The Field of Blood

by Joanne B. Freeman

  Malin, James C. The Nebraska Question, 1852–54. Michigan: Edwards Brothers, 1953.

  Maltzman, Forrest, Lee Sigelman, and Sarah Binder, “Leaving Office Feet First: Death in Congress,” Political Science and Politics 29 (December 1996): 665–71.

  Marbut, F. B. News from the Capital: The Story of Washington Reporting. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1971.

  Marion, Nancy E., and Willard M. Oliver. Killing Congress: Assassinations, Attempted Assassinations, and Other Violence Against Members of Congress. London: Lexington Books, 2014.

  Maskell, Jack. “Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives,” CRS Report No. RL31382 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, June 27, 2016).

  Mason, Sir John Edwin. “Sir Benjamin Brown French,” Proceedings of the Grand Encampment 18th Triennial Session. Davenport, Iowa: Griggs, Watson & Day, 1871.

  Mason, Matthew. Apostle of Union: A Political Biography of Edward Everett. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2016.

  Mayo, Edward L. “Republicanism, Antipartyism, and Jacksonian Party Politics: A View from the Nation’s Capital,” American Quarterly 31 (Spring 1979): 3–20.

  McCandless, Perry. “The Political Philosophy and Political Personality of Thomas H. Benton,” Missouri Historical Review 2 (January 1956): 145–58.

  McClure, Clarence. Opposition in Missouri to Thomas Hart Benton. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State Teachers College, 1926.

  McCormick, Gregg M. “Personal Conflict, Sectional Reaction: The Role of Free Speech in the Caning of Charles Sumner,” Texas Law Review 85 (May 2007): 1519–52.

  McCormick, Richard P. The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era. New York: Norton, 1966.

  McCurry, Stephanie. Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010.

  McFaul, John M., and Frank Otto Gatell. “The Outcast Insider: Reuben M. Whitney and the Bank War,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (April 1967): 115–44.

  McGerr, Michael E. The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865–1928. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

  McGiffen, Steven P. “Ideology and the Failure of the Whig Party in New Hampshire, 1834–1841,” New England Quarterly 59 (September 1986): 387–401.

  McKenzie, Ralph M. Washington Correspondents Past and Present: Brief Sketches of the Rank and File. New York: Newspaperdom, 1903.

  McKivigan, John R., and Stanley Harrold, eds. Antislavery Violence: Sectional, Racial, and Cultural Conflict in Antebellum America. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1999.

  McPherson, Elizabeth G. “Major Publications of Gales and Seaton,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 31 (December 1945): 430–39.

  ________. “Reporting the Debates of Congress,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 28 (April 1942): 141–48.

  McPherson, James. “The Fight Against the Gag Rule: Joshua Levitt and Antislavery Insurgency in the Whig Party, 1839–1842,” Journal of Negro History 48 (1963): 177–95.

  Mearns, David C. “A View of Washington in 1863,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., 63–65 (1963–1965): 210–20.

  Meigs, William Montgomery. The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1904.

  Meinke, Scott “Slavery, Partisanship, and Procedure: The Gag Rule, 1836–1845,” Legislative Studies Quarterly 1 (February 2007): 33–58.

  Melish, Joanne P. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and Race in New England, 1780–1860. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.

  Merchant, Holt. South Carolina Fire-Eater: The Life of Laurence Massillion Keitt, 1824–1864. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2014.

  Mercieca, Jennifer Rose. “The Culture of Honor: How Slaveholders Responded to the Abolitionist Mail Crisis of 1835,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 10, no. 1 (2007): 51–76.

  Merkel, Benjamin C. “The Slavery Issue and the Political Decline of Thomas Hart Benton, 1846–1856,” Missouri Historical Review 38 (July 1944): 3–88.

  Miller, William Lee. Arguing About Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress. New York: Knopf, 1996.

  Miner, Craig. Seeding Civil War: Kansas in the National News, 1854–1858. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008.

  Monroe, Dan. The Republican Vision of John Tyler. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.

  Moore, Powell. “James K. Polk: Tennessee Politician,” Journal of Southern History 17 (November 1951): 493–516.

  Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1997.

  Morton, John D. “‘A High Wall and a Deep Ditch’: Thomas Hart Benton and the Compromise of 1850,” Missouri Historical Review 94 (October 1999): 1–24.

  Mott, Frank Luther. “Facetious News Writing, 1833–1883,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29 (June 1942): 35–54.

  ________. A History of American Magazines, 1850–1865. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1938.

  Muelder, Owen W. Theodore Dwight Weld and the American Anti-Slavery Society. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2011.

