Original Intent: The Courts, the Constitution, and Religion

by David Barton

  The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Max Farrand, editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. Three volumes.

  Register of Debates in Congress. Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1825-1837. Twenty-nine volumes.

  Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Boston: Crocker &Brewster, 1835.

  Report of the Executive Committee of the Bible Society of Massachusetts, Prepared for the Anniversary of the Society, June 4, 1818. Boston: John Eliot, 1818.

  Reports of the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of 1821, Assembled for the Purpose of Amending The Constitution of the State of New York. Albany: E. and E. Hosford, 1821.

  Report Relative to the Course of Instruction and Discipline in Columbia College, Presented to the Board of Trustees, February 28, 1810. New York: T and J Swords, 1810.

  Republican Staff of the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families. What America Believes: The Rest of the Story. U. S. House of Representatives, 1990.

  Reynolds, Edward C. The Maine Scholars’ Manual. Portland, ME: Dresser, McLellan and Co., 1880.

  Rhode Island Session Laws. Providence: Wheeler, 1784.

  Richardson, James D. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897. Published by Authority of Congress, 1899. Ten volumes.

  Rives, William C. History of the Life and Times of James Madison. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1873. Three volumes.

  Robbins, Chandler. A Sermon Preached before His Excellency John Hancock, Esq., Governour; His Honor Samuel Adams, Esq., Lieutenant Governour; the Honourable the Council, and the Honourable the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 25, 1791, being the Day of General Election. Boston: Thomas Adams, 1791.

  Robertson, Pat. America’s Dates with Destiny. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1986.

  Rollins, Richard M. The Long Journey of Noah Webster. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvaina Press, 1980.

  Rowland, Kate Mason. The Life of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 1737-1832, with His Correspondence and Public Papers. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898. Two volumes.

  Rowland, Kate Mason. The Life of George Mason. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892. Two volumes.

  Rummell, R. J. Death by Government. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994.

  Rupp, Daniel. An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States. Philadelphia: J. Y. Humphrys, 1844.

  Rush, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush, George W. Corner, editor. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948.

  Rush, Benjamin. Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical. Philadelphia: Thomas & Samuel F. Bradford, 1798.

  Rush, Benjamin. Letters of Benjamin Rush, L. H. Butterfield, editor. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951. Two volumes.

  Rush, Benjamin. Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies Established in Different Parts of the United States Assembled at Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Zachariah Poulson, 1794.

  Rutgers’ Fact Book of 1965. NJ: Rutgers University, 1965.

  Sanderson, John. Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia: R. W. Pomeroy, 1823-1824. Nine volumes.

  Schroeder, John Frederick. Maxims of George Washington. Mount Vernon,VA: The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 1989.

  Schroeder, John Frederick. Maxims of Washington; Political, Social, Moral, and Religious. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1855.

  Second Report of the American Bible Society. New York: Daniel Fanshaw, 1818.

  The Second Report of the Managers of the New Jersey Bible Society, Read before the Society at Their Annual Meeting at New Brunswick, August 27, 1811. Trenton: George Sherman, 1811.

  Select Charters and Other Documents, William MacDonald, editor. New York: The Mac Millan Company, 1899.

  Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the United States, 1776-1861, William MacDonald, editor. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1898.

  A Selection of Orations and Eulogies Pronounced in Different Parts of the United States In Commemoration of the Life, Virtue, and Preeminent Services of Gen. George Washington. Amherst: Samuel Preston, 1800.

  Sixth Report of the American Bible Society. New York: Daniel Fanshaw, 1822.

  Smith, Samuel Stanhope. The Divine Goodness to the United States of America – A Discourse on the Subjects of National Gratitude. Philadelphia: William Young, 1795.

  Smylie, James Hutchinson. American Clergymen and the Constitution of the United States of America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954.

  Snyder, K. Alan. Defining Noah Webster: Mind and Morals in the Early Republic. New York: University Press of America, 1990.

