Tanaghrisson and, 62–65, 67, 68–71, 90–91
Washington and, 82m
Anishinaabeg, 72. See also Ojibwas; Ottawas; Potawatomis
Annosanah. See Gist, Christopher
Apess, William (Pequot), 218
Apotheosis of Washington (Commemoration of Washington), pl13
Appalachian Mountains, 45, 181, 182, 284
Armstrong, John, 132
Arnold, Benedict, 222, 228, 229
Aroas (Silver Heels) (Seneca), 7, 87, 108, 113, 128, 165, 175, 262
Assarigoa (Howard Effingham), 30
assimilation, 488. See also “civilization”
Astiarix (Seneca), 244–45
Atiatoharongwen (Atayataghronghta). See Cook, Louis (Abenaki–African American–Kahnawake Mohawk)
Atkin, Edmond, 136–37, 138, 143
Atkinson, James R., 569n17
Atlantic exchange system, 32–33, 42, 255, 347
Attakullakulla (Ada-gal’kala) (Little Carpenter) (Ouconecaw) (Overhill Cherokee chief) American Revolution and, 232
British and, 43, 125, 129
Dinwiddie and Glen and, 128–29
Forbes and, 140, 145, 146, 156, 163
frontier defense and, 130
peace and, 166
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188
Treaty of Long Island of Holston (1777) and, 232–33
Treaty of Sycamore Shoals and, 213
Virginia and, 43, 164
Auglaize River, 438, 439
Aupaumut, Hendrick (Stockbridge Mahican), 1, 406, 412–13, 414, 416, 418, 458, 565n36
Aupaumut, Solomon, 565n36
B
Bacon, Nathaniel and his rebellion, 25–26, 43
Baily, Francis, 457, 466
Baird (Beard), John, 428
Ballew, Bennet, 338
Baptiste, Jean. See Ogaghsagighte (Kahnawake Mohawk)
Barbary powers, 446, 467
Barr, Daniel, 272
Barralet, John James, pl 13
Bartoli, F., pl 6
Battle of Barren Hill (1778), 243
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), 379m, 438, 442, 454
Battle of Fort Necessity (1754) described, 94–96
Indians and, 92–95, 96, 97–98
map, 296m
surrender terms and, 104
Washington and, 91, 100, 103–4, 114, 168, 172, 449
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 199
withdrawal from, 96–97
Battle of Horseshoe Bend or Tohopeka (1814), 475
Battle of Indian Field (1778), 220
Battle of the Monongahela. See Braddock’s defeat
Battle of Newtown, 251
Battle of Oriskany, 242
Battle of Point Pleasant, 210
Battle of Tohopeka or Horseshoe Bend (1814), 475
Bayley, Jacob, 223, 226
Beard (Baird), John, 428
Beaujeu, Daniel-Hyacinthe-Marie Liénard de, 110
Beauséjour fort (Nova Scotia), 102
Beaver. See Tamaqua (Delaware)
Beaver Creek, 51, 70, 132, 157
Beaver River, 154
Beaver Town (Sawcunk) (Shingas’s Town), 160
Beckwith, George, 384, 411
Bedel, Timothy, 224, 225–26
Belt of Wampum (the Belt) (Kaghswaghtaniunt) (Tohashwughtonionty) (White Thunder) (Seneca), 57, 73, 108, 155, 498n30, 512n26
Berkeley, William, 25, 26–27
Berkin, Carol, 497n13
Beverly, Robert, 22, 26, 28
Beverly, William, 34
Big Knives, 413
Big Tree (Great Tree) (Karontowanen) (Kiandochgowa) (Seneca), 401, 402, 406
Billouart, Louis, chevalier de Kerlerec, 127
Birch, William, pl 11
Bird Tail King. See Fusatchee Mico (Creek)
Black Hoof (Shawnee), 443, 461
Blair, John, 138
Bloody Fellow (Nenetuah) (Nenetooyah) (General Eskaqua) (General Iskagua) (Cherokee), 7, 423, 424–25, 426, 430, 465, 466, 487. See also Treaty of Tellico (1798)
Bloody Fellow Swan (Cherokee), 465
Bloomfield, Joseph, 241
Blount, John Gray, 356–57, 556n60
Blount, Thomas, 356, 556n60
Blount, William. See also Treaty of Holston (1791) British and, 474
Cherokees and, 425, 430, 464
Chickasaws and, 426
Indian land acquisitions and, 305, 339, 356, 424
on McGillivray, 366
southern Indians and, 429, 430–31
speculation and, 556n60
Treaty of Hopewell and, 305
Blue Jacket (Waweyapiersenwaw) (Pekowi Shawnee), 7, 381, 387, 391, 437, 443, 458–59, 460. See also Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Blue Licks attack, 278
