digital retrieval methods, 327
error, 529–538
digital soup, 332–333
expanding, 526–527
direct manipulation
function, 517–518
controls, 408–409
guidelines for, 507–508
cursor, 386–396
modal, 509
description of, 375–377
as modal technique, 208
drag and drop, 396–408
modeless, 509–516
menus and, 479
print, 216
object connection, 420–421
process, 518–521
objects, 411–420
property, 516–517
palette tools, 409–411
providing choices instead of, 217–219
pointing devices, 377–386
replacing with rich modeless feedback,
selection, 390–397
544–549
toolbars and, 479
reporting normalcy with, 215
direct manipulation idioms, 207, 213
as room, unnecessary and necessary,
disabled menu item, 489
430–434
disabling toolbar controls, 498
tabbed, 523–526
discrete selection, 392–393
telling to go away, 231
disk
as transient application, 172
file storage system on, 326
diary study, 71
help with, 264
differentiating
purpose of, 364–365
between command and configuration,
Disk Properties dialog box (Windows),
216–217
317
probable from possible, 209–210, 351
dislocation, degree of, 246
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589
dismissing confirmation message, 542
twitchiness, avoiding, 404–406, 407
Disney.com home page, 227
visual feedback for, 399–402
display controls
dragging. See also drag-and-drop
description of, 439
operation
drawers and levers, 472
double-clicking and, 386
scrollbars, 469–471
with mouse, 383
splitters, 471–472
drawer, 472
text, 468–469
drop candidate, 399, 401
display density of embedded system,
drop-down list control, 449, 467
187–188
drop-down menu, 478
division of labor in computer age,
Dubberly, Hugh (designer), 151
249–250, 368
dynamic visual hinting, 387–388
docking toolbar, 500, 513
document
E
abandoning changes in, 361
earmarking, 450–452
archiving, 355
economy of form, 154
closing, 352–353
edge case, 80
creating copy of, 359
edge case use scenario, 136
creating version of, 361
Edit menu, 481, 482
format of, specifying, 360–361
effectiveness
naming, 353, 359
design and, 16–17
placing and moving, 360
persona and, 79
renaming, 354, 359
efficiency. See also productivity
reversing changes in, 361
data entry and, 368, 373–374
saving, 358–359
grid system and, 299
document navigator, 471
visual design and, 308
document-centric application, 168
ejector seat lever, hiding, 219–220
domain expertise, 62
elastic user, 79–80
domain knowledge, 282
electronic mail, storing and retrieving,
Don’t Make Me Think! (Krug), 175
331–333
double-clicking with mouse, 384
elegant interaction design, 154–155, 205
drag pliancy, indicating, 400–401
eliminating
drag rectangle, 394
confirmation dialog boxes, 543–544
drag threshold, 404–406, 407, 419
error messages, 534–536
drag-and-drop operation
embedded object and Undo feature, 338
auto-scrolling, 402–404
embedded system, general design
fine scrolling, 406–408
principles for, 182–188
lists and, 452–453
emotion, stimulating, 155
overview of, 396–398
Emotional Design (Norman), 89, 90, 91, 92
on touch screens, 194
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Index
empathy, 81
excise
end goal, 93, 100–101
asking permission as, 230–231
entering data. See data entry
beginner and, 225
entry controls
common traps, 231–232
bounded and unbounded, 457–459,
definition of, 223–224
462–465
determining, 228
clue boxes, 465–466
expert user and, 225
description of, 439
flow and, 228–231
dials and sliders, 460–461
in GUI, 224–228
spinners, 459–460
navigation as, 232–237
text edit, 463–468
pure, 226
thumbwheels, 462
visual, 226–227
environment for ethnographic
excise task, 223–224
interview, 65
expanding dialog box, 526–527
environmental context, 185
experience goal, 92–93
environmental variable, 62
experience keyword, 138
error dialog box. See error message
experience level. See also beginner;
error message
expert user; intermediate user
bulletin dialog box and, 523
designing for, 44–48
eliminating, 533–536
user interface and, 41–44
as excise, 228–230
experience requirement, 123
improving, 537–538
expert review, 57
number of, 530
expert user
problems with, 530–532
description of, 42–43
as rude, 5, 7
