Mike Guardia

by American Guerrilla

  199. Blackburn Oral History, p.121, MHI; Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, p.143–44.

  200. In his later entries (1944), Volckmann indicates sending messages into Benguet and visiting camps there; organizing these camps may have been Fish’s handiwork before he died.

  201. War Diary, 16–23 April 1943.

  202. War Diary, 7 May 1943.

  203. War Diary, 19–26 May 1943.

  204. War Diary, 9 June 1943.

  205. Ibid.

  206. A Brief History of the USAFFE Guerrillas, RG 407, Box 258, NARA; War Diary, 9 June 1943; Moses and Noble, “Special Orders,” 9 June 1943, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  207. Moses and Noble, “Special Orders,” 9 June 1943, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  Chapter 7

  208. War Diary, Entries throughout June 1943.

  209. War Diary, 9 June 1943.

  210. War Diary, Entries 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 June 1943.

  211. War Diary, 23–24 June 1943; Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, p.168–69.

  212. Blackburn Oral History, p.164, MHI.

  213. Dincong, “Historical Data of the 14th Infantry,” RG 407, Box 249, NARA.

  214. Volckmann, Guerrilla Days in North Luzon, p.45–57.

  215. Volckmann, “Reorganization Plan of 1943,” RG 407, Box 465, NARA.

  216. Volckmann, “General Order 1,” 5 November 1943, RG 407, Box 543, NARA.

  217. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  218. Volckmann, “General Order 15,” 9 December 1943, RG 407, Box 468, NARA.

  219. Volckmann, “General Order 1,” 5 November 1943, RG 407, Box 543, NARA.

  220. Volckmann, Guerrilla Days in North Luzon, p. 44.

  221. Ibid, p.18.

  222. Ibid.

  223. Ibid.

  224. Volckmann, We Remained, p.147.

  225. Ibid, p.152.

  226. Ibid, p.153.

  227. Ibid.

  228. Blackburn Oral History, p.130, MHI.

  229. Ibid, p.131–34.

  230. Volckmann never provided many details behind his decision to relocate General Headquarters. It appears, however, that the highest concentration of USAFIP-NL forces lay on the western side of North Luzon. Volckmann also stated that news of the growing Allied offensive in the Pacific contributed to his decision. This may indicate that he already had a firm idea of directing Allied forces to the western coast for their eventual campaign against the Japanese Fourteenth Army.

  231. Blackburn, “The Operations of the 11th Infantry, USAFIP-NL”, Infantry Officers Advanced Course—Fort Benning, GA, 1948, p. 1–3, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.

  232. Blackburn Oral History, p.131–34, MHI.

  233. “bargaining chip” quotes mine.

  234. Volckmann, “Reorganization Plan of 1943,” RG 407, Box 465, NARA.

  235. Volckmann, “Memorandum Regarding Financial Regulations, USAFIPNL”, 7 November 1943, RG 407, Box 468, NARA.

  236. Volckmann, “General Orders, USAFIP-NL,” RG 407, Box 465, NARA.

  237. War Diary, 8 February 1943, 27 February 1943; General Sato Oki, “Plan of Propaganda,” General Orders—4th Army, 10 June 1942, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Oki’s orders outline the details of the propaganda campaign scheduled to begin as soon as forces were consolidated and military government established.

  238. Ibid.

  239. War Diary, 13 March 1943.

  240. War Dairy, 8–10 May 1943; General Sato Oki, “Plan of Propaganda,” General Orders—14th Army, 10 June 1942, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Blackburn Oral History, p.133–135, MHI.

  241. War Diary, 11 April 1943.

  242. Volckmann letter to all guerrillas “Instructions on Intelligence Gathering,” 15 June 1943, RG 407, Box 468, NARA; Concepcion, “S2 Reports”, 22 January–2 December 1944, USAFIP-NL Intelligence Files, RG 407, Box 251, NARA. Captain Osmundo Concepcion was Volckmann’s chief Intelligence Officer.

  243. Volckmann, “General Order 7,” RG 407, Box 465, NARA.

  244. Volckmann, “G2 Weekly Intelligence Reports: Vol. 1”; The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 7, MHI. Volckmann re-iterated the concept of “special agencies” in FM 31–21 Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare.

  245. War Diary, 10 May 1943; Volckmann, USAFIP-NL Newsletter, 26 June 1944, 18 August 1944, RG 407, Box 251, NARA; Volckmann, FM 31-21 Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare, 156.

  246. Volckmann letter to USAFIP-NL agents in the Philippine Constabulary, 26 June 1944, RG 407, Box 251, NARA.

  247. Volckmann, “Form for Induction into the Armed Forces of the United States,” 29 December 1942 (original publication date of the form, used continuously throughout guerrilla war), The Volckmann Family Collection.

  248. War Diary, 7–8 October 1943.

  249. War Diary, 14 October 1943.

  250. War Diary, 15 October 1943.

  251. War Diary, 18–22 October 1943.

  252. War Diary, 22 October 1943.

  253. Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, p.181.

