Creeks and, 356
federal authority and, 439–40, 442
Federal Indian policies and, 333, 335–36
Indian destruction of (1791), 391–92, 497n13
national unity and, 291, 322
Northwestern Confederacy war and, 385, 386
St. Clair’s defeat and, 391–92, 394, 396
US Congress and, 386, 433
US sovereignty and, 438
Washington and, 289, 291–92, 333, 433–34, 486
westward expansion and, 327
US Congress Cornplanter and, 400
Creek land acquisitions and, 357
meeting with Delawares, 269
Red Jacket and, 404–5
southern Indians and, 353
St. Clair’s defeat and, 392–93, 394–95
trading posts and, 453–54
US armed forces and, 386, 433
US Constitution, 100, 317, 321–25, 357–60, 376, 550n7
US Declaration of Independence, 218–19, 229, 279, 284
US Senate Blount and, 474
Cherokees and, 424
Creeks and, 357–60, 368, 369–70
Iroquois and, 321, 407
Jay Treaty and, 445
St. Clair and, 385, 392
treaties and, 323, 333, 346, 357–60, 368, 369–70
Treaty of New York and, 376–77
Treaty of Vincennes and, 415–16
US sovereignty, 9, 325–26, 345, 438. See also federal authority versus states’ power (national unity)
Upper Canada, 408. See also Simcoe, John Graves
Upper Creeks, 21m, 318, 346, 347, 363, 365–66, 373, 376, 474, 554n1. See also Treaty of Mobile (1784)
Uskwa’li-gu’ta. See Hanging Maw (Cherokee)
Ustenaka. See Ostenaco (Cherokee)
Utsi’dsata. See Corn Tassel (Cherokee)
V
Valley Forge (1778), 224, 236, 243
Van Braam, Jacob, 67, 76, 95, 96, 199
Vandalia scheme, 194, 199–200, 209
Vanishing Smoke. See Sayengeraghta (Seneca)
Van Schaick, Goose, 248–49
Vattel, Emer de, 325
Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de Rigaud de, 115–16, 135
Venango, 51, 63, 68, 71, 76, 78, 124
Venango, Fort, 46m, 162
Venango meeting (1753), 73–75
Vermont, 299, 301
veterans, Revolutionary, 291, 292, 309, 313–14, 315, 336, 380, 442. See also land grants and land bounties; Ohio Company of Associates
“Vices of the Political System of the United States” (Madison), 355
Villiers, Louis Coulon de, 93–94, 94–95
Vincennes, 414. See also Treaty of Vincennes (1792)
Vincent, John (Kahnawake Mohawk), 226
Vincent, Lewis (Louis Vincent) (Captain Lewis) (Sawantanan) (Sawatanen) (Huron), 226
Virginia. See also Anglo-French rivalry; Dinwiddie, Robert and other Virginians; Fort Duquesne; Fort Pitt meeting (1775); frontier defense and Cherokee alliance; land grants and land bounties; Ohio Company of Virginia and other Virginian companies; Potomac River; Revolutionary War; Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768); Treaty of French Lick (1784); Treaty of Lancaster (1744); Treaty of Logstown (1752); Virginia Regiment; westward expansion backcountry of, 122
Braddock and, 103, 104, 108
captives and, 118
Catawbas and, 30, 124, 135–36
Cherokee alliance with (1755-1758), 124–26, 128–29, 130, 133–34, 137–38, 140–41, 142–47
Cherokees and, 164
Chickasaws and, 305, 306
Creeks and, 366
defense of Ohio country and, 81
enlistment bounty and, 139
enslaved African Americans and, 25, 26–27, 28, 121, 481–82, 579n33
federal authority and, 285, 307, 336–37
Fort Necessity and, 100
forts and, 115
French and Indians and, 120
Hendrick on, 99
Indian land and, 194, 212–13, 233, 307
Indian trade and, 24, 162
Joncaire and, 73–74
Kentucky and, 212, 262, 285, 299
Logstown Treaty and, 59
maps, 35m, 39m
Northwestern Confederacy wars and, 446
Oconostota and, 166
Ohio country and, 45, 62, 65, 80
Ohio Indians and, 58
Overhill Cherokees and, 127
Pennsylvania and, 29, 199, 202, 209, 260, 262
Revolutionary War in the West and, 278
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 182–83
