John Kennedy
Page 35
XIV. A Profile in Leadership
Joseph Alsop’s comment is from his column, the Berkshire Eagle, April 13, 1959. The quotation of Marquis Childs is from his “Washington Calling,” the Berkshire Eagle, July 8, 1959. The Gallup poll on Kennedy’s characteristics is from the above source, same press release. The plus-minus rating of Kennedy is drawn from Gallup Survey No. 591-K prepared by the Roper Public Opinion Research Center, Williams College. Kennedy’s aggregate score (rating times number of people so rating) was plus 3135 to minus 220. Lippmann’s comments on Roosevelt are quoted in A. M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), p. 291.
What Sort of Man?: Mrs. Kennedy’s comments on her husband are from Life, Aug. 24, 1959, p. 80, and from Kennedy family interviews. For a good example of Kennedy’s attitude toward the “New Republicanism” and some of its tenets, see his review of Arthur Larson’s What We Are For in the New York Times Book Review, Feb. 8, 1959, p. 1.
What Sort of Democrat?: Mr. Dooley on the Democratic party is quoted by Kennedy in Life, March 11, 1957, also inserted in the Congressional Record, Vol. 103, Part 3, March 8, 1957, p. 3356. Kennedy’s quote on Stevenson is from the Congressional Record, Vol. 102, Part 4, March 8, 1956, p. 4352. The phrase “the best of a sorry lot” is from Joe McCarthy, “Front Man for a Dynasty,” Look, Oct. 13, 1959, p. 31. The book by John Buchan (Lord Tweedsmuir), Pilgrim’s Way, is published by Houghton Mifflin (Boston, 1940). The Kennedy quotes beginning “What we need now …” and ending with “… and in nationalism” are from his speech at the Jefferson-Jackson Day dinner at Detroit, Mich., on May 23, 1959. So also is the paragraph beginning “It is the enduring faith.…”
What Sort of President?: The presidency as serving as a “steady focus of leadership” is from Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956). The interview with Kennedy quoted here was conducted by the author at Hyannisport, Mass., July 17, 1959. By previous agreement, Kennedy later (October 1959) edited and expanded these remarks.
A Place of Moral Leadership?: The New York Times, Nov. 13, 1932, Sect. 8, p. 1, is the source of the quotation of Roosevelt on presidential leadership. Cabell Phillips’s description of Kennedy’s speaking style is in New York Times Magazine, Oct. 25, 1959, pp. 24 and 48. The Kennedy quotation beginning “courteous but candid” is from the Detroit address of May 23, 1959, cited above; and on “internecine warfare” from his remarks to the Harvard alumni, cited in notes to Chapter 11. The quotation from Holmes is taken from Max Lerner, ed., The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1943), p. 20. Rossiter on Roosevelt as “owl” is from his volume cited above (Mentor Book ed., p. 114). The final quotation from Kennedy is from his speech in Milwaukee, March 11, 1959.
INDEX
Absenteeism, 108, 115
Acheson, Dean, 91, 134, 187
Adams, Henry, 32
Adams, John Quincy, 157
Adenauer, Konrad, 189
AFL-CIO, 212, 215
Africa, 92, 188, 251
Aged, aid to, 83, 248
Agriculture, Department of, 96, 98
Aiken, George D., 137, 252
Airlines, 100, 124, 207
Alaska, 242;
statehood, 249
Algeria, 187, 189
Allis-Chalmers, 133
Alsop, Joseph and Stewart, 90, 121, 202, 216;
quoted, 241
Ambrose, Margaret, 82
America, 84, 152, 228
America First Committee, 60
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 100, 135, 136, 172, 175, 193
American Freedom and Catholic Power (Blanshard), 202
American Gastro-Enterological Association, 199
American Jewish Committee, 199
American Legion, 84–85, 100, 245
American Medical Association, 197
American Mercury, 200
American Veterans Committee, 84, 136
American Weekly, 201
Anderson, Clinton, 176
Annapolis, 196, 201
Anti-Semitism, 26
“Appeasement at Munich” (J.F.K.), 54–57
Appropriation bills, 96, 98, 99, 123
Arab refugees, 189
Archer, Glenn, 228
Arkansas Bar Association, 199
Armed Forces Medical Library, 197
Army-McCarthy controversy, 144–45
Asia, 97, 190, 252
See also China, India, etc.