excise and, 225
as unnecessary dialogue, 207
needs of, 47
when renaming file, 354
usability testing and, 71
ethical interaction design, 152
explanatory Undo, 339
ethnographic field study, 20
explorational kiosk, 192, 193, 195
ethnographic interview
Explorer (Windows), 212–213
conducting, 63–68
extending metaphor, 278
overview of, 58–59
preparing for, 59–63
F
task analysis and, 73
failing gracefully, 256–257
Evenson, Shelley (author), 110
feedback. See also modeless feedback;
evolution
visual feedback
of design in manufacturing, 11–12
audible, 193, 198, 547–549
of software development process, 6
positive and negative, 536
of toolbars, 499–503
field in database, 331
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<
br /> Index
591
file, help with, 264
form and behavior specification, 23
file folder metaphor, 278
form compared to function, 306
file location, remembering, 265
form factor
File menu
collaborating with interaction designers
changing name and contents of, 357,
about, 139–140
362–363
defining, 127
example of, 481, 482, 483
framework definition phase and, 23
file system
form in Visual Basic, 436
implementation model and, 352–355,
form language study, developing, 140
365
Format menu, 484–485
mental model and, 355–357
format of document, specifying, 360–361
problems with, 349–350
formative evaluation, 144–145
saving changes and, 350–351
frame, 429
unified file model, 357–363
framework definition phase of goal-
Find dialog box (Microsoft Word),
directed design, 21, 22–23
526–527
freezing, 348
findability, 174
frequency of use, 246
fine scrolling, 406–408
fudgeable system, 258–259, 371
flexibility, 369–370
fulfilling user expectations of manual
Flickr, 180, 329
affordance, 284–285
flip-flop button, 445
full-resolution screen depicting user
flip-flop menu item, 489
interface, 141
floating palette, 513
full-screen application, 427–428
floating toolbar, 500
function
floor grid, 417
differentiating between configuration of
flow
function and, 216–217
description of, 201–203
integrating style and, 306–307
dialog boxes and, 505–506, 539–540
mapping control to, 242–245
excise and, 228–231
requirement compared to, 114
of visual elements, 296–301
function dialog box, 517–518, 523
Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience
functional element, defining and grouping,
(Csikszentmihalyi), 201
128–131
fly-over facility, 497
functional requirement, 122
focus group, 69
folksonomy, 329
G
font, 310, 313
gallery of ready-to-use templates, 559–560
Font dialog box (Microsoft Word), 517
Gamma, Erich (author), 22
Fore, David (designer), 151
Gates, Bill (chairman of Microsoft), 424,
foreign application activity, remembering,
427
266
General Magic, Magic Cap, 276–277, 562
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Index
GettyGuide kiosk, 192
Google
Gilliam, Terry (movie director), 32
Finance, 241, 315
Gladwell, Malcolm ( Blink), 89
search interface, 205, 206
global metaphor, 276–279
SketchUp, 418
globalization, 558–559
Gradient tool (Adobe Photoshop), 236
goal-directed design
graphic design and user interface, 289
bridging gap between research and
graphical input, providing, 213
design, 18–19
graphical overview, 241
design methods, 3–10
graphical user interface. See user interface
development support phase of, 23
graphics, integrating text, data, and, 315
evolution of design in manufacturing,
Greenwood, Wayne (designer), 115
11–12
grid system, 297–299
framework definition phase of, 21, 22–23
group multiple Undo, 342–343
interaction design, 13
group selection, 394
modeling phase of, 21, 76
grouping elements
practices of, 565–567
in interaction framework, 130–131
process of, 17–18, 20, 24
in visual interface design, 294–296
refinement phase of, 23, 141–142
Grudin, Jonathan (author), 81–82
requirements definition phase of, 21–22,
GUI. See user interface
114–123
guidelines, 417
research phase of, 20–21
guides, 412–413
success and, 25–26
user goals, recognizing, 13–17
H
goal-oriented questions for ethnographic
Halley, Lane (designer), 97, 115
interview, 66
handheld
goals. See also user goals
designing for, 189–191
business, 14, 95