Saint-Pierre’s letter and, 81
scalpings and, 131, 163
Shawnees and, 208–11, 265
Shingas attacks and, 114
Tanaghrisson and, 59, 68–69
Treaty of Hard Labor and, 189
Washington and, 81, 99, 114, 115, 120
Virginia Company, 22, 24
Virginia Military District, 307
Virginia Regiment. See also Byrd III, William; Crawford, William; land grants and land bounties; Stephen, Adam; Tanaghrisson’s war attacks on Shawnee towns (1756), 126–27
Byrd III and, 164, 165
Cherokee war and, 165
composition of, 83
Dinwiddie and, 81, 100
disbanded, 166
Forbes’ campaign and, 149–50
Fort Duquesne and, 85
Fort Necessity withdrawal and, 96
French and Indian War and, 6
Indian land bounties and, 199–203
land bounties and, 191–92
“lesser sort” and, 121
Montour and, 124
roll of officers (1754), 529n40
Tanaghrisson’s War and, 81, 85, 89
uniforms and, 148–49
Washington and, 83, 92, 100, 111, 114–15, 123, 138, 139–40, 167
Virginia Regiment, 2nd, 13, 139, 140
Virginia’s Indian country Indian land and, 20–26, 30–31
Indian populations and, 4–5, 19–20, 28–29
Ohio country and, 41–44
slavery, gun trade and disease and, 25, 26–27, 26–28
surveying/speculation and, 37–41, 39m
westward expansion and, 5, 29–37, 35m, 41–44
vocabularies, 312, 464
W
Wabash Indians, 328, 386, 403, 414, 459. See also Northwestern Confederacy war
Wabash Valley, 51, 387
Wahunsonacock (Powhatan), 22–23
Waker, the. See Teesteke (Cherokee)
Waldo, Albigence, 236
Walker, John, 261
Walker, Thomas, 49, 109, 189, 191, 193, 261
Walking Purchase, 60
Wallace, Anthony, 397, 485
Walpole Company (Grand Ohio Company), 194, 199–200
wampum belts. See also gifts, diplomatic Braddock and, 106
Cherokees receiving, 232
Cherokees to Denny, 153
Clark and, 272
Delawares refusing, 117
Denny to Ohio Indians, 153
Dinwiddie and, 92
diplomacy and, 72–73
Efau Hadjo to Washington, 474
Forbes to Ohio Indians, 157
Fort Pitt meeting and, 262, 263
Guyasuta and, 176
Hamilton sending, 131
Joncaire and, 56–57
Jumonville’s death and, 90
Lignery to Indians, 158–59
Logstown negotiations and, 57
Morris receiving, 113
New York and, 301
Niagara meeting and, 182
Northwestern Confederacy and, 413, 416
Onondaga receiving, 100
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 407
rejection of, 69
Sandusky conference and, 418
Scarouady giving, 117
Tanaghrisson and, 70, 71, 72, 75, 85, 92
Teedyuscung receiving, 144
Treaty of Easton (17
58) and, 155
Treaty of Fort Finney and, 311
Treaty of Fort Pitt and, 267
Treaty of Greenville and, 459
war belts, 175
Washington and, 1, 2, 68, 70, 72–73, 85, 92, 93, 129–30, 196, 426, 442, 572n111
Wawhatchee and, 134
writing versus, 269
Ward, Edward, 85
War in the West. See Revolutionary War in the West
Warriors’ Path, 30, 44, 54, 115, 188
war versus negotiation. See also diplomacy; right of conquest British and, 380, 396
federal power versus states and, 300
Indian raids and, 328
Jefferson and, 485
Northwestern Confederacy and, 397–98, 404, 416
Philadelphia diplomacy and, 397–98, 415
Pickering and, 405
Sandusky conference and, 420
trade and, 226
Treaty of New York (1790) and, 371–72, 376–77
US Senate and, 358
Washington and, 316, 333, 378, 387, 393–94, 396, 397–98, 403, 411, 412, 418, 421, 485–86
Warville, Jacques-Pierre Brissot de, 405, 481
Washington, Anne (sister-in-law), 40
Washington, Augustine (father), 26, 32, 40
Washington, Bushrod (nephew), 294
Washington, Charles (brother), 195
Washington, D.C., 336–37
