The Indian World of George Washington
Page 87
Anglo-French rivalry and, 65, 72, 144, 152, 161
Anishinaabeg and, 72
Beaujeu and, 110
Braddock and, 108
British and, 237–38, 405
Catawbas and, 143
Cherokees and, 143, 153
Delawares and, 56, 60–61, 114, 117–18
Fort Necessity defeat and, 99
Great Law of Peace of, 399–400
history of, 30
Indian land and, 99
Indian unity and, 318
W. Johnson and, 100
Jumonville deserter, 510n29
land sales by chiefs of, 564n19
Logstown negotiations and, 56–57
migrations and mixing of peoples and, 44, 51
Mississippi Land Company settlements and, 179
New York and, 301–4, 407
Northwestern Confederacy and, 416, 440–41
Ohio Company and, 48
Ohio country and, 50, 51–53
Ohio Indians and, 58
Ohio Valley defense and, 81
peace versus war and, 300–301
Pennsylvania and, 52, 440, 504n17
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 1, 398–99, 406, 407–8, 418
Proctor and, 404
reservations and, 488
Revolutionary War in the West and, 246–59
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188–89
Sandusky conference and, 420
Senecas and, 413
Shawnees and, 84, 117–18
southern Indians and, 86
Tanaghrisson and, 64, 84, 91–92, 97
Tanaghrisson’s war and, 86, 94
Teedyuscung and, 144, 156
“Town Destroyer” and, 69–70, 256–57
Treaty of Easton (1758) and, 155, 156–57
Treaty of Lancaster and, 49, 54
Tuscaroras and, 130
US Constitution and, 321–22
Virginia’s Indian country and, 20, 29–31, 33–34
Virginia war with Shawnees (1774) and, 208
wampum received by, 131
Washington and, 98, 196, 238, 244, 398, 489
Winchester and, 115
irregular warfare. See Indian ways of fighting
Irvine, William, 275, 276, 277, 362
Iskagua. See Bloody Fellow (Cherokee)
J
Jackson, Andrew, 329, 475
Jackson, James, 354, 374
James River, 22, 25
Jay Treaty (1794), 444–45
Jean Baptist. See Ogaghsagighte (Kahnawake Mohawk)
Jefferson, Peter, 49, 58
Jefferson, Thomas. See also US Declaration of Independence on American liberty, 288–89
British and, 566n58
Cherokees and, 430
“civilization” and, 485
corn and, 236
Creek-Chickasaw relations and, 429
Dinsmoor and, 467
DuCoigne and, 414
on federal authority versus states’, 557n90
Federal Indian policies and, 323–24, 329–30
Hamilton and, 3
Hammond and, 410, 411
Indian culture and, 9
Indian land acquisitions and, 184, 191
Indian policies of, 485
Jay Treaty and, 445
Little Turtle and, 461
murder of Indians reported by, 208
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 386
Ostenaco and, 128
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 1, 2, 418
Potomac River and, 298
Shawnees and, 273
St. Clair’s defeat and, 392
on Tennessee River expedition, 246
Treaty of New York and, 367, 369
US Army and, 385
Virginia’s Indian country and, 19
westward expansion and, 308
yellow fever and, 2
Jemison, Mary, 118–19, 256, 456
Jenkins, William, 67
Jennings, Francis, 59, 73, 162
Jerry. See Skowonidous
Jeskakake (Déjiquéqué) (Cayuga), 72, 73
Johnny. See Gahickdodon (Seneca)
Johnson, Guy, 208, 217, 565n36
Johnson, John, 238–39
Johnson, Joseph (Mohegan), 175, 242
Johnson, Mary or Molly (Brant), 408
Johnson, Susanna, 514n74
Johnson, William on boundaries, 5
death of, 208
on Fort Pitt, 161
on French and Indians, 107
Guyasuta and, 207
Indian ways and, 149
Iroquois and, 100, 153
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 185
Royal Proclamation of 1763 negotiations and (1768), 188–89
settlement restriction and, 180
“Suffering Traders” and, 194
as superintendent in North, 136
Treaty of Easton (1758) and, 155
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), 189