  Sparks, Jared. The Life of Gouverneur Morris. Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832. Three volumes.

  Sparks, Jared. Lives of William Pinkney, William Ellery, and Cotton Mather. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1860.

  Spear, Samuel T. Religion and the State. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1876.

  The Speeches of the Different Governors to the Legislature of the State of New York, Commencing with Those of George Clinton and Continued Down to the Present Time. Albany: J. B. Van Steenbergh, 1825.

  The Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1907.

  The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846.

  The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, George P. Sanger, editor. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1866.

  Statutes of the State of Vermont. Bennington,VT: Anthony Haswell, 1791.

  Steiner, Bernard C. One Hundred and Ten Years of Bible Society Work in Maryland. Baltimore: Maryland Bible Society, 1921.

  Steiner, Bernard C. The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers, 1907.

  Stille, Charles J. The Life and Times of John Dickinson. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Company, 1891.

  Stone, Peter. 1776: A Musical Play. New York: The Viking Press, 1970.

  Story, Joseph. A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1854.

  Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1833. Three volumes.

  Story, Joseph. Life and Letters of Joseph Story, William W. Story, editor. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851.

  Strickland, W. P. History of the American Bible Society from its Organization to the Present Time. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1849.

  Sullivan, William. The Political Class Book. Boston: Richardson, Lord, and Holbrook, 1831.

  Swancara, Frank. Obstruction of Justice by Religion. Colorado: W. H. Courtwright Publishing Company, 1936.

  Swift, Zephaniah. The Correspondent. Windham: John Byrne, 1793.

  Swift, Zephaniah. A System of Laws of the State of Connecticut. Windham: John Byrne, 1795-1796. Two volumes.

  Taylor, John M. Garfield of Ohio: The Available Man. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1970.

  The Territorial Papers of the United States, Clarence Edwin Carter, editor. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1934-1948. Thirteen volumes.

  Thacher, James. A Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War. Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1823.

  Thompson, Parker C. The United States Army Chaplaincy: From its European Antecedents to 1791. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army, 1978.

  Thornton, John Wingate. Pulpit of the American Revolution. Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1860.

  Todd, Gailbreth Hall. The Torch and the Flag. Philadelphia: American Sunday School Union, 1966.

  Townsend, Margaret R. Vice-Presidents of the American Bible Society, 1816-1966. New York: American Bible Society, 1967.

  Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of
America and Other Powers Since July 4, 1776. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889.

  Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers: 1776-1909, William M. Malloy, editor. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910. Eleven volumes.

  Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America: 1776-1949, Charles I. Bevans, editor. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1968-1976. Thirteen volumes.

  True, M. B. C. A Manual of the History and Civil Government of the State of Nebraska. Omaha: Gibson, Miller, & Richardson, 1885.

  Trumbull, Benjamin. A Complete History of Connecticut, Civil and Ecclesiastical, from the Emigration of its First Planters from England. Hartford: Hudson & Goodwin, 1797.

  Tucker, Henry St. George. Lectures on Government. Charlottesville: James Alexander, 1841.

  Tucker, Glen. Dawn Like Thunder: The Barbary Wars and the Birth of the U. S. Navy. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1963.

  Tucker, John Randolph. The Constitution of the United States. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1899.

  Tyler, Moses Coit. Patrick Henry. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1897.

  The United States Code, 1988 Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989.

  The United States Code Annotated. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1987.

  Upham, Charles W. The Life of Timothy Pickering. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1867-1873. Four volumes.

  Vitz, Paul C. Censorship: Evidence of Bias in Our Children’s Textbooks. Michigan: Servant Books, 1986.

  Walker, Joseph B. A History of the New Hampshire Convention. Boston: Cupples & Hurd, 1888.

  Wallace, Paul. The Muhlenbergs of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.

  Warfel, H. R. Noah Webster, Schoolmaster to America. New York: MacMillan Co, 1936.

