. Reach Agreement on Satellite Positioning Systems. ”

  207. Dan Levin, “Chinese Square Off with Europe in Space ,” New York Times, March 23, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/23/technology/23iht-galileo23.html?pagewanted=all.

  208. Stephen Chen, “Satellite Launch ‘Overrides’ EU Deal ,” South China Morning Post, April 16, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  209. Chen, “Satellite Launch ‘Overrides’ EU Deal ”; Levin, “Chinese Square Off with Europe in Space. ”

  210. Levin, “Chinese Square Off with Europe in Space. ”

  211. Minnie Chan, “‘Unforgettable Humiliation’ Led to Development of GPS Equivalent ,” South China Morning Post, November 13, 2009, LexisNexis Academic.

  212. Xin Dingding and Cheng Yingqi, “Beidou Helps Put Region on the Map ,” China Daily, December 28, 2012, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-12/28/

  content_16063081.htm.

  213. Xinhuanet.com, “Beidou Navigation System Test Network Set for 2015 ,” August 3, 2012, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/201208/03/c_131759872.htm.

  214. Callan James, “Satellite Constellations ,” Avionics Today, March 1, 2012, http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/feature/Satellite-Constellations_75794.html; Eric Gakstatter, “Everything Else but GPS: How GLONASS, Galileo, and Compass Will Affect High-Precision Users ,” GPS World webinar, March 15, 2012; Xinhuanet.com, “Beidou Navigation System Test Network Set for 2015 ”; Xinhuanet.com, “Tech Base Established for Beidou Navigation System ,” August 23, 2012, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/201208/23/c_131801646.htm.

  215. Wang Xiaodong, “Beidou Navigates Path to Larger Market Share ,” China Daily, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/201206/04/

  content_15468462.htm (updated June 4, 2012); Xinhuanet.com, “Beidou Navigation System Test Network Set for 2015. ”

  216. Xiaodong, “Beidou Navigates Path to Larger Market Share. ”

  217. European Space Agency, “Fact Sheet: What Is Galileo ,” http://download.esa.int/docs/Galileo_iov_Launch/

  Galileo_factsheet_20120321.pdf (accessed August 28, 2012).

  218. European Space Agency, “Fact Sheet: What is Galileo. ”

  219. European Space Agency, “Galileo Technology Developments ,” http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMP0I5V9ED_galileo_0.html (accessed August 28, 2012).

  220. European GNSS Agency, “Galileo Services ,” http://www.gsa.europa.eu/galileo/services (accessed August 28, 2012).

  221. European Space Agency, “Galileo Specifications: Galileo Navigation Signals and Frequencies ,” http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM86CSMD6E_galileo_0.html (updated August 16, 2007).

  222. Dee Ann Divis, “British Military Claims Patent on GPS, Galileo Civil Signal Structure ,” Inside GNSS, April 27, 2012, http://insidegnss.com/node/3040.

  223. Divis, “British Military Claims Patent on GPS. ”

  224. Dee Ann Divis, “USPTO Nears Approval of Troubling British Patent on New GPS Civil Signal ,” Inside GNSS, May–June 2012, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/3074.

  225. “UK to Drop Key GNSS Signal Patent Claim ,” Inside GNSS, November–December 2012, http://online.qmags.com/GNSS1112?fs=2&pg=13&mode=2#pg19&mode2.

  226. “Galileo Needs More Cash as UK Chancellor Wields Axe ,” Navigation News, July–August 2010, 4.

  227. European Space Agency, “Fact Sheet: What Is Galileo. ”

  228. Dugie Standeford, “EU Lawmakers Begin Talks on New Galileo Financing, Governance as Old Money Worries Remain ,” Satellite Week, March 26, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  229. Alison Abbott, “Europe’s Leaders Slash Proposed Research Budget ,” Nature.com, February 8, 2013, http://www.nature.com/news/europe-s-leaders-slash-proposed-research-budget-1.12403.

  230. European Commission, “Enterprise and Industry: Satellite Navigation: Galileo: Benefits ,” http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/galileo/index_en.htm (updated February 2, 2012).

  231. European Commission, “Enterprise and Industry: Satellite Navigation: Galileo: Benefits. ”

  232. PR Newswire, “European Children Will Name Galileo Satellites Constellation ,” news release, September 1, 2011, http://media.prnewswire.com/en/jsp/latest.jsp?resourceid=4719907&access=EH.

  233. Navipedia.net, “QZSS ,” http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/QZSS (accessed August 30, 2012).

  234. “Japan Aims at 4-Satellite QZSS by Decade’s End, India Plans a GAGAN Launch Later This Year ,” Inside GNSS, March–April 2012, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/3014; Navipedia.net, “QZSS. ”

  235. “Japan Aims at 4-Satellite QZSS. ”

  236. Navipedia.net, “QZSS. ”

  237. James, “Satellite Constellations. ”

  238. Navipedia.net, “MSAS General Introduction ,” http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/MSAS_General_Introduction (ACCESSED August 30, 2012).