Assumption College, 165
Aswam Dam, 252
Athenia incident, 53
Atlantic, The, 126, 225, 231
Auchincloss, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh D., 128
Automation, 248
Baghdad Pact, 188, 252
Balkans, 51, 52, 60
Baldwin, Stanley, 55, 57, 58, 190
Balfour, Arthur J., 246
Baptists, 239
Barden, Graham, 95, 214
Battle Act, 186, 189, 252
Belgium, 56, 66
Bellevue Hotel (Boston), 73
Benedict XV, Pope, 94
Bennett, Dr. John C., quoted, 234
Benson, Ezra Taft, 229
Berlin, 52, 97, 253;
airlift, 88
Bethlehem Steel, 33
Biddle, Anthony, 52
Billboards, 115, 118, 209
Billings, LeMoyne, 43, 47, 74
Bird Island, 63, 64
Birth Control, 224, 232
Blanshard, Paul, 202, 228;
quoted, 234
Bohlen, Charles, 52, 142
Bolte, Charles, 136
Bombing, bill to outlaw, 248
Borah, William E., 198
Boston, 59, 117–118;;
Kennedy-Fitzgerald families in, 25–40, 46, 50, 59;
immigrants in, 25–28, 30, 101–02;;
Yankees vs. Irish, 26–27, 28, 31, 70, 101, 223;
municipal politics, 26, 28–32, 34, 38, 40, 52, 70–80, 99, 104, 171–73;;
J.F.K. office and apartment, 82, 104–06;;
Chamber of Commerce, 97;
Port of, 123, 126, 127, 208;
Army Base Pier, 124;
Catholicism, 234
(see also Catholicism)
Boston Globe, 178, 206
Boston Herald, 29, 135, 206
Boston Latin School, 32, 226
Boston Post, 114, 133, 135, 142, 170
Bouvier, Jacqueline Lee, see Kennedy, Jacqueline,
Bouvier, John V., III, 128
Bowles, Chester, 41, 250
Braggiotti, Francesca, 116
Brahmins (Boston), 27, 31, 108
Brannan, Charles F., 126
Brewer, Basil, 112, 114, 119, 126, 198
Brewster, Owen, 142
Broderick, Tom, 74
Bronxville, N. Y., 40, 41
Brookline, Mass., 33, 39
Brown, Edmund G., 237, 239
Buchan, John, 129, 205, 246
Build Massachusetts Committee, 112
Building and Construction Trades Department (AFL-CIO), 215
Bullitt, William, 52
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 123
Burke, Edmund, 246;
quoted, 124
Burke, William, 170–73, 184
Business regulation, 101
Byrd, Harry, 121, 196
Cabinet, 250
Calhoun, John C., 120, 198
Cambridge, Mass., 72–78 passim, 102
See also Harvard
Canada, 127, 248;
immigrants, 26
Canham, E. D., quoted, 158
Canterbury School, 41, 42, 93
Capitalism, 55
Catholic Digest, 200
Catholic Messenger, 228
Catholic Review, 228
Catholic War Veterans, 84
Catholic (ism), 217;
immigrants, 26, 30–32, 70–71;;
J.F.K. family background, 26, 30–32, 38, 101–02, 230;
anti-reform attitude, 31, 10
1, 138
(see also Civil liberties); Joseph P. Kennedy and, 36, 42, 49, 50;
J.F.K. schooling, 41, 42, 49, 93;
discrimination and insularity, 233–234
(see also Irish-Americans); ethnic divisions, 70–71, 72;
education issue, 93–95, 224;
J.F.K. and, 95, 229 ft, 233 ff., 238;
“Catholic vote,” 119, 166, 174, 236–37;;
and Communism, 138;
and McCarthyism, 138, 152;
and vice-presidency, 174, 176;
and presidency, 174, 217, 222–33, 234–37;;
election of senators and governors, 223, 235;
papal power issue, 224 ff., 230–31;;
Al Smith candidacy, 225, 234–35;;
ambassadorship to Vatican, 228, 232
Celeste, Vincent J., 79, 208–09
Censorship, 232
Chamberlain, Neville, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 89
Chelsea Naval Hospital, 65
Charlestown, 72, 74, 75, 78, 83
Chiang Kai-shek, 88, 89;
Madame, 89
Chicago Daily News, 216
Childs, Marquis, 121;
quoted, 241
China, 88–89, 91, 109, 139, 251, 252, 253
Choate, Robert, 206–07
Choate School, 41–46, 74, 102
Christian Century, 229
Christian Science Monitor, 158
Christoffel, Harold, 133–34
Christophers, 130
Churchill, Mrs. Randolph, 24
Churchill, Winston, 56, 57, 58
CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 108, 113
Citizens Committee for the Hoover Report, 199