environmental context and, 185
customer, 95
limiting scope of, 186
definition of, 15
menus on, 492
ethnographic interview and, 66–67
visual interface design for, 312–313
inferring from qualitative data, 88–89
handles, 396, 411, 413–415
organizational, 95
hard-hat item, 485
personas and, 83–84, 88
hardware design, integrating software
synthesizing, 100–101
design and, 183–184
technical, 96
Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind (Claxton), 89
television-based interfaces and, 196–197
harm, minimizing, 152–153
types of, 94–96
harmonious interaction, designing
usage patterns and, 88
blank slates, avoiding, 215–216
golden section, 298
choices, providing, 217–219
Goodwin, Kim (designer), 97, 115, 151
contextualizing information, 210–213
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differentiating between command and
hue and visual interface design, 292
configuration, 216–217
human situation, improving, 153
direct manipulation, providing, 213
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
ejector seat levers, hiding, 219–220
community, 111
enabling users to direct, 206–207
hyperlink, 442–443
forgiveness, asking for, 216
keeping tools close at hand, 207–208
I
less as more, 204–206
icon. See also butcon
mental model, following, 203–204
for daemonic application, 173, 198
modeless feedback, providing, 208–209
design and rendering of, 302, 303–304
normalcy, reporting, 215
function-oriented, 302–303
object and application status, reflecting,
on menus, 490
213–214
on toolbars, 495–496
probable, designing for, 209–210
The Icon Book (Horton), 302
reporting, avoiding unnecessary, 214–215
identifying
responsiveness, optimizing for, 220–221
behavioral variables, 98
strategies for, 203
candidates for ethnographic interview
,
Harmony remote control (Logitech), 197
60–62
HCI (Human-Computer Interaction)
persona expectations, 118–119
community, 111
requirements, 122–123
head, information in, 553
significant behavior patterns, 99–100
head vector, 553–554
identity retrieval, 327
heads-up display, 209
idiocy, stopping proceedings with,
Help menu. See also online help
228–231, 530
adding Shortcuts option to, 554
idiomatic interface, 273–276
description of, 483–484
idioms
as standard, 481
building, 280–282
heuristic review, 57
menu, 485–492
hierarchy in user interface, avoiding,
idiosyncratically modal behavior, 556–558
247–248
idle time, using, 253, 260–261
hierarchy of elements
iDrive system (BMW), 197
in interaction framework, 130–131
imagery in visual design
in visual interface design, 294–296
associating symbol to object, 303
Hog Bay Software, WriteRoom, 206
function-oriented icons, 302–303
Holden, Kritina ( Universal Principles of
overview of, 302
Design), 307
rendering, 303–304
Holtzblatt, Karen ( Contextual Design),
visualizing behaviors, 304–305
58–59, 84–85, 106, 118
immediate menu, 488–489
Horton, William ( The Icon Book), 302
immediate vector, 552
hotspot, 386
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Index
imperative controls
input. See also data entry
butcons, 441–442
allowing wherever there is output, 231
buttons, 440–441
complexity of, 188, 193–194
description of, 439, 440
graphical, providing, 213
hyperlinks, 442–443
out-of-sequence, 532
implementation model
rich, sovereign interface and, 167–168
description of, 18, 27–28, 30
input method
file system and, 349–350, 352–355, 365
collaborating with interaction designers
mathematical thinking and, 34–35
about, 139–140
mental model compared to, 29, 355–356
defining, 127–128
mistakes and, 336
input vector, 23
revealing to users, 542
Insert menu, 484
software and, 32–35
insert mode, 467
user interface and, 32–33
insertion point, 395–396
implementation-centric interface, 270–271
insertion target, 401
improving. See also navigation, improving
instinct and learning, 273
error messages, 537–538
integrating hardware and software design,
human situation, 153
183–184
incremental action, undoing, 338, 344–345
“intelligent” agent, 562–563
index to online help, 560
Alan Cooper, Robert Reinmann, David Cronin - About Face 3- The Essentials of Interaction Design (pdf) Page 77
