westward expansion and, 331
Clark, George Rogers, 272–73, 278, 280, 326, 329, 414, 560n26. See also Treaty of Fort Finney (1786); Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785)
Clark, William, 439
Clarke, Elijah, 432, 433
Claus, Daniel, 99, 242, 257–58
Cleveland (Ohio), 51
Clinton, George, 244, 245, 249, 290, 301, 303, 304, 366, 402, 405, 407, 408, 437
Clinton, James, 247, 250, 251, 259, 272
Clymer, George, 432
Cognaawagas. See Kahnawakes
Cohama. See McGillivray, William (Chickasaw)
Colbert, George (Tootematubbe) (Chickasaw), 426, 460, 569n17
Colbert, William (Cooshemataha) (Chickasaw), 426, 431, 569n17
Colesquo. See Cornstalk (Mekoche Shawnee)
College of William and Mary, 28, 37, 192
Colonel Louis. See Cook, Louis (Abenaki–African American–Kahnawake Mohawk)
colonialism and imperialism, 44, 485–86. See also “civilization”
colonials. See elites; settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters)
Common Disturber. See Teesteke (Cherokee)
communal ethic, Indian, 41
confederations of Indians, 374. See also Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy (Five Nations) (Six Nations); Northwestern Confederacy war
Connecticut, 307–8, 336
Connesauty, 400. See also Pickering, Timothy
Connolly, John, 199, 204–5, 209, 530n82
Conoghquieson (Kanaghquaesa) (Oneida), 188, 241
Conotocarious. See Town Destroyer
Conoys, 43, 156–57, 390, 416
conquest, fiction of, 34, 48, 99, 300, 316, 327, 330, 484
conscription bounties, 121, 139
Continental Congress, 218, 219–20, 244, 261, 283, 308
Contrecoeur, Claude-Pierre Pécaudy, 61, 85, 87, 89, 90–91, 94, 95
conventional warfare, 121, 122. See also Indian ways of fighting
Cook, Louis or Lewis (Colonel Louis) (Atiatoharongwen (Akiatonharónkwen) Atayataghronghta) (Abenaki–African American–Kahnawake Mohawk), 1, 107, 223, 224, 412–13, 418, 437, 490–91, 492, pl 4
Cooper, James Fenimore, 96
Cooper, Polly, 235
Cooshemataha. See Colbert, William (Chickasaw)
corn American Revolution and, 235–36, 245, 246, 248
Brodhead and, 255
Butler’s destruction of, 245
Cherokee grievances and, 338
Maumee River villages and, 380
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 384
Revolutionary War in the West and, 273, 278, 280
Shelby’s destruction of, 246
Sullivan’s campaign and, 251
tobacco versus, 23
Washington and, 235–37, 243
Wayne and, 438–39
Wyandots and British and, 274
Cornplanter (Kayenthwahkeh) (Ki-on-twog-ky) (Obeal) (Captain Abeel) (Allegheny Seneca). See also Chapin council (1794); Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) education and, 341
Iroquois and, 441
land sales by, 564n19
Northwestern Confederacy and, 416
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 406
portrait of, pl 6
raids led by, 257
on scalpings and roads, 412
Senecas and, 412–13
Washington and, 7, 400–404, 407, 440, 441, 487
Wayne and, 436
Cornstalk (Colesquo) (Mekoche Shawnee), 210, 264, 265, 273, 274, 278, 279
Corn Tassel (Tassel) (Old Tassel) (Utsi’dsata) (Cherokee), 232, 233, 307, 338
Cornwallis, Charles, 258, 261
Coshocton, 274
cotton, 337, 448, 462, 465, 470, 471, 472, 473
council fires, 53
Covenant Chain, 30, 61, 98
Cowass, 223, 226
Coweta. See Hallowing King (Creek)
Cowkiller. See Red Jacket (Seneca)
Craik, James, 85, 138, 195, 197, 203, 294, 483
Crane, the (Tarhe) (Wyandot), 443
Crawford, Valentine, 209–10
Crawford, William Dunmore and, 204, 210
Indian lands and, 261
Koonay’s baby and, 208
Revolutionary War in the West and, 265–66
Sandusky campaign of, 276–78
torture and death of, 276–78, 278–79, 481
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 210
Washington and, 185, 277