  Warner, John. Warner’s Almanack for 1737. Williamsburg, VA: William Parks, 1736.

  Warren, Mercy Otis. History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, Interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations. Boston: E. Larkin, 1805. Three volumes.

  Washington, George. Address of George Washington, President of the United States and Late Commander-in-Chief of the American Army, to the People of the United States, Preparatory to His Declination. Baltimore: George and Henry S. Keatinge, 1796.

  Washington, George. The Diaries of George Washington, John C. Fitzpatrick, editor. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1925. Four volumes.

  Washington, George. The Last Official Address of His Excellency General Washington, to the Legislatures of the United States. Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1783.

  Washington, George. The Writings of George Washington, Jared Sparks, editor. Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, 1834-1838. Twelve volumes.

  Washington, George. The Writings of Washington, John C. Fitzpatrick, editor. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1931-1944. Thirty-nine volumes.

  Watson, Richard. Theological Institutes: On a View of the Evidences, Doctrines, Morals, and Institutions of Christianity. New York: Carlton and Porter, 1857. Two volumes.

  Webster, Daniel. Address Delivered at Bunker Hill, June 17, 1843, on the Completion of the Monument. Boston: T. R. Marvin, 1843.

  Webster, Daniel. Mr. Webster’s Speech in Defence of the Christian Ministry and in Favor of the Religious Instruction of the Young. Delivered in the Supreme Court of the United States, February 10, 1844, in the Case of Stephen Girard’s Will. Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton 1844.

  Webster, Daniel. The Works of Daniel Webster. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1853. Six volumes.

  Webster, Daniel. The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1903. Eighteen volumes.

  Webster, Noah. An American Dictionary of the English Language. New York: S. Converse, 1828. Two volumes.

  Webster, Noah. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, MA: George and Charles Merriam, 1849.

  Webster, Noah. The American Spelling Book: Containing an Easy Standard of Pronunciation: being the First Part of a Grammatical Institute of the English Langauage, to Which is Added, an Appendix, Containing a Moral Catechism and a Federal Catechism. Boston: Isaiah Thomas and Ebenezer T. Andrews, 1801.

  Webster, Noah. A Collection of Papers on Political, Literary and Moral Subjects. New York: Webster & Clark, 1843.

  Webster, Noah. Effect of Slavery on Morals and Industry. Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1793. Webster, Noah. History of the United States. New Haven: Durrie & Peck, 1832.

  Webster, Noah. The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments, in the Common Version. With Amendments of the Language. New Haven: Durrie & Peck, 1833.

  Webster, Noah. Letters of Noah Webster, Harry R. Warfel, editor. New York: Library Publishers, 1953.

  Webster, Noah. Letters to a Young Gentleman Commencing His Education. New Haven: Howe & Spalding, 1823.

  Webster, Noah. The Revolution in France Considered in Respect to its Progress and Effects. New York: George Bunce, 1794.

  Webster, Noah. Sketches of American Policy. Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1785.

  Webster, Pelatiah. A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States. Hartford: Hudson & Goodwin, 1783.

  Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company, 1964.

  Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1963.

  Willard, Joseph. A Thanksgiving Sermon Delivered at Boston, December 11, 1783. Boston: T. and J. Fleet, 1784.

  William & Mary Rules. Richmond: Augustine Davis, 1792.

  Wilson, James. The Works of the Honourable James Wilson, Bird Wilson, editor. Philadelphia: Bronson and Chauncey, 1804. Three volumes.

  Wilson, James. The Works of James Wilson, Robert Green McCloskey, editor. MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967. Two volumes.

  Winthrop, John. The Winthrop Papers, Stewart Mitchell, editor. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929-1947. Five volumes.

  Winthrop, Robert. Addresses and Speeches on Various Occasions. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1852.

  Wirt, William. Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry. Philadelphia: James Webster, 1818.