  Myers, John L. Henry Wilson and the Coming of the Civil War. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005.

  Nash, Gary B. “The Philadelphia Bench and Bar, 1800–1861,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 7, no. 2 (January 1965): 203–20.

  Neely, Jeremy. The Border Between Them: Violence and Reconciliation on the Kansas-Missouri Line. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007.

  Neely, Mark E., Jr. “The Kansas-Nebraska Act in American Political Culture: The Road to Bladensburg and the Appeal of the Independent Democrats,” in The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854, ed. John R. Wunder and Joann M. Ross. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

  ________. The Boundaries of Political Culture in the Civil War Era. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2005.

  Nerone, John. Violence Against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

  Nichols, Roy Franklin. Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1931.

  ________. The Disruption of American Democracy. New York: Collier Books Edition, 1962; orig. pub. 1948.

  ________. “The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (September 1956): 187–212.

  Nisbett, Richard E., and Dov Cohen. Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996.

  Nussbaum, Martha C. Anger and Forgiveness: Resentment, Generosity, Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

  ________. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013.

  Nye, Russell B. Fettered Freedom: Civil Liberties and the Slavery Controversy, 1830–1860. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1963.

  Oakes, James. Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865. New York: Norton, 2014.

  ________. The Scorpion’s Sting: Antislavery and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Norton, 2015.

  Oertel, Kristen T. Bleeding Borders: Race, Gender, and Violence in Pre–Civil War Kansas. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2009.

  Olsen, Christopher J. Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Ornstein, Norman, and Thomas E. Mann. The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

  Parkerson, Donald H., and Jo Ann Parkerson. The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998.

  Parsons, Lynn Hudson. The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

  Pasley,
Jeffrey. “Minnows, Spies, and Aristocrats: The Social Crisis in Congress in the Age of Martin Van Buren,” JER 27 (Winter 2007): 599–653.

  ________. “Printers, Editors, and Publishers of Political Journals Elected to the U.S. Congress, 1789–1861,” pasleybrothers.com/newspols/congress.htm.

  Payne, Charles E. Josiah Bushnell Grinnell. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1938.

  Peterson, R. Eric, Jennifer E. Manning, and Erin Hemlin, “Violence Against Members of Congress and Their Staff: Selected Examples and Congressional Responses,” CRS Report, 7-5700, R41609 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, January 25, 2011).

  Pfau, Michael William. The Political Style of Conspiracy: Chase, Sumner, and Lincoln. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2005.

  Pflugrad-Jackisch, Ann. Brothers of a Vow: Secret Fraternal Orders and the Transformation of White Male Culture in Antebellum Virginia. Athens: University of Georgia, 2010.

  Pierce, Katherine A. “Murder and Mayhem: Violence, Press Coverage, and the Mobilization of the Republican Party in 1856,” in Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism, ed. David B. Sachsman, S. Kittrell Rushing, and Roy Morris, Jr. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2008, 85–100.

  ________. “Networks of Disunion: Politics, Print Culture, and the Coming of the Civil War.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 2006.

  Pierson, Arthur Tappan. Zachariah Chandler: An Outline Sketch of His Life and Public Services. Detroit: Post and Tribune, 1880.

  Pierson, Michael D. “‘All Southern Society Is Assailed by the Foulest Charges’”: Charles Sumner’s ‘The Crime Against Kansas’ and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric,” New England Quarterly 68, no. 4 (December 1995): 531–57.

  Pitkin, Hanna F. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1972.

  Polsby, Nelson W. “The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives,” American Political Science Review 62 (March 1968): 144–68.

  Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861. New York: Harper, 1976.

  ________. Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.

  Price, H. Douglas. “Careers and Committees in the American Congress: The Problem of Structural Change,” in The History of Parliamentary Behavior, ed. William O. Ayedelotte Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Legacy Library, 2015; orig. pub. 1977, 3–27.

  ________. “Congress and the Evolution of Legislative ‘Professionalism,’” in Congress in Change New York: Praeger, 1975, 14–27.

  Proctor, John C. Washington Past and Present: A History, 5 vols. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1930.

  Quigley, Paul D. H. “Patchwork Nation: Sources of Confederate Nationalism, 1848–1865.” Ph.D. dissertation, UNC, 2006.

  Rable, George C. But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007; orig. ed. 1984.

  ________. Damn Yankees!: Demonization and Defiance in the Confederate South. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2015.

  ________. “Slavery, Politics, and the South: The Gag Rule as a Case Study,” Capitol Studies 3 (1975): 69–87.

  Radomsky, Susan. “The Social Life of Politics: Washington’s Official Society and the Emergence of a National Political Elite, 1800–1876,” 2 vols. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 2005.