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 85, 187–88, 192, 195–96, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 271
Crawford, William (nephew), 276, 277
credit and debt, 308, 313, 485. See also national debt
Creeks. See also Lower Creeks; McGillivray, Alexander and other Creeks; Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814); Treaty of Colerain (1796); Treaty of Galphinton (1785); Treaty of New York (1790); Upper Creeks agriculture and, 372
army of, 356
W. Blount and, 474
Cherokees and, 126
Chickasaws and, 422–32, 426, 429
“civilization” and, 473, 475
Georgia and, 322, 350, 353, 355, 429, 432–33
maps, 21m
McGillivray and, 351–52, 353
Northwestern Confederacy and, 416
Peace of Paris and, 348
smallpox and, 281
Spain and, 355–56, 358, 362, 369, 374, 431–32
speculators and, 30, 356–57
US Senate and, 360–61
Washington and, 3, 347, 355–56, 370, 429, 431–32
Wayne and, 435
West Indies trade and, 557n98
Cresap, Michael, 207
Cresap, Thomas, 38, 47, 48, 54, 55, 66, 199–200, 530nn76, 82
Cresswell, Nicholas, 195–96, 458
Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de, 457, 510n49
Croghan, George Anglo-French rivalry and, 84, 160
Braddock and, 106–7, 110
at Fort Cumberland, 105
Fort Pitt council and, 173
French ensign interrogation and, 135
Gist’s expedition and, 55, 56
Logstown Treaty and, 57, 59
on Montour, 55, 505n30
Ohio Indian land and, 58
Pennsylvania and, 56
Pine Creek meeting and, 62
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 185, 188–89
smuggled information and, 96
“Suffering Traders” and, 194
on Tanaghrisson, 99
trading post of, 97
Treaty of Easton (1758) and, 156, 173
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and, 189
Washington and, 66, 92, 96–97
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 196
Croghan, William, 275
Crown Point fort, 102
cultures, hybrid, 11–12
Cumberland, Duke of, 49, 54, 103, 104
Cuming, Alexander, 125
Cunne Shote (Stalking Turkey) (Cherokee), 166
Currin, Barnaby, 67, 76
Cussetah or Cussitah King. See Eneah or Neah Mico (Creek)
Custaloga (Delaware), 71, 75
Custis, Daniel Parke, 178
Custis, George Washington Parke, 197
Custis, Martha “Patsy,” 204
Cutler, Manasseh, 313, 314, 499n40
Cuyahoga River, 51, 266
D
Dane, Nathan, 314
Darke, William, 391–92, 393
Dartmouth, Lord, 206, 211
Dartmouth College, 225, 226, 242, 464
David, James Corbett, 529n43, 530n82
Davison, John, 67, 68, 70, 75, 87, 88
Dean, James, 224, 241–42, 248, 251, 258, 303, 535n16
Deanaghrison. See Tanaghrisson (Seneca)
Death of General Montgomery, The (painting), pl 3
deerskin trade, 25, 26, 27, 42, 306, 462, 470, 557n98, 577n73
Déjiqu
équé (Jeskakake) (Cayuga), 61, 72
DeLancey, James, 95
Delaware George (Nenatcheehunt) (Nenatchehan) (Delaware), 154, 160, 176
Delawares (Lenni Lenapee). See also Fort Laurens council; Fort Pitt meeting (1775); Gnadenhütten massacre; Northwestern Confederacy war; Ohio Indians; Shingas; Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789); Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778) agriculture and, 263
alliance with, 267
American Revolution and, 230
Anglo-French rivalry and, 65, 72, 107, 114, 116–17, 117–18, 152
Beaujeu and, 110
Braddock and, 107
Brant and, 417
British and, 56, 173
captives and, 118, 119, 177
Cherokees and, 153
Christian education and, 342
“civilization” and, 456, 457–58
Clark and, 272–73
Congressional meeting and, 269–70
Forbes and, 152–53, 160
Forks of the Ohio fort and, 84
Fort Duquesne smuggled information and, 96
French and, 63, 155, 270–71
French and Indian War and, 148
frontier war and, 124