Washington, George. See also American Revolution and other wars and battles; Dinwiddie, Robert and other non-Indian contacts; diplomacy; Ohio country; Philadelphia Indian diplomacy; speculators; Tanaghrisson and other Indian contacts; Town Destroyer (Conotocarious) (Devourer of Villages); Virginia Regiment; Washington’s Indian land acquisitions; Washington’s Indian policies Assembly seat and, 172
as biblical figure, 287, 544n14
birth of, 26
death of, 482–83, 487
diseases and, 2, 40
House of Burgesses seat and, 162, 261
ignorance of history of, 130
Indian prisoner and, 78–79
inexperience of, 87–88, 91, 92
journal of expedition of, 95
legacy of, 6–7, 483–92
lying and, 93
marriage of, 164, 177
military career of, 40, 103, 104, 499n45
overview, 1–15, 499n45
paintings of, 14, pl 1, 13
retirement concerns, 477–83
scapegoating by, 172
Washington/Indian allies and, 221–31
wealth and social status and, 32
will of, 479–80, 482
young, 7, 37–41, 499n45
Washington, George (Delaware), 8
Washington, John (great-grandfather), 25, 26
Washington, John Augustine (Jack) (brother), 104, 178
Washington, Jr., Augustine (half-brother), 47
Washington, Lawrence (grandfather), 26
Washington, Lawrence (half-brother), 40, 47, 50, 104, 524n1
Washington, Sarah (niece), 40
Washington Crossing the Delaware (painting), 14
Washington’s Bottom, 198, 295, 296m, 297, 449
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions. See also Kanawha River and valley; Mississippi Land Company; Ohio Company of Virginia; Royal Proclamation of 1763; westward expansion acreage of, 7, 39m, 478, 531n98
American Revolution and, 234, 243–44, 283, 294
Cornstalk on, 264
Crawford and, 85, 187–88, 192, 195–96, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 271, 479
Dunmore and, 202, 203, 204, 206, 211, 294
Fort Stanwix Treaty land rush and, 211
his birthplace as, 26
Johnson’s Pennsylvania boundary and, 185
land grants and bounties and, 171–72, 174, 179, 184, 191–92, 191–93, 195–203, 199–206, 211, 292, 294, 400
land rush and, 285–86
liquidation of, 449–50
Mohawk Valley and, 303
national unity and, 294–98, 296m
Ohio Company of Associates and, 313–14
Potomac River and, 290
Revolutionary War in the West and, 250–51, 261, 266, 271, 280
settlers and, 205–6, 285–86, 295–97, 296m, 330
surveying/speculation and, 37–40, 39m, 48, 286
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 209–10, 211
Washington’s policy and, 3–6, 14
Washington’s retirement and, 477–79
Washington’s travels in Ohio country and, 75–76, 161, 163, 294–98, 296m
westward expansion and, 171–72, 448–50
Yorktown and, 280
Washington’s Indian policies. See also “civilization”; federal authority versus states’ power (national unity); war versus negotiation; westward expansion Cherokees and, 128, 468
Cherokees and Chickasaws and, 337–40
Christian education and, 342–43
Hammond on, 566n58
humanitarian, 328–32, 343, 377, 380, 417, 485, 489
Indian freedom and, 321–22
Indian land and, 3, 5, 6–7, 328–29, 414, 415, 417, 418
Indian sovereignty and, 325–26, 329
influences on, 324–25, 326–27, 343–44
Iroquois and, 321–22
war debt and, 327
Waterford (Pennsylvania), 63
Watson, Ekanah, 406
Watts, John (Kunoskeskie) (Young Tassel) (Chickamauga Cherokee), 423, 430, 460
Waweyapiersenwaw. See Blue Jacket (Pekowi Shawnee)
Wawhatchee (Cherokee), 134–35, 137
Wayne, Anthony and his expeditions, 343, 379m, 418, 421, 434–39, 443–44, 447, 459, 461
Weas, 51, 314, 328, 387, 459
Weiser, Conrad, 53, 55, 73, 79, 97–98, 505n30
Welch, James, 478, 480
Wellenreuther, Hermann, 541n48
Wells, William, 414, 461
Wendats. See Wyandots (Wendats)
werowance, 23
Western Indians. See Northwestern Confederacy war
“western land,” 4. See also Indian land