Blue Ridge Mountains, 29, 30, 33–34 Washington and, 37–38, 115, 171, 296m
Boone, Daniel, 109, 112, 149, 264–65, 278
Boone, Israel, 278
Bosomworth, Abraham, 134, 141, 142, 144
Boston, 210, 219, 223, 226, 231, 238, 281
Boston Tea Party, 206
Botetourt, Governor, 189, 192, 199
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 135
boundaries. See also frontier advance and Cherokee war; Hawkins, Benjamin; Royal Proclamation of 1763; Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and other treaties; westward expansion British and, 437
Canada-US, 411
Chickasaws and, 569n24
Creek-Georgia, 355
DuCoigne and, 415
W. Johnson on, 5
McGillivray and, 362
national unity and, 283–85, 284–85, 290, 292
Piominko and, 426
Red Jacket and, 416–17
southern Indians and, 353
Spain and, 338
speculators and, 324
treaties and, 186m
US-Canada, 437
Washington on, 292
Bouquet, Henry, 139, 148, 149–51, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 173, 174, 177
Bowdoin, John, 229–30
Bowles, William Augustus, 365, 374–75, 376
Bowman, John, 246
Boyd, Thomas, 254
Braddock’s defeat (Battle of the Monongahela), 107. See also “French and Indian War” aftermath, 116–17, 118
British and, 512n23
British army and, 102, 105, 108–9, 110, 111–13, 120, 122
Indians and, 105–8, 109, 110, 113–14, 135, 512n26
Indian ways of fighting and, 112–13, 121–22
strategy of, 102–3
Washington and, 6, 13, 103–4, 108, 109–11, 112, 114–15, 121–23, 145, 150, 168, 197, 385
Braddock’s Defeat (Preston), 513n36
Bradstreet, John, 151
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea) (Mohawk). See also Philadelphia Indian diplomacy attacks by, 244, 245, 248, 257, 258, 304
Aupaumut and, 413
background of, 240, 242, 408
black servants and, 410
British and, 242, 402, 408, 410, 421
Cook and, 413
Cornplanter and, 400, 402
Indian unity and, 317–18
Northwestern Confederacy and, 381, 408–9, 417
Ohio River as boundary and, 406
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 409–10, 411–12, 412–13, 414, 420
portrait, pl 5
Sandusky conference and, 420–21
on Schuyler, 300
Simcoe and, 411–12, 420–21
on St. Clair’s defeat, 391
Sullivan’s campaign and, 251, 252, 255
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and, 400
Washington and, 7, 244, 245, 248, 410, 416, 441, 455–56
Wayne and, 440
Brant, Molly (Mary), 408
Brent, Giles, 25
Bright Lightning, 498n30
Britain and the British. See also American Revolution; Anglo-French rivalry; Atlantic exchange system; Braddock’s defeat (Battle of the
Monongahela); Brant, Joseph and other Indians; Canada; frontier advance and Cherokee war; Jay Treaty (1794); Johnson, William and other British people; law of nations; Logstown (Ohio country); Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Indian diplomacy; Royal Proclamation of 1763; settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and other treaties; Virginia and other British colonies after Fort Duquesne, 173, 175
American national unity and, 288
on American policy, 380
American trading posts and, 453–54
Aupaumut and, 413
W. Blount and, 474
Brant and, 242, 402, 408, 410, 421
Cherokees and, 65, 125–26, 130, 143–44, 165–66
Cornstalk and, 265
Delawares and, 268
Efau Hadjo and, 472
French and, 411, 438, 445
gifts and, 133–34, 160, 175, 177
Hoboithle Mico and, 475
Indian allies of, 56
Indian land and, 20, 22, 182, 213, 237
Indians and, 4, 56, 167, 173, 176, 265, 446
Indigenous peoples and, 484
Iroquois and, 98, 237–39, 405, 440
Logstown Treaty and, 59
McGillivray and, 347–48, 350
Miamis and, 56
North American population of (1700-1775), 172