Citizens for Kennedy and a More Prosperous Massachusetts, 112
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 124, 207
Civil Defense, 90, 196
Civil liberties, 31, 35, 100, 101, 133–35 passim, 248
Civil rights, 178, 191–95, 202, 248, 249;
1957 bill, 191–95
Clark, Joseph S., 248
Clay, Henry, 120, 157, 198
Clement, Frank, 176
Cleveland, Grover, 71
“Coffee with the Kennedys,” 117
Cogley, John, quoted, 230
Cohen, Ben, 36
Coit, Margaret, 202
Cold War, 90–91, 97, 168, 186, 251–53
Colonialism, 187, 188
Common Market, 188
Commonweal, 152, 230
Communism, 100, 130, 133–34, 253;
international expansion, 55, 88–89, 90–91, 92, 187–89;;
and McCarthyism, 133 ff.;
affidavits and oaths, 211, 249
Communist World and Ours, The (Lippmann), 202
Conant, James B., 101, 142
Conference of Catholic Bishops, 231
Congress. See House of Representatives and Senate
Congressional Hotel (Washington), 165
Congressional Record, 90, 130, 133, 164
Connally, Tom, 91
Conservatism, 101–02, 198, 206
Coolidge, Calvin, 235, 254
Cooper, John Sherman, 190, 248, 252
Copeland, Charles, 33
Corcoran, Tom, 36
Cotter, John F., 75, 78
Coughlin, Father Charles, 36
Council of Methodist Bishops, 229
Cox, Archibald, 211–14 passim.
Cox, James, 65
Crisis of the Old Order, The (Schlesinger), 205
Cunard Line, 25
Cushing, Richard Cardinal, 129, 229
Curley, James M., 29–30, 52, 71, 72, 73, 75, 99, 107, 110, 116, 170–72, 234
Czechoslovakia, 51, 52, 88
Daladier, Eduard, 89
Dalton, Mark, 74
Daniel, Price, 166–68
Daniel-Mundt Bill, 166–68
Danzig, 52–53
Davids, Jules, 157
Davis, Mary, 82
Defense and mutual aid policies, 90–92, 97–98, 164, 186–91, 253, 254
Democracy, 55, 57, 58;
and leadership, 161–63
“Democrat Looks at Foreign Policy, A” (J.F.K.), 188–89
“Democrat Says Party Must Lead—or Get Left, A” (J.F.K.), 220
Democratic Digest, The, 130
Democratic party, 58, 60, 79, 83–88, 89, 110 ff., 121, 165–82, 205, 235;
Boston politics, 28–29, 52;
bosses and organizations, 28–31, 38, 70–71, 79, 216–20;;
Massachusetts state politics, 31, 58, 70 ff., 71–80, 98–99, 104 ff., 169–73, 203, 205–10;;
Joseph P. Kennedy and, 35, 50;
J.F.K. relations with, 79, 98–100, 102, 104–05, 135, 146, 169 ff., 185, 194 ff., 199–200, 207–08, 220–21, 241 ff., 255;
southern, 121, 166, 168, 178, 179, 182, 191–95, 213, 236, 246, 255;
and McCarthy, 137 ff.;
and civil rights, 191–95;;
labor reform, 212–13;;
“Catholic bloc,” 237;
assessment of J.F.K., 245–46
De Sapio, Carmine, 180, 238
Development loans, 190, 254
Dever, Paul A., 71, 105, 107–08,110–11, 118, 138, 172, 181, 210
Devonshire, Dukes of, 23, 24, 49
Dexter School, 39
DiSalle, Michael V., 238
Divorce, 224–232
Dos Passos, John, 202
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 177
Douglas, Paul H., 121, 145, 168, 169, 213, 246, 248
Droney, John, 74
Dubinsky, David, 212
Dulles, John Foster, 186–188, 189
Dunne, Finley Peter, 246
Dungan, Ralph, 202, 213
Dunkirk, 56
East Boston, 25–34, 49, 72, 74, 78, 83, 165, 208
Eastland, James, 191, 192–94, 208;
committee, 254
Economic welfare, 248
See also Social welfare
Economist, 54
Eden, Anthony, 24
Education, 31, 93–95, 99, 101, 192, 224 ff., 232, 250, 253
Eisenhower, Dwight D.: 1952 election, 108–21 passim;
as president, 164–65, 187, 196, 244, 249, 253, 255, 259;
and McCarthy, 137;
1956 campaign, 169, 174–75, 179, 184, 191
Eisenhower Doctrine, 252
Electoral College, 166–69, 174, 203, 236
Eliot, Charles W., 102
Eliot, Thomas H., 72–73
Ellender, Allen, 83
Ely, Joseph B., 71
Employment, 76, 125;
discrimination, 126
Ervin, Sam. J., Jr., 213
Esso Building (Washington), 218
Ethnic groups, 70, 72, 166
See also Irish-Americans, etc.