Western Reserve, 308
West Indies, 350, 557n98
Westos, 27
West Virginia, 194, 196–97, 478
westward expansion. See also boundaries; Indian land; land grants and land bounties; Northwestern Confederacy war; Northwest Ordinance (1785) and (1787); Ohio country; settlers (colonials, farmers, frontiersmen, squatters); speculators; surveyors; treaties Albany Plan and, 98–99
big government and, 483
Britain and, 179–81, 328, 396
British and Spanish and, 444–46
“civilization” and, 331
civilization for land and, 330
Dunmore and, 200
enslaved African Americans and, 448, 449, 482
farmers and, 193
federal authority versus states’ power and, 290, 307–18, 323, 446–47
Federal Indian policies and, 326–27, 333–34
federal power and, 422
Franklin and, 544n14
Indian identity and, 286
Indian sovereignty and, 9
justice and, 486
Mt. Vernon reorientation and, 524n1
national identity and, 12
national unity (federal authority versus states’ power) and, 327, 333–34
Northwestern Confederacy and, 433–44, 446–47
Pickens and, 429
Pickering on, 344–45
Potomac River and, 36, 48, 96
religion and, 286–87
Royal Proclamation of 1763 and, 182
smallpox and, 281–82
St. Clair on, 328
tobacco and, 202
Treaty of Paris and, 174
Virginia and, 115
Virginia’s Indian country and, 5, 29–37, 35m, 41–44
war in the North and, 422, 433–47
war in the South and, 423–33
Washington
and, 3, 6–7, 163, 171, 179, 193–94, 290–91, 308, 309, 323, 326–27, 329, 447, 450, 486, 524n1
Washington’s Indian land acquisitions and, 171–72, 448–50
white racial consciousness and, 285
Wheelock, Eleazar, 225, 240, 241–42, 344
whiskey tax and rebellion, 336, 337, 382, 439–40, 497n13
White Bird King. See Fusatchee Mico (Creek)
White Chief of the Abenakis. See Gill, Joseph Louis
White Eyes (George Morgan) (son of White Eyes), 342–43
White Eyes (Quequedegatha ) (Koquethagechton) (Delaware), 262–63, 267, 268, 274, 278, 279, 457
white identity, 12, 285
White Lieutenant (Creek), 363, 376
White Mingo (Kanaghorait) (Seneca), 196, 262, 264, 265
White Thunder. See Belt of Wampum (Seneca)
Wiencek, Henry, 579n39
“wilderness,” 5, 11, 13
“wild” Indians, 38, 41–42
Wilkinson, James and his expedition, 379m, 388, 434, 461
Willett, Marinus, 352, 364, 365–66, 429, 435
William, George, 38
William Penn’s figurehead, 570n24
Williams, Glenn F., 530n82
Williamsburg talks, 233
Williamson, David, 274–75, 276, 277
Williamson, Hugh, 356–57, 374
Wills Creek, 54, 80
Winchester (Virginia), 65, 115, 132, 137. See also Fort Loudon
Wingenund (Delaware), 276, 327
Wisconsin, 315, 382
Wolcott, Oliver, 301
Wolcott Jr., Oliver, 492
Wolfe, Patrick, 316
Wolf’s Friend. See Ugulayacabe (Chickasaw)
women, Indian, 10, 60, 105, 140, 198, 387. See also Queen Aliquippa
women, non-Indian, 119
Wood, James, 203–4, 261, 529n62
Wood’s River Company, 47
Woyi (Pigeon) (Pouting Pigeon), 166
Wyandots (Wendats). See also Northwestern Confederacy war; Ohio Indians; Tarhe (the Crane); Treaties of Fort Harmar (1789) Battle of Fallen Timbers and, 443
boundaries and, 420
Braddock’s defeat and, 110, 112
Brodhead and, 248
Delawares and, 132, 263, 267, 274
diplomacy and, 160, 416, 443
Fort Pitt meeting and, 262
French versus English and, 56, 116
Iroquois and, 262
maps and locations of, 21m, 46m, 51
Sandusky campaign and, 274, 276, 443
St. Clair’s defeat and, 390, 391
Virginia war with Shawnees and, 210
Washington and, 248, 459
Wyatt, Francis, 24
Wyllys, John, 384
Wyoming River Valley, 99, 117
X
XYZ Affair, 497n13
Y
Yazoo Companies, 340, 363, 373, 432, 557n90
The Indian World of George Washington Page 91