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 380, 397
Northwest Territory and, 396
Ohio Company and, 47–48, 174
Ohio country and, 49–53, 53–54
Old Briton and, 61
Oneidas and, 258
Ostenaco and, 166
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 401, 409, 410–13, 414
plantation system of agriculture and, 172
Proctor and, 404
Sandusky conference and, 420
Scarouady and, 100
Senecas and, 263–64
Shawnees and, 173, 175, 311
Silver Heels and, 175
smallpox and, 281
Spain and, 365
St. Clair, Arthur and, 383
Tanaghrisson and, 58, 59, 99
trade and, 177–78, 305, 470
treaties and, 285
Washington and, 95, 213, 437, 444–45
Washington’s tobacco trade and, 177–78
Wayne and, 437, 438, 439
westward expansion and, 172–73, 179–81, 328
British army (regulars), 89, 103, 104, 122, 167, 173, 179–80, 510n29. See also Braddock’s defeat and other battles and campaigns
Brodhead, Daniel, 248, 250–51, 255, 257, 267, 271–72, 273–74, 507n14, 541n48
Brown, John (Chickasaw), 431
Bryan’s Station attack, 278
Buchanan, George, 33
Buckongahelas (Pachgantschihilas) (Delaware), 263, 383, 391, 443
Bucksinosa. See Paxinosa (eastern Shawnee)
Bullen, James (Jimmy) (Catawba), 146
Bullitt, Thomas, 158, 178, 204
Bullskin Creek, 38
Burgoyne, John, 216, 220, 227, 242, 243, 532n5
Burnaby, Andrew, 28–29, 579n33
Burr, Aaron, 393
Burwell, Lewis, 50
Butler, Jane, 26
Butler, John, 244, 251, 257
Butler, Richard, 8, 208, 310–12, 389, 391. See also Treaty of Fort Finney (1786)
Butler, Walter, 244
Butler, William, 245
Byrd II, William, 29, 42, 518n70
Byrd III, William, 126, 139, 140, 144, 146, 164, 165
Byrds of Westover, 25
C
California, 281
calumet pipe of peace, 1, 2, 370, 414, 415, 427, 430
Calusas, 21m
Cameron, Alexander, 193
Campbell, Arthur, 348, 350
Campbell, John. See Loudon, Earl of
Campfield, Jabez, 253
Canachquasy. See Kanuksusy (Seneca)
Canada and Canadians. See also New France; Quebec; Quebec Act; Simcoe, John Graves and others Battle of Monongahela and, 107
boundary with US and, 411
French and, 116, 163, 246
Gnadenhütten massacre and, 275
invasion of, 139, 246, 280
Iroquois and, 99, 488
Villiers and, 94
Washington on, 164
westward expansion and, 396
Canadian Indians, 219–20, 221–25, 228, 241, 282, 416. See also Seven Nations of Canada; St. Lawrence Indians
Canasatego (Onondaga), 321, 578n86
Captain Abeel. See Cornplanter (Allegheny Seneca)
Captain Jacobs (Tewea) (Delaware), 113, 119, 132
Captain Lewis. See Vincent, Lewis (Huron)
Captain Pipe. See Pipe (Delaware)
Captain Solomon. See Hendricks, Solomon (Stockbridge)
Captian Oppamylucah (Delaware), 57
Carey, James, 474
Carleton, Guy. See Dorchester, Lord
Carolina, 27
Carondelet, Baron, 425, 426–27
Carroll, Charles, 418
Carroll, Daniel, 293
Carter, Robert “King,” 31, 36
Carter family, 34–35
Cassiowea. See Kanuksusy (Seneca)
Caswell, Richard, 305
Catawbas. See also Hagler and other Catawbas Braddock and, 105
British and, 144
Dinwiddie and, 65
Forbes and, 141, 143
frontier war and, 124, 135
Iroquois and, 30, 143
map, 21m
Mingoes and, 126
Ohio Company and, 49
Shawnees and, 72, 126
smallpox and, 164
Tanaghrisson’s war and, 86
Virginia and, 30, 124, 135–36
Washington and, 129, 146, 377
Catherine the Great of Russia, 8, 311–12
Caughnawagas (Caughnuagas). See Kahnawakes
Cavagnial, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de, 115
Cavelier, René-Robert (sieur de La Salle), 49
Cayenquerigo, Jonathan (Mohawk), 65, 506n75
Cayugas, 21m, 30, 51, 239, 249, 254, 406, 535n16. See also Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy; Jeskakake (Déjiquéqué) and other Cayugas; Mingoes; Treaty of Canandaigua (1794); Treaty of Fort Schuyler (1788)