  239. Navipedia.net, “MSAS General Introduction. ”

  240. Express News Service, “Navigational Satellite Launch Next Year ,” New Indian Express, July 23, 2012, http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article574304.ece.

  241. Huma Siddiqui, “India, Russia to Sign Pact to Launch Satellites ,” Indian Express, December 20, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-russia-to-sign-pact-to-launch-satellites/726745/2.

  242. Mandar Chitre and Adam Halliday, “Scientists Excited about India’s Own GPS ,” Indian Express, May 20, 2012, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/scientists-excited-about-indias-own-gps/951413/.

  243. Navipedia.net, “IRNSS ,” http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/IRNSS#cite_note-IRNSS_WIKI-0 (accessed August 20, 2012); Indian Space Research Organisation, “Future Programme: IRNSS-1 ,” http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx (accessed August 30, 2012).

  244. Parimal Majithiya, Kriti Khatri, and J. K. Hota, “Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System: Correction Parameters for Timing Group Delays ,” Inside GNSS, January–February 2001, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2429.

  245. Majithiya, Khatri, and Hota, “Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. ”

  246. Navipedia.net, “GAGAN ,” http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/GAGAN (accessed August 30, 2012); “GAGAN Project of AAI—Final System Acceptance Test Completed in Bengaluru ,” CARGOtalk, August 8, 2012, http://issuu.com/ashishcb/docs/cargo_aug12/39#.

  247. “Japan Aims at 4-Satellite QZSS ”; India Space Research Organization website, “Future Programme: Satellite Navigation: GAGAN ,” http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx (accessed April 4, 2013).

  248. “Iran Unveils Domestically Manufactured Satellite Navigation System ,” Tehran Times, May 30, 2012, http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/98404-iran-unveils-domestically-manufactured-satellite-navigation-system.

  249. “Iran to Send Satellite into Space Concurrent with Nuclear Talks Day ,” Mehr News, May 14, 2012, http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?pr=s&query=Fajr%20&NewsID=1602440.

  250. Global Security Newswire, “Iran Postpones Satellite Deployment ,” May 29, 2012, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/iran-postpones-spacecraft-deployment.

  251. Adam M. Brandenburger and Barry J. Nalebuff, Co-opetition (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 4, 267. Ray Noorda, founder of the networking company Novell, coined the word co-opetition in a December 1993 article in Electronic Business Buyer.

  252. PR Newswire, “U.S. Air Force Awards Lockheed Martin Contract for Third and Fourth GPS III Satellites ,” news release, January 12, 2012, http://media.prnewswire.com/en/jsp/search.jsp?searchtype=full&option=headlines&

  criteriadisplay=show&resourceid=4929218.

  253. GPS.gov, “Space Segment: GPS Block IIF ,” http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/#IIF (accessed August 24, 2012); Gabe Starosta, “Boeing Projecting Completion of GPS IIF M
anufacturing by May 2013 ,” Inside the Air Force, July 6, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  254. GPS.gov, “Space Segment: GPS Block IIF ”; Starosta, “Boeing Projecting Completion of GPS IIF Manufacturing. ”

  255. Gakstatter, “Everything Else but GPS. ”

  256. Willard Marquis and Michael Shaw, “GPS III: Bringing New Capabilities to the Global Community ,” Inside GNSS, September–October 2011, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2746; Lockheed Martin, “Lockheed Martin Competes Functional Testing of First GPS II Satellite Bus Electronics Systems ,” news release, June 5, 2013, http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2013/june/0605-ss-gps.html.

  257. Titus Ledbetter III, “Air Force to Move New Space Launch Entrant Rules toward NASA Vision ,” Inside the Air Force, May 20, 2011, LexisNexis Academic; Loren B. Thompson, “Battle Brewing over Future of GPS Constellation ,” commentary release, States News Service, September 2, 2011, LexisNexis Academic.

  258. U.S. General Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapons Programs, GAO-13-294SP (Washington DC, March 2013), 74, http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653379.pdf.

  259. U.S. General Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions, 72.

  260. Business Wire, “SkyTerra Communications, Inc. Stockholders Approve Merger with Harbinger ,” news release, March 22, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.

  261. FCC.gov, “Mobile Satellite Ventures Subsidiary LLC: Granted Authority to MSV to Provide ATC Service ,” 36, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/

  attachmatch/DA-04-3553A1.pdf (accessed September 2, 2012).

  262. Gustav Sandstrom, “Nokia Siemens to Build $7 Billion U.S. Network ,” Wall Street Journal, July 20, 2010, ProQuest; GPS.gov, “Reference Documents Related to LightSquared and GPS: November 18, 2010, Light-Squared Request for Modification of ATC Authority, or Waiver of Gating Criteria ,” http://licensing.fcc.gov/myibfs/download.do?attachment_key=852869 (accessed September 2, 2012).