death of, 159, 174
Indians and, 140–46, 152–57, 158, 159, 160, 163, 174, 521n42
Indian ways of fighting and, 149
victory of, 157–58, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167
Washington and, 6, 140, 141, 142–43, 145–47, 148–49, 149–50, 151, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 167, 246, 522n50
Force, Peter, 535n16
“foreign” Indians, 20, 26
Forks of the Ohio, 6, 47, 48, 49, 67, 68, 80, 81, 82m, 83, 102, 199, 202. See also Dinwiddie, Robert; Fort Duquesne; Treaty of Logstown (1752)
Fort Ancient Culture, 51
Fort Chartres, 202
Fort Cumberland, 104, 106, 115, 131, 132
Fort Defiance, 438, 443
Fort Dunmore, 261
Fort Duquesne. See also Forbes, John, and his campaign; Fort Pitt Braddock and, 103
building of, 65, 80, 84–85
French and Indian allies and, 65, 66, 107, 116
reinforcements, 94
smuggled information about, 96
Washington and, 87, 91, 115, 132, 133, 139
Fort Frederick, 115
Fort Frontenac, 151, 158
Fort Greenville, 436
Fort Hamilton, 379m
Fort Laurens council, 268
Fort LeBoeuf, 63, 67, 74, 75, 76, 162
Fort Loudon (at Winchester, Virginia), 127, 131, 136, 140–42
Fort Loudon (on Little Tennessee River), 128–29, 134, 165
Fort Machault, 63
Fort McIntosh, 266
Fort Miamis, 437
Fort Necessity. See Battle of Fort Necessity
Fort Niagara, 21m, 61, 102, 103, 161
Fort Oswego, 61, 63
Fort Pitt, 160, 161, 173–74, 175, 176–77, 196, 202, 207, 248, 271–72. See also Fort Duquesne; Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778)
Fort Pitt conference (1775), 261–63, 529n62
Fort Pitt conference (1776), 263–64
Fort Presque Isle, 46m, 61, 63, 76, 162
Fort Randolph, 273
Fort Recovery, 436, 437
forts. See also Fort Duquesne and other forts Anglo-French rivalry and, 80, 117
Berkeley and, 25
Cherokees and, 127
French, 61, 68, 158
frontier defense and, 132
Georgia and, 432
Indian return of, 177
Ohio Company and, 48, 67
Ohio country, 61–62, 63, 65, 178
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188–89
settlers and, 120
Treaty of Greenville and, 443
Virginia and Pennsylvania and, 84
Fort Schuyler, 290
Fort Stanwix, 242. See also Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
Fort Ticonderoga, 152, 317
Fort Venango, 46m, 162
Fort Wayne, 439, 443
Fort William Henry, siege and surrender of, 95–96, 135
Fowler, Theodosius, 388
Foxes (Mesquakies), 416
Franchimastabé (Choctaw), 306
Franklin (state), 299
Franklin, Benjamin, 90, 98–99, 103, 106, 122, 194, 267, 286, 321, 325, 329, 457, 544n14
Fraser (Frazier), John and his cabin, 63, 73, 79
freedom, Cook and, 491
Freeman, Douglas Southall, 129, 203, 499n45
Freeman, Thomas, 295
French, the. See also Anglo-French rivalry; Beaujeu, Daniel-Hyacinthe-Marie Liénard de and other French people; Canada; Fort Duquesne; “French and Indian War”; French Revolution; law of nations; Ohio country; Quebec; Tanaghrisson’s war; Treaty of Easton (1758); Treaty of Montreal (1701); Treaty of Paris (1763); Venango American Revolution and, 233–34, 243, 267
Britain and, 411, 438, 445
Cherokees and, 43, 133, 146
Delawares and, 63, 155, 270–71
Dinwiddie and, 66
Efau Hadjo and, 472
England and, 30
forts and, 61, 68, 158, 161
gifts and, 134–35
Indian dress and, 121
Indians and, 62, 116, 157–58, 158–59, 175, 218
intermarriage and, 28
retreat of, 162
Tanaghrisson and, 510n49
“French and Indian War.” See also Braddock’s defeat; Forbes, John, and his campaign; Fort Duquesne; Fort Pitt; frontier advance and Cherokee war; frontier defense and Cherokee alliance; Tanaghrisson; Tanaghrisson’s war; Treaty of Easton (1758) American Revolution and, 12
Forbes and, 139
Indian land and, 171, 290, 450
Indians and, 6, 12, 114, 115–17, 148, 152, 157, 161, 218, 232, 234, 377