on Washington, 95
Johonerissa. See Tanaghrisson (Seneca)
Joncaire, Philippe-Thomas Chabert de (French-Seneca), 56–57, 71, 73–74, 75, 78
Joseph (Moravian), 277
Judd’s Friend. See Ostenaco (Cherokee)
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de Villiers, sieur de, 87, 88, 89–90, 94, 95, 98, 114, 167, 510n29
K
Kaghswaghtaniunt. See Belt of Wampum (Seneca)
Kahnawake, 413, 490–91
Kahnawakes (Caughnawagas) (Caughnuagas) (Cognaawagas), 215, 222–25, 239, 371, 535n16. See also Vincent, John
Kanaghorait. See White Mingo (Seneca)
Kanaghquaesa. See Conoghquieson (Oneida)
Kanagita. See Little Turkey (Cherokee)
Kanawha River and valley as boundary, 189, 193, 209
A. Lewis and, 127, 210
petroglyphs, 9
Virginia land grants and, 47
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 210
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 192, 195, 196–99, 200, 202–3, 205, 449, 450, 478–79, 480
Kaninguen, Dennis, 510n29
Kanitta. See Little Turkey (Cherokee)
Kanonwalohale, 258, 304
Kanuksusy (Canachquasy) (Cassiowea) (Newcastle) (Fairfax) (Seneca), 7, 79–80, 92, 108, 144, 512n26
Karontowanen. See Big Tree (Seneca)
Kaskaskias, 1, 414, 459. See also DuCoigne, Jean Baptiste
Kayashuta (Kayasota). See Guyasuta (Allegheny Seneca)
Kayenquarachton (Kayinguaraghtoh). See Sayengeraghta (Seneca)
Kayenthwahkeh. See Cornplanter (Allegheny Seneca)
Kaylelamund (John Killbuck) (Gelemend ) (Delaware), 263
Keehteetah (Keenettehet) (Kenotetah) (Rising Fawn) (Cherokee), 338
Keekyuscung (Ketiuscund) (Delaware), 153, 173
Keenaguna (Lying Fawn) (Cherokee), 430
Keenettehet. See Keehteetah (Cherokee)
“Keeps Them Awake.” See Red Jacket (Seneca)
Keetakeuskah. See Kithagusta (Cherokee)
Kekionga, 380, 382, 384, 386, 439
Kennedy, Quentin, 165
Kennedy, Roger, 198
Kenny, James, 155, 175
Kenotetah. See Keehteetah (Cherokee)
Kentucky boundaries and, 193
Cherokees and, 430
DuCoigne on, 415
Indian raids and, 328
landless settlers and, 297
map, 39m
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 382, 385, 387, 389, 391
Revolutionary War in the West and, 246, 278
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 183
separatism and, 299
settlers and, 268, 297
Shawnees and, 265
Spain and, 434
Treaty of Greenville and, 447
Treaty of Hard Labor and, 189
Treaty of Paris and, 178
Vandalia and, 194
Virginia and, 212, 262, 285, 299
Wal
ker and, 49
Washington and, 204
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 449, 480
Wayne and, 436
white population of, 194, 262
Kentucky bluegrass, 11
Kentucky River, 193
Keowee, 134, 140. See also Ostenaco (Cherokee); Wawhatchee
Kerelrec, Louis Billouart, chevalier de, 127
Ketagusta. See Kithagusta (Cherokee)
Ketiuscund (Keekyuscung) (Delaware), 153, 173
Kiandochgowa. See Big Tree (Seneca)
Kickapoos, 51, 436, 459. See also Northwestern Confederacy war
Killbuck, John (Gelemend) (Kaylelamund) (Delaware), 263, 267, 268–69, 270, 274, 312
Killbuck, John, Jr. (Delaware), 269, 342
Killbuck, Thomas (Delaware), 269, 342
Kingfisher. See Chutloh (Cherokee)
King George’s War, 52
King Hagler. See Hagler (Catawba)
“kings,” 60
Ki-on-twog-ky. See Cornplanter (Allegheny Seneca)
Kirkland, Samuel, 3, 240–41, 242, 248, 258, 303, 343, 401, 406, 407, 408, 409, 414
Kispoko division of Shawnees, 51, 207
Kithagusta (Kitegisky) (Ketagusta) (Keetakeuskah) (the Prince) (Cherokee), 423
Kittanning, 51
Knight, John, 276, 277
Knollenberg, Bernhard, 203
Knox, Henry Brant and, 409, 416
Cherokees and, 424–25, 429–30
chiefs and, 427
“civilization” and, 464
Cornplanter and, 402–3, 403–4