  254. Ibid, p.182.

  255. War Diary, entries 25 November, 28 November–18 December, 19–24 December, 25, 26–31 December 1943.

  256. War Diary, 1 January 1944; Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, p.186.

  257. Volckmann, “General Orders, USAFIP-NL,” 1943–44, RG 407, Box 465, NARA.

  Chapter 8

  258. Volckmann, “On the Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese,” p.10, Rand Corporation, July 1963.

  259. Volckmann, We Remained, p.158.

  260. “Calendar of Submarine Shipments to Guerrillas”, General Headquarters – Southwest Pacific Area, Entry: 27 October 1944, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Willoughby, A Brief History of the G-2 Section, GHQ SWPA—Volume 1: Guerrilla Resistance Movement in the Philippines, General Headquarters-Southwest Pacific Area, p.88, 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection (also found in RG 407, Box 255, NARA).

  261. Volckmann radiogram to SWPA, September–December 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,” The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.

  262. Ibid.

  263. SWPA radiogram to Volckmann, 24 September 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,” The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.

  264. Volckmann, “On the Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese,” p.10, Rand Corporation, July 1963.

  265. Ibid.

  266. Volckmann, We Remained, p.162.

  267. Ibid.

  268. Ibid, p.164.

  269. Ibid.

  270. Ibid.

  271. SWPA radiogram to Volckmann, 18 November 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,” The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.

  272.Volckmann, We Remained, p.164.

  273. Ibid, p.166.

  274. Ibid, p.167.

  275.. Ibid.

  276. Ibid.

  277. Volckmann, We Remained, p.168.

  278. Ibid, “Activities in North Luzon,” document of unspecified date, RG 407, Box 542, NARA.

  279. Volckmann, We Remained, p.170.

  280. Volckmann, “Outline of Events, Policies, and Orders Relative to the Apprehension and Elimination of Filipino Jap Spies and Informers”, 1946 (unspecified date), The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.

  281. Volckmann, “On the Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese,” p.11–12, Rand Corporation, July 1963.

  282. Ibid.

  283. Volckmann, We Remained, p.179.

  284. “Calendar of Submarine Shipments to Guerrillas”, General Headquarters–Southwest Pacific Area, Entry: 27 October 1944, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Volckmann radiogram to SWPA, December 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,” The Russell W. Volc
kmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.

  285. Radiograms estimating enemy capabilities, November–December 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,” The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.

  286. Blackburn, “War within a War: The Philippines 1942–1945”, Conflict, Volume 7–2, p.149.

  287. SWPA radiogram to Volckmann, Box 251, NARA.

  288. Volckmann, “On the Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese,” p.12, Rand Corporation, July 1963.

  289. Volckmann, We Remained, p.188.

  290. Ibid, 189.

  291. Ibid.

  292. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.

  293. Volckmann, We Remained, p.190.

  294. Volckmann, “Sketch of Air-Ground Message Pick-up,” unspecified date, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.

  295. Volckmann, We Remained, p.190.

  Chapter 9

  296. USAFIP-NL Intelligence Files, RG 409, Box 251, NARA; USAFIP-NL Battle Records, December 1944–June 1945, 1 July 1945–VJ Day, RG 409, Box 250, NARA; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p. 2–5, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  297. USAFIP-NL Intelligence Files, RG 409, Box 251, NARA.

  298. Volckmann, “General Order 14,” USAFIP-NL General Orders, RG 409, Box 468, NARA; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p. 3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  299. Ibid.

  300. Sipin, “ENEMY CASUALTIES,” Report dated September 1944, RG 407, Box 542, NARA.

  301. “Mission,” Summary report dated 9 October 1944, RG 407, Box 542, NARA.

  302. Volckmann’s War Diary, 12 February 1944, 6 June 1944.

  303. Duque, “Interview of Major General Toshimitsu Takatsu, Chief of Staff 23rd Infantry Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 20 September 1945” in Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  304. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.9–15, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  305. USAFIP-NL Situation Maps January–February, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 6, MHI.

  306. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.61–62 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI; USAFIP-NL Situation Map—14 January 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 6, MHI.

  307. Ibid.

  308. Ibid; Duque, “Interview of Colonel Sotomu Terau, Chief of Staff 19th Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 12 September 1945” in Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  309. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.63–67 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  310. Ibid.

  311. Ibid, 69.

  312. Ibid; “Interview of Colonel Sotomu Terau, Chief of Staff 19th Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 12 September 1945.”

  313. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.18 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI

  314. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.22, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  315. Volckmann, “On the Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese,” p.18–20, Rand Corporation, July 1963.

  316. Ibid; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p. 96–101, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  317. Volckmann, “Special Order 129,” 4 December 1944, USAFIP Letters and Correspondence, RG 409, Box 467, NARA.

  318. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.75, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI

  319. Volckmann, “Special Order 129,” 4 December 1944, USAFIP Letters and Correspondence, RG 409, Box 467, NARA; Blackburn, “War within a War: The Philippines 1942–1945”, Conflict, Volume 7–2, 153.

  320. Ibid.

  321. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.33, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  322. Ibid, 35.

  323. Ibid.

  324. Ibid, 36.

  325. Morton, Triumph in the Philippines, 560.

  326. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.63–67 The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI; “14th Infantry Operations,” USAFIPNL Battle Records, RG 409, Box 250, NARA.