Washington and, 6, 166–67, 216, 217, 232, 234, 288, 290, 386, 450
French Creek, 63
French Indians, 222
French Revolution, 3, 483
French speakers, 10
frontier. See long knives; settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters); westward expansion
frontier advance and Cherokee war, 148–49, 163–66. See also Forbes, John, and his campaign
frontier defense and Cherokee alliance. See also Dinwiddie, Robert; Forbes, John, and his campaign; settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters) Catawbas and, 129, 130, 135–36, 141, 142, 143–44, 146
Cherokees and, 125–27, 129, 130, 133–34, 137–38, 140–41, 142
Indian objectives and, 128, 133–34
Indian raids and, 130–31, 135, 138–39
Loudon’s snub and, 132–33
Pennsylvania and, 131, 132, 143–44, 145
Six Nations and, 142–43
South Carolina and, 125, 126, 128, 129, 137
Washington and, 124–25, 127–28, 129–30, 131–33, 134–39, 139–40, 141–42, 145, 146–47
fruit trees, 254, 538n92
Fry, Joshua, 49, 58, 81, 83, 85, 92
Frymer, Paul, 580n41
Furstenberg, François, 483
Fusatchee Mico (White Bird King) (Bird Tail King) (Creek), 363, 368, 433
G
Gage, Thomas, 110
Gahgeote. See Half Town (Seneca)
Gahickdodon (Johnny) (Seneca), 108
Ganiodaio (Handsome Lake) (Seneca), 441, 488–89, 490
Gansevoort, Peter, 255–56
Gates, Horatio, 102, 216, 220, 249
Gayoso de Lemos, Manuel Luis, 428
Gelemend (John Killbuck) (Kaylelamund) (Delaware), 263
gender, 23, 42, 452, 454, 462, 463, 464, 471, 484. See also women, Indian; women, non-Indian
General Eskaqua (General Iskagua). See Bloody Fellow (Cherokee)
Genesee Company of Adventurers, 301, 304
Genet Affair, 497n13
genocide, 484–85
George II (Britain), 47, 48, 91, 92
George III (Britain), 166, 180–81
Georgia. See also Creeks; Treaty of Colerain (1796); Treaty of Galphinton (1785); Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86); Treaty of Long Island of Holston (1777); Treaty of New York (1790) Cherokees’ land and, 233
Chickasaws and, 305
“civilization” of Indians and, 453
deerskin trade and, 42
federal authority versus states’ and, 354, 355, 432–33, 557n90
forts and, 432
Muskogeans and, 27
national debt and, 336
Peace of Paris and, 348
US Constitution and, 322, 350–51, 364
Washington on, 351
German Flatts meeting (1776), 238, 239, 241
Germans, 121, 172, 206, 207
German-speaking peoples, 29, 38
Gibson, John, 208, 266, 274
Gideon. See Teedyuscung (eastern Delaware)
gifts, diplomatic. See also tobacco; wampum belts American Revolution and, 233
British and, 133–34, 160, 175, 177
corn as, 23
Forbes’ campaign and, 141, 145, 150
Indians, British and French and, 133–35
mur
dered Senecas and, 398
Niagara meeting and, 182
Queen Aliquippa and, 80
Rock Landing meeting and, 360
Tanaghrisson and, 53
Treaty of Holston and, 424
Ugulayacabe to Blount, 426
Washington on, 86, 141
Washington to Indians, 228, 307, 375
Gill, Joseph Louis (White Chief of the Abenakis), 226–27
Gilman, Andrew, 230
Girty, Simon, 277, 390
Gist, Christopher (Annosanah) Atkin and, 136–37, 138
Cherokees and, 143
death of, 164
Forbes’ attack and, 156
Fort LeBoeuf to Frazier’s cabin journey and, 78–79
Fort Loudon council and, 142
Indian allies and, 125
Indian land surveys and, 5
Logstown Treaty and, 59, 68
Ohio country travels of, 54–56, 57–58, 67
Shingas and, 68
status of, 66
Tanaghrisson and, 70, 87, 507n22
Treaty of Logstown and, 58–59
Washington and, 67, 70, 72–73, 74, 75, 114, 136–37
Gist, Nathaniel, 172, 232, 233
Gist, Thomas, 156
Gist’s settlement, 93
Gladwin, Henry, 176
Glaize, 387, 390
Glen, James, 43, 65, 125, 129
Gnadenhütten massacre, 275–76, 277–79, 383
Gooch, William, 31, 33, 47, 48, 49, 50
Good Child King. See Hoboithle or Hopoithle or Opothle Mico (Creek)