Creeks and, 356–57, 363, 376, 429, 432, 557n90
diplomacy and, 424
employing Indians against Indians and, 429–30
Federal Indian policies and, 340
final report of, 452
Indian lives and, 9, 452–53, 456, 464
Indian policies and, 9, 323–24, 328, 329–32, 334, 340, 394
on Indians, 2
Indian sovereignty and, 484
on Kunoskeskie, 423
law of nations and, 484
McGillivray and, 348, 356, 366, 373, 375, 436
Northwestern Confederacy and, 414
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 382, 383, 385–86, 388, 389, 392, 394–95, 412
on one Nation, 303
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 1, 2, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 418
Pickering and, 408
Piominko and, 426, 427
portrait of, pl 7
Sandusky conference and, 42, 418, 420
southern Indians and, 356, 358–59, 363, 366, 367, 369, 374–75, 376, 422
St. Clair and, 383–84, 395
St. Clair’s defeat and, 394
teaching agricultural skills and, 404
treaties and, 338, 358, 359, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373
treaties versus wars and, 316, 327, 328, 333–34, 378
Treaty of New York and, 369, 371, 375
on US armed forces, 335
US Army and, 335, 394, 433, 553n60
war versus peace and, 452
Wayne and, 421, 435, 436, 437, 452
westward expansion and, 333, 486
Koonay (Mingo), 208
Koquethagechton. See White Eyes (Delaware)
Kunoskeskie. See Watts, John (Chickamauga Cherokee)
Kuskuski, 51, 132, 154, 160
L
Lafayette, marquis de, 243, 246, 304, 311–312, 406. See also Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
La Galissonière, comte de, 49
Lake Champlain, 102, 139
Lakotas, 41
land. See Indian land
land companies, 191. See also Ohio Company of Virginia and other land companies; speculators
land grants and land bounties. See also right of preemption; Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and other treaties boundaries and, 292
Continental Congress and, 283, 308
Cornplanter and, 404
Crawford and, 187
Croghan and, 58
federal authority versus states’ and, 365–66, 415
Indian resistance to, 283
land rushes and, 283
Ohio Company of Virginia and, 47–49, 54, 174, 315
Pennsylvania and, 103, 185, 404
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 181, 191, 206
surveyors and, 36–37
veterans and, 83, 181, 192–93, 195, 292, 314, 350
Virginia and, 20, 26, 31, 34, 212, 307
Washington and, 292
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 171–72, 174, 179, 184, 185, 191–93, 195, 199–206, 211, 294, 400
westward expansion and, 99, 181–84, 308
land patents, 202
land prices, 184, 315, 433, 446, 447, 449, 478, 580n46
land rushes, 283, 295, 308
land warrants, 350
Langlade, Charles-Michel Mouet de, 61
La Salle, sieur de, René-Robert Cavelier, 74
Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 96
law of nations, 325, 326, 484, 491
Law of Nations, The (Vattel), 325, 551n16
League of the Iroquois, The (L. H. Morgan), 489
Lear, Tobias, 342–43, 370, 392, 393, 567n89
Lee, Arthur, 184, 191, 293. See also Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
Lee, Charles, 8, 498n30
Lee, Richard, 25
Lee, Thomas, 34, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54
Lee brothers, 178
Lee family, 34–35, 47
Legardeur de Repentigny, Pierre (“Reparti”), 76
Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, Jacques, 75, 76–77, 80–81
Lengel, Edward, 87, 166, 217, 480
Leninger, Barbara, 119
Leutze, Emanuel, 14
Lewis, Andrew, 92, 115, 126–27, 134, 156, 162, 174, 176, 189, 193, 210, 261, 267, 268
Lewis, Thomas, 192, 267, 268, 297
Lichtenau, 267
Lignery, François-Marie Le Marchand de, 157, 158