Gist and, 57
Iroquois and, 117–18, 260
Mahicans and, 413
map, 46m
mixing of peoples and, 43
Moravianism and, 274–75
Morgan and, 263, 269, 271
Ohio country and, 53
Pennsylvania and, 99, 131, 132
Post and, 153–54
Revolutionary War in the West and, 266–71, 273, 278
Sandusky campaign and, 276
Sandusky conference and, 420
scalpings and, 273
settlers and, 198
Six Nations and, 60–61
Tamaqua and, 506n53
Tanaghrisson and, 64, 70, 90, 97, 98
Tanaghrisson’s war and, 92
Treaty of Easton (1758) and, 156–57
Treaty of Logstown and, 59
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 210
vocabulary of, 312
wampum belt and, 70–73
war losses of, 162
Washington and, 71–72, 96, 146, 269–70, 459
Wayne and, 436
western migrations of, 51
Demere, Paul, 165
Demere, Raymond, 129
Dennis, Jeff W., 570n39
Denny, Ebenezer, 383
Denny, William, 144, 153
Devourer of Villages (Town Destroyer) (Conotocarious) (J. Washington), 7, 13, 69–70, 86, 125
Dinsmoor, Silas, 464–65, 464f, 466–67
Dinsmoor, Silas (John Ross’s son), 468
Dinwiddie, Robert. See also Fort Duquesne; frontier defense and Cherokee alliance; land grants and land bounties Anglo-French rivalry and, 65, 66–67, 69
Braddock and, 102, 103, 106
on conventional warfare, 121
Dunbar and, 113
frontier defense and Cherokee alliance and, 125, 126–27, 128–29, 130, 131, 132–33, 134, 136–37, 138
Gist and, 56
Indians and, 65, 96, 99, 105
on Lewis’ attack, 126
Ohio Company and, 50, 65, 66
Saint-Pierre and, 66–68, 80–81
scalping parties and, 130–31
Tanaghrisson and, 70, 89, 90, 92, 99
Treaty of Logstown and, 54, 58
on Virginians, 120
Virginia Regiment and, 81, 83
Washington and, 40, 66–68, 69–70, 86, 89, 100, 143
“Dinwiddie” (“Head of Everything”), 92
diplomacy. See also gifts; Philadelphia Indian diplomacy; treaties; wampum belts; war versus negotiation Braddock and, 106
Delawares and, 154–55
Forbes and, 152–53, 157, 159, 167
French and Indian War and, 6
Indian land and, 7
Indian mourning for Washington and, 487
Indian practices of, 397
Jumonville’s death and, 89
roads and, 412, 417
Tangaghrisson and, 68
war versus, 328–29
Washington and, 67, 68, 397
Washington’s status and, 66
women and, 80
diseases. See smallpox and other diseases
Dixon, David, 90, 94
Doegs, 25
Donelson, John, 186m, 193
Dorchester, Lord (Guy Carleton), 311, 411, 437
Doublehead (Chequalaga) (Chuquilatague) (Cherokee), 349m, 423, 430
Dowd, Gregory, 457
Downs, Lavinia (perhaps Creek), 8
Dragging Canoe (Tsí-yu-gûnsí-ni) (Tsi’yu-gûnsi’ni) (Chincanacina) (Overhill/Chickamauga Cherokee), 213, 232, 233, 423, 568n2
Duane, James, 301
DuCoigne, Jean Baptiste (Kaskaskia), 7, 414–15
Duer, William, 313, 314, 315, 388, 394, 395
Dunbar, Thomas, 102, 109, 112, 113
Dunmore, Earl of (John Murray). See also Treaty of Camp Charlotte British and, 211, 213
enslaved African Americans and, 529n43
Henderson’s land deals and, 213
reputation of, 529n43, 530n82
Royal Proclamation and, 201, 529n43
Virginia land-dealing gentry and, 207, 211
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 208–11, 530n82
Washington’s land acquisitions and, 202, 203, 204, 206, 211, 294
westward expansion and, 199, 200
Duquesne, marquis, 61, 80, 90–91, 95
E
economic policy, 326, 335–37. See also trade
education, 28, 341–44, 369, 404, 484, 488–89. See also “civilization”; religion
Edwards, Timothy, 220
Eel clan. See Good Peter
Eel River, 459
Efau Hadjo (Mad Dog) (Creek), 363, 376, 472, 474, 487
Effingham, Howard (Assarigoa), 30
Eghnisara. See Montour, Andrew
Egushawa (Egushewa) (Agushaway) (Agashawa) (Negushwa) (Ottawa), 443
Elbert, Samuel, 347