Good Peter (Agwerondongwas) (Agwrondougwas) (Gwedelhes) (Oneida), 303, 304, 406, 414, 458, pl 8
Gorham, Nathaniel, 402, 564n19
grain burying, 384, 560n26
Grand Ohio Company (Walpole Company), 194
Grant, James, 155, 165
Grayson, George Washington (Creek), 577n68
Greathouse, Daniel, 207, 530n82
Greathouse, Nathaniel, 530n82
Great Indian Warpath, 30
Great Lakes, 103
Great Lakes Indians, 72, 107, 135, 158. See also Northwestern Confederacy war; Ojibwas and other Great Lakes Indians
Great Law of Peace (Iroquois), 399
Great Meadows, 87, 88–91, 199, 480. See also Battle of Fort Necessity
Great Moon (Maghinga Keesoch), 507n14. See also Brodhead, Daniel
Great Plains Indians, 281–82
Great Tree. See Big Tree (Seneca)
Greenbrier Company, 47, 193
Greene, Nathaneal, 216, 246, 247, 248
Grenada, 181
Grierson, Robert, 472
Griffin, Cyrus, 360
guerrilla warfare, 123. See also Indian ways of fighting/dress
Gunter, Edmund and Gunter’s chain, 36
Guyasuta (Kayashuta) (Kayasota) (Quiashuta) (the Hunter) (Allegheny Seneca) Bouquet and, 177
British and, 251
Cornplanter and, 400
death of, 443
Fort Pitt meeting and, 262, 263–64, 268
W. Johnson and, 207
Pontiac’s War and, 176
Revolutionary War in the West and, 265, 278, 279
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188–89
Washington and, 7, 73, 78, 197, 208, 401
Wayne and, 435–36
Gwedelhes. See Good Peter (Oneida)
H
Hagler (King Hagler) (Nopkehe) (Catawba), 128–29, 135
Haiti, 483
Haldimand, Governor, 258
Half King, the. See Tanaghrisson (Seneca)
Half Town (Gahgeote) (Achiout) (Seneca), 341, 401
Halifax, Lord, 180
Halkett, Francis, 142
Halkett, Peter, 102, 110
Halkett’s son, 110
Hallowing King (Creek), 355, 361, 363
Hamilton, Alexander. See also whiskey tax and rebellion Beckwith and, 368
British and, 384, 411
Cherokee meeting and, 430
Creek-Chickasaw war and, 429
Duer and, 313
federal authority versus states’ and, 551n22
Federal Indian policies and, 326
Hammond and, 411
Jefferson and, 3
Maclay and, 359
national bank and, 337
national debt and, 394
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 2
St. Clair’s defeat and, 394, 395
US armed forces and, 290–91, 326–27, 335–36, 551n22
Washington’s Farewell Address and, 482
westward expansion and, 326–27, 398
Whiskey Rebellion and, 439–40
yellow fever and, 2
Hamilton, Henry, 212, 272, 273
Hamilton, James, 49, 52, 62, 97, 131
Hammond, George, 410–11, 434, 566n58
Hamtramck, John Francis and his expedition, 384, 390, 459
Hanbury, John, 47, 104
Hancock, John, 219–20, 228, 239
Hand, Edward, 265, 266, 434
Handsome Lake (Ganiodaio) (Seneca), 441, 488–89, 490
Hanging Maw (Uskwa’li-gu’ta) (Scolaguta) (Cherokee), 264, 427, 430, 570n29
Hannastown attack (1782), 278
Hanyerry (Hanyost) (Oneida). See Thaosagwat (Oneida)
Hardin, John, 328, 384, 412
Harjo, Suzan Shown, 371
Harmar, Josiah and his expedition, 276–77, 302, 324, 379m, 382–85, 409, 439
Harris, John, 99
Harrison, Benjamin, 298–99
Harrison, William, 276, 277, 480
Harrison, William Henry, 332
Harvard, 344
Haudenosaunees, 488, 490. See also Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy
Hawkins, Benjamin. See also Treaty of Holston (1791); Treaty of Hopewell (1785-86) background of, 8
W. Blount and, 474
boundaries and, 304–5, 305–6, 324, 353, 432–33, 466
Creeks and, 468–72, 472–73, 474, 475
Dinsmoor and, 467
Hoboithle Mico and, 475
Indian agriculture and, 469–70, 470–72, 475
Indian land acquisitions and, 380, 468–69, 475
McGillivray and, 364
Muskogee language and, 8, 577n69
peace and, 393
portrait, 469f
statehood committee and, 293
St. Clair’s defeat and, 393
suspicion of, 474
vocabulary of southern Indians by, 312
Heath, William, 221, 230
Heckewelder, John, 4, 276, 277, 341, 383, 414, 451