  327. Ibid.

  328. Duque, “Interview of Major General Toshimitsu Takatsu, Chief of Staff 23rd Infantry Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 20 September 1945” in Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  329. Volckmann, “Special Order 3,” 7 August 1944, USAFIP-NL Letters and Correspondence, RG 409, Box 467, NARA; USAFIP-NL Situation Map— 14 January 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 6, MHI.

  330. Blackburn, “The Operations of the 11th Infantry, USAFIP,NL”, Infantry Officers Advanced Course—Fort Benning, GA, 1948, p. 1–3, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.

  331. Ibid.

  332. Ibid, 6–10.

  333. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.78–80, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  334. Blackburn, “The Operations of the 11th Infantry, USAFIP,NL”, Infantry Officers Advanced Course—Fort Benning, GA, 1948, p. 22, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Flanagan, Airborne!: A Combat History of American Airborne Forces, p. 336–37.

  335. Volckmann, “G2 Weekly Intelligence Reports: Vol. 1”, May–June 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 7, MHI.

  336. Ibid, December 1944–April 1945.

  337. Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.49–60, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  338. Volckmann, “G3 Situation Reports” 15–24 June 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  339. USAFIP-NL Situation Map—15 July 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 6, MHI.

  340. Ibid.

  341. Volckmann, “G3 Situation Reports” 1 July–1 August 1945, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  342. Ibid, 1–15 August 1945; Blackburn Oral History, 204, MHI.

  343. Victory at Bessang Pass—Macapagal Administration, 1962. Publication commemorates the 17th anniversary of the final victory of the USAFIP-NL. The Volckmann Family Collection; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report: USAFIP-NL G3,” p.110–11, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  344. Interview with Russell Volckmann Jr.; MacArthur, “Citation: The Distinguished Service Cross,” 27 January 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  Chapter 10

  345. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.

  346. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 5 August 2008.

  347. “File: Russell W. Volckmann,” World War II Prisoners of War Data File: 1941–1946, RG 389, NARA. POW records indicated that Volckmann was officially “Missing in Action” as of May 1942. His status was subsequently updated in January 1945.

  348. “MacArthur Tells Volckmann’s Work with Guerrillas,” in The Clinton Herald, 5 March 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  349. “Russell W. Volckmann is Reported Safe,” in The Clinton Herald, 15 January 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  350. “Yamashita Trial Set for Manila,” in The Clinton Herald, 4 October 1945; Clips from RKO Newsreel—26 September 1945 (originally shown at the Rialto Theater in Clinton, Iowa), The Volckmann Family Collection.

  351. Duque, “Interview of Major General Toshimitsu Takatsu, Chief of Staff 23rd Infantry Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 20 September 1945” and “Interview of Colonel Sotomu Terau, Chief of Staff 19th Division, Japanese Imperial Army, 12 September 1945” in Interviews with Surrendered Japanese General Officers, USAFIP-NL G3, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.

  352. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 5 August 2008; “Hero Reunited with Family,” in The Clinton Herald, 8 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collecti
on.

  353. “News Writers Trailed Hero Across the Nation,” in The Clinton Herald, 7 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  354. “Clinton’s War Hero is Home!” in The Clinton Herald, 7 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  355. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 5 August 2008.

  356. “War Hero is Reunited Here with Wife, Son,” in The Clinton Herald, 8 December 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  357. Blackburn Oral History, p.223, MHI.

  358. Roxas letter to Volckmann, 31 July 1945, The Volckmann Family Collection.

  359. Blackburn Oral History, p.223, MHI.

  360. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr.; “Guerrilla Recognition Files,” RG 407, Box 465, NARA.

  361. Ibid.

  362. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.

  363. Blackburn Oral History, p.222, MHI.

  364. Ibid.

  365. Ibid.

  366. Ibid.

  367. Ibid, p.223.

  368. Ibid.

  369. Ibid, p. 224.

  370. Ibid.

  371. “Proclamation of Amnesty,” signed by the Honorable Kenneth Royal, Secretary of the Army, 12 August 1949, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.

  372. Blackburn Oral History, p. 228, MHI.

  373. Ibid.

  374. Ibid.

  Chapter 11

  375. Volckmann, FM 31-21 Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare, p.23.

  376. McClintock, Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and CounterTerrorism, 1940–1990, p.45.

  377. “Russell William Volckmann,” Assembly, Vol. 47, April 1988, The Volckmann Family Collection. This is Volckmann’s obituary from the West Point alumni newsletter.

  378.Volckmann, FM 31-20 Operations Against Guerrilla Forces, p.2.

  379. Ibid, p.24–34.

  380. Ibid, p.35–38.

  381. Ibid, p.44–46; Birtle, U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1942–1976, p.104–05.

  382. Volckmann, FM 31-20 Operations Against Guerrilla Forces, p.57–63.

  383. Ibid.

  384. Ibid, p.47–51.

  385. Ibid, p.71–74.

  386. Ibid.

  387. Birtle, U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1942–1976, p.104–05.

  388. Willoughby, MacArthur, 1941–1951, p.210.