elites. See also Jefferson, Thomas and other elites; speculators frontier, 24
Indian raids and, 120–21
Ohio country and, 47
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 183–84
Scottish, 33
settlers and, 26, 194–95, 198–99, 260–61, 280, 334
westward expansion and, 179
Elliott, Matthew, 390
Ellis, Joseph, 171, 184, 206, 285, 482
empire. See westward expansion
Eneah or Neah Mico, (Cussetah Mico) (Cussetah or Cussitah King) (Fat King or Fat King of Cussitah) (Creek), 352, 353, 355, 361, 363, 373, 472–73, 578n86. See also Rock Landing meeting; Treaty of Galphinton (1785); Treaty of Shoulderbone Creek (1786)
enlistment bounties, 121, 139
enslaved African Americans American identity and, 12
American Revolution and, 211, 219
Carter and, 36
cotton and, 448
Dinwiddie and, 120
Dunmore and, 529n43
Efau Hadjo and, 472
federal authority and, 337
Indians compared, 4
land companies and, 179
McGillivray and, 347, 375
Northwest Ordinance (1787) and, 315
Somerset v. Stewart (1772) and, 201
southern Indians and, 473
tobacco and, 32, 33, 202
Virginia and, 25, 26–27, 28, 121, 481–82, 579n33
Washington and, 10–11, 29, 177, 178, 209, 236, 289, 294, 478, 481–83, 491, 579n39
enslaved Indians, 25, 26–27, 28
environment, 10, 32
Eries, 27
Eskaqua. See Bloody Fellow (Cherokee)
ethnic cleansing, 488
Ethridge, Robbie, 577n69
Euchees, 363
executive privilege, 395
F
Fairfax. See Kanuksusy (Seneca)
; Fairfax, George William, 37, 80, 209
Fairfax, Sally, 38, 80
Fairfax, Thomas, 31, 38
Fall Line, 29
Farewell Address (Washington), 482, 486
Farmer’s Brother (Honanyawas) (Honeyewus) (Ogh-ne-wi-ge-was) (Buffalo Creek Seneca), 399–400, 402, 406, 416–17, 565n36
Fat King or Fat King of Cussetah. See Eneah or Neah Mico (Creek)
Fauquier, Francis, 131, 163, 164, 166, 182–83, 526n57
Fausz, J. Frederick, 24
federal authority versus states’ power (national unity). See also Georgia; Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784); US Constitution boundaries and, 283–85, 292
Confederation Congress and, 284–85
federal authority and, 284–86
Indian land and, 4, 100, 285–86, 288, 290–93, 307–17, 403
Indians and, 305–7, 314, 317
Indian unity and, 286, 317–18
Jefferson on, 557n90
land rush and, 293–94
national debt and, 336
Northwest versus Southwest Territories and, 422
Potomac River and, 298–99
religion and, 286–87
settlers and, 284, 285–86, 292–93, 293–94
speculators and, 291–92
statehood and, 293
states and, 283–84, 284–85, 299–305, 307–8, 405, 431, 442
St. Clair’s defeat and, 395, 396
taxes, 314
Treaty of Hopewell and, 338–39
US Army and, 291, 439–40
US Constitution and, 321–24
Washington and, 287–93, 316, 317, 323–25, 333–37, 340–41, 431, 479, 483, 485, 486, 492
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 294–98, 296m
Washington’s Indian policies and, 4
westward expansion and, 290, 307–18, 323, 446–47
federal budget, 7. See also national debt
Federalist Papers, The (Hamilton), 326
Ferling, John, 172, 236, 280, 317, 385
Ferry Farm, 40
Few, William, 354
“First of Council,” 92
Fitzhugh, William, 40
Fitzhugh family, 34–35, 178
Five Lower Towns (Chickamauga Cherokees), 423
Five Nations. See Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy
Fletcher, Thomas, 230
Flick, A. C., 259
Florida, 21m, 180, 181, 201, 203–4, 306, 348, 367–68, 374, 474. See also Seminoles; Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795)
Forbes, John, and his campaign. See also “French and Indian War”; roads; Treaty of Easton (1758) army of, 145, 152
background of, 139
British army and, 145
Cherokees and, 140–41, 143–45, 146–47, 163
colonials and, 151–52
The Indian World of George Washington Page 85