Cayuhoga River, 132
Céleron de Blainville, Pierre-Joseph, 49–50, 53–54, 61, 79
Chapin, Israel, 440
Chapin council (1794), 440–41
Charles II, 31
Chenussio (Genessee Castle), 254
Chequalaga. See Doublehead (Cherokee)
Chernow, Ron, 199, 294–95, 360, 481
Cherokees (Ani-Yunwiya). See also Bloody Fellow and other Cherokees; Lower Cherokees; southern Indians; Treaty of Long Island of Holston (1777); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768); Treaty of Hard Labor (1768); Treaty of Holston (1791); Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86); Treaty of Lochaber (1770) American Revolution and, 230–31, 231–32, 234, 534n91
ancient lands and, 9
W. Blount and, 474
Braddock and, 105
British and, 65, 125–26, 130, 143–44, 165–66
“civilization” and, 473
colonists and, 164, 427–28, 526n57
Delawares and, 153
Dinwiddie and, 65, 126–27, 130
Forbes’ campaign and, 140–41, 143–45, 146–47, 163
Franklin (state) and, 299
French and, 65, 126, 133, 146
gun trade and, 27
Iroquois and, 30, 143, 153
Knox and, 424–25, 427–28, 429–30
map, 21m
Mississippi Company and, 179
Northwestern Confederacy and, 416
Ohio Indians and, 144
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 2
Revolutionary War in the West and, 246, 264–65
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188
scalped by colonists, 163–64
Shawnees and, 126–27, 128, 21
3–14
smallpox and, 164, 281
South Carolina trade and, 42–43
Spain and, 425
Tanaghrisson’s war and, 86
US Senate and, 358
Virginia’s alliance with (1755-1758), 124–26, 128–29, 130, 133–34, 137–38, 140–41, 142–47
Virginia’s Indian country and, 20, 30
Washington and, 3, 136, 143, 145–46, 163, 165–66, 179, 337–39, 427–28, 430, 431, 462, 465–66, 468, 487
Winchester and, 115
Cherokee war, 163–66
Chickahominies, 19
Chickamauga Cherokees, 246, 281, 423, 430, 460, 568n2
Chickasaws. See also Piominko and other Chickasaws; Treaty of French Lick (1784); Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86) American Revolution and, 305
boundaries and, 569n24
“civilization” and, 427
Creeks and, 426, 429
map, 21m
Philadelphia yellow fever and, 2
Pickens and W. Blount and, 429
Spain and, 305–6, 425, 426–27, 431–32, 446
St. Clair’s army and, 390
Tanaghrisson’s war and, 86
trade and, 27, 470
US Senate and, 358
Washington and, 3, 339–40, 425, 426–27, 431–32
Wayne and, 436
westward expansion and, 425
chickens, 11
Chillicothe division of Shawnees, 51, 246
China Breast Plate, 565n36
Chincanacina. See Dragging Canoe (Chickamauga Cherokee)
Choctaws, 21m, 306–7, 358, 425, 426–27, 429, 436, 446, 470, 473, 507n4. See also Franchimastabé; southern Indians; Taboca and other Choctaws; Treaty of Mobile (1784); Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86)
Chota, 128, 186m, 213–14, 232, 337, 349m, 463
Chouteau, Auguste and Pierre, 425
Christian, William, 233
Christianity. See religion
Chuquilatague. See Doublehead (Cherokee)
Chutloh (Tsu-la) (Kingfisher) (Cherokee), 423
“civilization.” See also education; religion agriculture and, 331, 332f, 454–55
assimilation and, 488
Brant and, 455–56
Cherokees and, 462–68, 473
Chickasaws and, 427, 473
Cornplanter on, 401
Creeks and, 461, 468–75
Franklin and, 329
Indian agents and trading posts and, 453–54
Indian land and, 375
Indian reactions to, 456–59, 472, 473, 475
Indians and, 45, 412
Knox on, 402–3
Pickering and, 343–44
private property and, 451, 458–59
Sullivan’s campaign and, 250
Treaty of Greenville (1795) and, 459–61
Treaty of New York (1790) and, 369
Washington and, 205, 330, 332f, 341, 387, 427, 451–53, 454, 458, 461–62, 472–73, 473–74, 475–76, 484–85
The Indian World of George Washington Page 84