Hector, Francisco Luis, 374
Henderson, Richard, 213
Hendrick, (Theyanoguin) (Mohawk), 90, 98, 99
Hendricks, Solomon (Uhhaunauwaunmut) (Captain Solomon) (Stockbridge), 219, 220–21, 565n36
Henry, Patrick, 184, 265, 556n60
Herkimer, Nicholas, 242
Hillsborough, Earl of, 180. See also Royal Proclamation of 1763
historians, 3, 4, 5, 13
History and Present State of Virginia, The (Beverley), 22
History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (Byrd II), 42
Hoag, Peter, 85, 115
Hobocan. See Pipe (Delaware)
Hoboithle or Hopoithle or Opothle Mico, (the Tame King) (Tallassee King) (Good Child King) (Creek), 352, 352f, 363, 366, 373, 472, 475. See also Rock Landing meeting; Treaty of Shoulderbone Creek (1786)
Hodgdon, Samuel and William, 388–89, 395
Hofstra, Warren, 122
Holton, Woody, 206, 211–12
Honanyawas (Honeyewus). See Farmer’s Brother (Buffalo Creek Seneca)
Hopocan. See Pipe (Delaware)
Howard, Carlos, 373
Hudson Bay Indians, 182
Humphreys, David, 69, 88, 158, 360, 361, 362, 363
Hunter, the. See Guyasuta (Allegheny Seneca)
Huntingdon, Countess of, 330
Huron con
federacy, 51
Hurons, 70, 94. See also Vincent, Lewis (Louis Vincent) (Captain Lewis) (Sawantanan) (Sawatanen)
Hurons (Wyandots), 112
Hutchins, Thomas, 309
I
Illinois, 178, 268, 305, 315
imperialism and colonialism, 44, 485–86
indentured servants, 26, 237
Indiana, 178, 315
Indian agents, 452. See also Dinsmoor and other agents
Indiana Grant, 194
Indian country. See Indian land; Ohio country; Virginia’s Indian country; westward expansion
Indian identity, 8, 24, 44, 286, 347, 367, 489. See also “civilization”
Indian land, 5, 117, 118, 285–86. See also American Revolution; boundaries; Indian sovereignty; land grants and land bounties; law of nations; right of conquest; speculators; treaties; Washington’s Indian land acquisitions; Washington’s Indian policies; westward expansion
Indian life and culture. See also agriculture; “civilization”; gifts; Indian mounds; Indian ways of fighting/dress British sailor’s description of, 105
colonials and, 237
communal ethic, 41, 451, 458
hybrid cultures, 11–12
material culture and, 259
pressures of colonial settlers and, 43
Virginia’s Indian country and, 22
Washington and, 7, 9–11, 11–12, 83, 86–87, 92, 96, 198, 483–84, 490
Indian mounds, 198, 205
Indian populations, 4–5, 19–20, 22, 24, 26, 27–28, 28–29, 286–87
Indian power, 9, 12
Indians, enslaved, 20, 25, 26, 27, 383
Indian sovereignty, 9, 325–26, 442, 484, 485 Knox and Washington and, 484
Logstown and, 53
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (US), 368
Indian unity, 317–18. See also Northwestern Confederacy war
Indian ways of fighting/dress, 121–22, 123, 127–28, 148–49, 167, 215–16, 231, 249, 250, 272, 391, 392. See also uniforms, traditional
India opinion (Pratt and Yorke), 205
Indigenous peoples elsewhere, 484
Infant, the (Iroquois), 565n36
“Instructions for the good Government of the Indian Department” (Carleton), 311
“intentional fallacies,” 316
intermarriage , 28
Intolerable Acts (Britain), 206
invasive species, 11, 32
Irish, the, 172, 206. See also Scotch-Irish
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and their confederacy (Five Nations) (Six Nations). See also Cayugas; Fort Pitt meeting (1775); Mingoes; Mohawks (Kanienkehaka); Northwestern Confederacy war; Ohio Indians; Oneidas; Onondagas; Senecas; Sullivan’s campaign; Tanaghrisson and other Iroquois; Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789); Treaty of Canandaigua (1794); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784); Tuscaroras American Revolution and, 220–21, 230, 235, 237–39, 240, 242–45, 258
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