Fair Deal, 76, 88, 97, 109, 134, 247
Fairbanks, Roland, 89
Falkland, Lord, quoted, 247
Falvey, Catherine, 75, 78
Family allowances, 248, 250
Family Rosary Crusade, 130
Farley, James A., 50, 220
Farm policies, 100, 126, 175, 176, 181
Fascism, 48
Faubus, Orval, 208
Federal Communications Commission, 142, 206
Federalist, The, 232
Feldman, Mike, 202
Fiscal policies, 36, 95, 96, 250
Fish and Wildlife Budget, 123
Fishing industry, 123, 125, 128
Fitzgerald, John F., 29–32, 39–40, 44, 46, 52, 60, 70, 73, 76, 78, 89, 119, 127;
Mrs., 78
Fitzgerald, Rose. See Kennedy, Rose F.
Flammable Fabrics Act, 123
Flanders, Ralph, 144, 147, 148
Flynn, John T., 142
Fore River Shipyard, 38, 39, 123
Foreign Affairs, 188
Foreign policies, 76, 88–93, 97–98, 108, 109, 185–91, 203, 249, 250–53
Foreign Policy Bulletin, 201
Formosa, 88
For
restal, James, 202
Fortune, 34, 130
Fox, John, 114, 133, 170, 171
France, 53, 55, 56, 57, 187, 189;
J.F.K. visits, 47, 52, 90
Franco, Francisco, 48
Frankfurter, Felix, 45
Freemasons, 93, 94
French-Americans, 70, 115
Freund, Paul, 193
Frost, Robert, 247
Fulbright, J. William, 141, 145, 185, 190
Furcolo, Foster, 135, 145, 146, 208, 209
Galbraith, John K., 203
Gallup, George, 216;
polls, 158–59, 217, 235–36, 257
Gambling, 31, 232
General Services Administration, 196
George, Walter, 92, 121, 185, 202
George Washington University, 128
Georgetown, D. C., 82, 184, 204
Georgetown University, 157
German-Americans, 26
Germany, 51–68 passim, 189, 252;
J.F.K. visit, 90
“Ghost-writing,” 159
Glasgow, 53
Gluck, Maxwell, 185–86
Goldwater, Barry, 246
Gore, Albert, 181, 250
Government economy, 95, 96, 101
Government reorganization, 95, 195–97
Governors’ Conference, (1956), 174
Graham, Billy, 202
Great Britain, 48, 51–59, 67, 70, 76, 97, 98, 191;
J.F.K. visits, 43, 45–46, 49, 50, 53, 67, 90;
Joseph P. Kennedy as ambassador, 48–61
Greece, 88, 97;
immigrants, 112
Greenleaf, Freddy, 82–83
Gridiron dinners, 151, 200
Halsey, William F., 65
Hanami, Kohei, 61
Handlin, Oscar, quoted, 26, 101, 235
Hannon family (Lexington), 30
Harding, Warren G., 210
Harper & Brothers, 57, 158
Harper’s Weekly, 202
Harriman, Averell, 173, 178, 179
Harris (of PT-boat crew), 62
Harris, Louis, 216
Harris, Seymour, 125
Hartington, Marchioness of. See Kennedy, Kathleen,
Hartington, Marquess of, 49, 66
Hartley Bill, 86–87
See also Taft-Hartley Act
Harvard Crimson, 47, 54
Harvard University, 32, 70, 72, 74, 125, 131, 165, 171, 202, 203, 205, 211;
Joseph P. Kennedy and, 32–33, 58, 183, 226;
clubs, 33, 47;
J.F.K. at, 45–48, 51–56, 150, 154, 223;
Liberal Union, 47;