Lincoln, Benjamin, 360, 362, 418, 420
Linklater, Andro, 36
Little Carpenter. See Attakullakulla (Cherokee)
Little Miami River, 449, 450
Little Turkey (Kanitta) (Kanagita) (Cherokee), 428, 466. See also Treaty of Tellico (1798)
Little Turtle (Mishikinaakwa) (Miami), 7, 381, 382f, 383, 391, 437, 443, 459, 460, 461
Livingston, John, 304
Livingston leasing scheme, 402
Logan, Benjamin, 311
Logan, James, 29
Logan, John (Tachnechdorus) (Mingo), 207–8, 209
Logstown (Ohio country), 53, 54, 55, 56–57, 58–61, 63, 68–70. See also Treaty of Logstown (1752)
Lomax, Lunford, 58
Longhouse religion, 489
long knives, 30
Loudon, Earl of (John Campbell), 132–33, 139, 140
Louis (King of France), 91
Louisiana, 49, 127. See also Hector, Francisco Luis; New Orleans
Louisiana Territory, 485
Lower Cherokees, 165, 233
Lower Creeks, 21m, 346–47, 373, 376, 471–72, 474, 554n1
Lower Town Cherokees, 134
Loyal Land Company, 49, 191, 193
Lydius, Henry, 99
Lying Fawn. See Keenaguna (Cherokee)
Lyttelton, William Henry, 129, 165
M
Mackay, James, 92, 95
Maclay, William, 336, 358–59, 359–60, 385
Maclean, Allan, 281, 408
MacQuire, John, 67
Mad Dog. See Efau Hadjo (Creek)
Madison, James, 257, 298, 302, 303, 322, 324, 336–37, 355, 445, 551n22
Maghinga Keesoch (Great Moon), 507n14. See also Brodhead, Daniel
Mahicans, 51, 220, 274, 413, 416. See also Aupaumut, Hendrick
Malgue, Pierre Paul de la (sieur de Marin), 61, 63, 64, 65, 68–69, 75
Maliseets, 21m, 228, 231. See also Treaty of Watertown (1776)
Mannahoacs, 19
Mansfield, Chief Justice Lord, 201
Marchand, Sehoy (Creek), 347
Marchand de Lignery, François-Marie Le, 116
Martin, Alexander, 299
Martin, Joel, 469
Martin, Joseph, 337
Maryland. See also Fort Frederick; Treaty of Lancaster (1744) Braddock and, 108–9
Fort Duquesne and, 85
Indian lands and, 194
Indian raids and, 120
Indians and, 30, 34, 143, 366
national debt and, 336
national unity and, 290, 307–18
Ohio Company and, 47
Virginia and, 24, 29
wampum and, 100
Mascoutens, 1, 51, 414
Mason, George, 25, 183, 213
Massachusetts, 564n19. See also Shirley, William and other Massachusettians Indians and, 227–28, 228–31
national debt and, 336
New York and, 301
Stockbridges’ land and, 221
Mattaponis, 19, 25
Matthews, John Joseph, 111
Maumaltee (Delaware), 176–77
Maumee River villages, 380, 439. See also Fort Defiance; Fort Miamis
McCarty, Daniel, 478
McClure, David, 195, 197
McCullough, David, 343
McDonald, John, 425
McGillivray, Alexander (Creek). See also Rock Landing meeting; Treaty of Galphinton (1785); Treaty of New York (1790) background of, 347–48
confederacy and, 346–47, 350
Creek army of, 347
Creeks and, 353
death of, 376
Knox and, 348, 356, 366, 373, 375, 436
Piominko and, 306
Spain and, 306, 348–50, 349m, 351–52, 352–53, 354–55, 355–56, 363, 364–65, 374, 375
speculators and, 364
Washington and, 7, 355, 363–69, 365–66, 375
Willett and, 435
McGillivray, Lachlan, 347
McGillivray, William (Coahama) (Red Coat) (Chickasaw), 431
McHenry, James, 244, 460, 466
McIntosh, Lachlan, 248, 266, 267, 268, 269–70, 271, 353, 434
McIntosh’s expedition (1778), 268
McKee, Alexander, 196–99, 208, 390, 418, 420, 439
McLoughlin, William, 462
Measuring America (Linklater), 36
medals, 331–32, 332f, 408, 414, 415, 426, 443–44, 489–90, 569n24
medicinal plants, indigenous, 499n40
Meherrins, 130
Meinig, D. W., 447, 487
Mekoche division of Shawnees, 51, 310, 459. See also Cornstalk
Melonthe. See Moluntha (Mekoche Shawnee)
Memeskia (Old Briton) (Piankashaw), 61, 435
“Memoranda on Indian Affairs” (Washington), 363