  Witherspoon, John. Christian Magnanimity. Princeton: James Tod, 1787.

  Witherspoon, John. The Dominion of Providence Over the Passions of Men. Philadelphia: R. Aitken, 1776.

  Witherspoon, John. Ecclesiastical Characteristics. Philadelphia: William and Thomas Bradford, 1797

  Witherspoon, John (authored the introduction). The Holy Bible. Trenton: Isaac Collins, 1791.

  Witherspoon, John. Letters on the Education of Children and Marriage. Andover: Flagg and Gould, 1817.

  Witherspoon, John. Sermons on Practical Subjects. Glasgow: A. Duncan and Company, 1768.

  Witherspoon, John. A Sermon on the Religious Education of Children. New York: M’Lean, 1789.

  Witherspoon, John. The Works of the Reverend John Witherspoon. Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1802. Four volumes.

  Witherspoon, John. The Works of John Witherspoon. Edinburgh: J. Ogle, 1815. Ten volumes.

  Woodward, W. E. A New American History. New York: The Literary Guild, 1937.

  Woodward, W. E. George Washington: The Image and the Man. New York: Boni & Liverlight, 1926.

  Worchester, Samuel. A Sermon Preached in Boston on the Anniversary of the American Society for Educating Pious Youth for the Gospel Ministry. Andover: Flagg and Gould, 1816.

  World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, 1995. Twenty-two volumes.

  Documents

  ACLU. A letter dated April 18, 1988 by the ACLU California Legislative Office to California State Senator Newton Russell.

  Adams, Samuel. A Proclamation by the Governor for a Day of Public Fasting, Humiliation, and Prayer. Printed at the State Press: Adams and Larkin, 1795. />
  An Answer to the Question, “Why do you attend a Unitarian Church?”. Published at the Christian Register Office-John B. Russell, printer, circa 1840.

  Broom, Jacob. An autographed letter in our possession written by Jacob Broom to his son, James, on February 24, 1794, from Wilmington, Delaware.

  Carroll, Charles. An autographed letter in our possession written by Charles Carroll to Charles W. Wharton, Esq., on September 27, 1825, from Doughoragen, Maryland.

  CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll: Top-Line, November 28-29, 1994.

  Congressional Record, June 29, 1987, H. 3511, citing General Social Survey Annual of the National Opinion Research Center.

  Dickinson, John. Thanksgiving Proclamation of October 30, 1783 by the President and the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, A Proclamation. Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, 1783.

  Fabrizio, McLaughlin, & Associates, Inc. Poll, September 8, 1993.

  Gallup. The 25th Annual Gallup Poll, October 1993.

  Hancock, John. A Proclamation for a Day of Thanksgiving. Boston, 1783.

  Jefferson, Thomas. Thomas Jefferson Papers Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

  Livingston, William. Thanksgiving Proclamation of November 11, 1783. Trenton, NJ: Issac Collins, 1783.

  Princeton Religion Research Center in New Jersey. The annual polling.

  Society of Separationists, “Did you know that these great American thinkers all rejected Christianity?” Austin, TX: American Atheist Center.

  Trumbull, Jonathan. A Proclamation by His Excellency Jonathan Trumbull, Esq. Governor and Commander in Chief In and Over the State of Connecticut. Hudson and Goodwin, 1807.

  Trumbull, Jonathan. A proclamation in our possession: by the Honourable Jonathan Trumbull, Esq; Governor of the English Colony of Connecticut, in New-England, in America. New Haven, 12th Day of October, 1770.

  Yankelovich, Clancy, & Shulman. Various polls.

  Reports/Legal Reviews

  Benchmark, Vol. 2, No. 1, “Toward a Jurisprudence of Original Intention,” Attorney General Edwin Meese, III, January-February 1986.

  Columbia Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 8, “Mechanical Jurisprudence,” Roscoe Pound, December 1908.