  Ratner, Lorman A., and Dwight L. Teeter, Jr. Fanatics and Fire-Eaters: Newspapers and the Coming of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

  Reddy, William M. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

  Reed, Henry Hope. The United States Capitol: Its Architecture and Decoration. New York: Norton, 2005.

  Reed, John S. “Below the Smith and Wesson Line: Southern Violence,” in One South: An Ethnic Approach to Regional Culture. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1982, 139–53.

  Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson: The Course of American Empire, 1767–1821. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1998.

  ________. The Election of Andrew Jackson. New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1963.

  ________. Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.

  ________. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union. New York: Norton, 1991.

  Richards, Leonard L. “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

  ________. The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

  ________. The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2000.

  Richardson, Heather Cox. To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party. New York: Basic Books, 2014.

  Riddle, Albert Gallatin. Life of Benjamin Franklin Wade. Cleveland: Williams Publishing Co., 1888.

  Riley, Ben A. “The Pryor-Potter Affair: Nineteenth Century Civilian Conflict as Precursor to Civil War,” Journal of West Virginia Historical Association (1984): 30–39.

  Risley, Ford. Abolition and the Press: The Moral Struggle Against Slavery. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2008.

  Ritchie, Donald. American Journalists: Getting the Story. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

  ________. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.

  Roberts, Allen E. House Undivided: The Story of Freemasonry and the Civil War. Richmond: Macoy Publishing and Masonic Supply, 1990.

  Roberts-Miller, Patricia. “Agonism, Wrangling, and John Quincy Adams,” Rhetoric Review 25, no. 2 (2006): 141–61.

  ________. Fanatical Schemes: Proslavery Rhetoric and the Tragedy of Consensus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009.

  Robinson, Elwyn Burns. “The ‘Pennsylvanian’: Organ of the Democracy,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 3 (1938): 350–60.

  Rorabaugh, W. J. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

  Rothman, Adam. “The ‘Slave Power’ in the United States, 1783–1865,” in Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

  Rugemer, Edward B. “Caribbean Slave Revolt and the Origins of the Gag Rule: A Contest between Abolitionism and Democracy, 1797–1835,” in Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Slavery in the New American Nation, ed. John Craig Hammond and Matthew Mason. Charlottesville: UVA Press, 2011.

  Ryan, Mary. Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City During the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

  Sachsman, David B., S. Kittrell Rushing, and Roy Morris Jr., eds. Words at War: The Civil War and American Journalism. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2008.

  Sampson, Robert. John L. O’Sullivan and His Times. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2003.

  Schudson, Michael. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. New York: Basic Books, 1981.

  Scott, Pamela. Temple of Liberty: Building the Capitol for a New Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

  Seitz, Don C. Famous American Duels. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1929.

  SenGupta, Gunja. For God and Mammon: Evangelicals and Entrepreneurs, Masters and Slaves in Territorial Kansas, 1854–1860. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.

  Sewell, Richard H. Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.

  ________. John P. Hale and the Politics of Abolition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965.

  Shade, William. “Political Pluralism and Party Development: The Creation of a Modern Party System, 1815–1852,” in The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, ed. Paul Kleppner, Walter Dean Burnham, Ronald P. Formisano, Samuel P. Hays,
Richard Jensen, and William G. Shade. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981, 77–111.

  Shalhope, Robert E. “Thomas Hart Benton and Missouri State Politics: A Re-Examination,” Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society 25 (April 1969): 171–91.

  Shelden, Rachel A. Washington Brotherhood: Politics, Social Life, and the Coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2013.

  Sheppard, Steve, ed. The History of Legal Education in the United States: Commentaries and Primary Sources, 2 vols. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press, 1999.

  Shields, Johanna Nicol. The Line of Duty: Maverick Congressmen and the Development of American Political Culture, 1836–1860. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985.

  Silbey, Joel H. “After ‘The First Northern Victory’: The Republican Party Comes to Congress, 1855–56, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20 (Summer 1989): 1–24.

  ________. The American Political Nation, 1838–1893. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991.

  ________. Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.

  ________. Storm over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  ________. “The Surge in Republican Power: Partisan Antipathy, American Social Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War,” in Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840–1860, ed. Stephen E. Maizlish and John J. Kushkia. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982.

  Simpson, Brooks D. “‘Hit Him Again’: The Caning of Charles Sumner,” in Congress and the Compromise of the 1850s, ed. Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.

  Simpson, Craig M. A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1985.

  Sinha, Manisha. “The Caning of Sumner: Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War,” JER 23 (Summer 2003): 233–62.

  ________. The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2000.

  ________. The Slave’s Cause: A History of Abolition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.