Henry

by Starkey, David

  2. Collectanea IV, 258.

  3. Busch, Henry VII, 141–5.

  4. BL: Cotton MS Vitellius B XII, fo. 109. LP IV iii, 5774/5ii, 13.

  5. Collectanea IV, 374.

  6. CPR Henry VII II (1494–1509), 258. PPE Elizabeth of York, 14, 77–8, 104.

  7. C. Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England, ed. W. D. Hamilton, 2 vols CS New Series 11 and 20 (1875 and 1877) I, 31.

  8. PPE Elizabeth of York, 82–3, 85, 90–1.

  9. Armstrong, ‘Italian Astrologer’, 451–3.

  10. PPE Elizabeth of York, 95; Materials II, 65, 84; BL Add. MS 4617, fo. 186, citing French Roll, 6 Henry VII; CPR Henry VII II (1494–1509), 354; Great Chronicle, 321.

  11. PPE Elizabeth of York, 94.

  12. Ibid., 96–7.

  13. Bentley, Excerpta Historica, 130; Great Chronicle, 321.

  14. Job 19:21; AR IV, 662.

  15. Byrne, Letters of King Henry VIII, 4.

  16. PPE Elizabeth of York, 52. R. S. Sylvester, ed., The History of King Richard III and Selections from the English and Latin Poems (1963), 119–23; J. B. Trapp and H. S. Herbrüggen, ‘The King’s Good Servant’: Sir Thomas More (1977), no. 19; F. B. Tromly, ‘“A Rueful Lamentation” of Elizabeth: Thomas More’s transformation of didactic lament’, in Moreana 14, no. 53, 45–56.

  CHAPTER 11: RE-EDUCATION

  1. CPR Henry VII II, 319, 322, 325, 327, 343; TNA: LC 2/1/1/, fos. 73–4.

  2. Carlson, ‘Royal Tutors’, 255–6.

  3. Ibid., 267, 270.

  4. N. Orme, ‘John Holt (d. 1504), Tudor Schoolmaster and Grammarian’, in The Library, 6th s. 18 (1996), 283–305.

  5. F. M. Nichols, The Hall of Lawford Hall (1891), 216, n. 373. Nichols, occasionally corrected by GEC, gives a full account of William, Lord Mountjoy and his family.

  6. Carlson, ‘Royal Tutors’, 272–3.

  7. Nichols, Lawford Hall, 216, 223.

  8. Ibid., 196.

  9. See above, pp. 122–23.

  10. H. L. R. Edwards, Skelton (1949), 131–2 and 310 notes.

  11. OxfordDNB, ‘Duwes’; John Palsgrave, L’esclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530), ‘The Authours Epistell to the kynges grace’.

  12. OxfordDNB, ‘Duwes’; S. Anglo, ‘The Court Festivals of Henry VII’, in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 43 (1960–61), 12–45, p. 33; TNA: LC 2/1/1/, fo. 73v. A. Ashbee, Records of English Court Music, 9 vols (Aldershot, 1986–) VII (1485–1558), 20.

  13. Nichols, Lawford Hall, 216.

  14. Orme, ‘John Holt’, 303.

  CHAPTER 12: TO COURT

  1. RP VI, 520, 522, 532; Anglo, ‘The Court Festivals of Henry VII’, 39.

  2. CPR Henry VII II (1494–1509), 343.

  3. CSP Sp. I, 329; Condon, ‘Itinerary’; Bayne and Dunham, Select Cases, 37.

  4. CSP Sp. I, 329–30.

  5. CSP Sp. I, 206.

  6. Vergil B, 145–7.

  7. CSP Sp. I, 329–30.

  8. Great Chronicle, 328, 331.

  9. CSP Sp. I, 295.

  10. Great Chronicle, 323.

  11. CSP Sp. I, 330, 333.

  12. CSP Sp., supplement to vols I & II, 122.

  13. LP Hen. VII I, 180: my translation.

  14. LP Hen. VII I, 231–40, dated by D. A. Luckett, ‘Crown Patronage and Political Morality in early Tudor England: The case of Giles, Lord Daubeney’, EHR (1995) and Condon, ‘Itinerary’, which establishes the date of the king’s illness at Wanstead (see below).

  15. LP Hen. VII I, 233.

  16. Ibid., 239.

  17. Loc. cit.

  18. Ibid., 238.

  19. Ibid., 233.

  CHAPTER 13: RELIGION

  1. F. Palgrave, The Antient Kalendars and Inventories, 3 vols (1836) III, 393, 398, items 1 and 39; Condon, ‘Itinerary’.

  2. PPE Elizabeth of York, 3–4, 78; Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England, I, 31. And see above, p. 117.

  3. The Chronicle, p. 517; LP XIV i, 967; TNA: OBS 1419 and index. The latter rather misleads by showing three other royal visits to Walsingham in June 1515, February–March 1521 and October 1522. But these pilgrimages were performed only by Queen Catherine; Henry remained behind en route. Henry’s pilgrimage to Master John Shorne is noted as imminent by Wolsey in LP III i, 1293, and confirmed by TNA: OBS 1419, which shows Henry at ‘Quarrington’ (Quainton), barely two miles from North Marston on 25–26 May 1521. Henry’s earlier visit to ‘Quarndon’ (Quainton) on 21–23 July can be safely assumed to be for the same purpose. For the cult of Master John Schorne see Notes and Queries, 8th series 6 (1894), 341 and E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven and London, 1992), 155, 195, plate 72. T. Rymer, Foedera, Conventions, Litterae, 15 vols (1704–35) XV, 110–12.

  4. TNA: LC2/1/1, fo. 73v; BL Add. MS 28,623, fo. 14v; LP I i, 20, p. 13.

  5. E. Charlton, ‘Roll of Prayers formerly belonging to Henry VIII when Prince’, in Archaeologia Aeliana, new series 2 (1858), 41–5, 43; D. C. Sherner, Binding Words: textual amulets in the Middle Ages (Philadelphia, 2006), 264–7. For Thomas, see below, p. 339 and n. 20.

  6. Gyronny gules and azure, a cross engrailed between four cinquefoils slipped or. I am very grateful for the kind but so far unavailing attempts of Dr Adrian Ailes of TNA and Dr Clive Cheesman, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, to identify this coat.

  CHAPTER 14: PHILIP

  1. M. Gachard, ed., Collection des voyages des souverains des Pays-Bas (Brussels, 1876) I, 408–29; Memorials, 282–303.

  2. CSP Ven. I, 320.

  3. CSP Sp., supplement to vols I & II, 132–3.

  4. AR II, 315.

  5. Vergil B, 139.

  6. CSP Ven. I, 306.

  7. LP Hen. VII I, 280–5; CSP Ven. I, 317–21; Vergil B, 137–9; The Chronicle of Calais, 5–6.

  8. Gachard, Voyages des souverains des Pays-Bas I, 429.

  9. CSP Ven. I, 314–15.

  10. LP Hen. VII I, 285–6; a photograph of the original (BL Add. MS 21,404, fo. 9) appears on the back of the dust-jacket of M. L. Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII (1977).

  11. J. Otway-Ruthven, The King’s Secretary and the Signet Office in the Fifteenth Century (Cambridge, 1939), 104–5; see above, pp. 179–80.

  12. See above, pp. 169–70.

  CHAPTER 15: JOUSTING

  1. Alan Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London: George Philip, 1987), 197.

  2. HKW II, 967–9.

  3. W. C. Hazlitt, ed., Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England (1866) II, 109–30.

  4. Ibid., 120.

  5. BL Add. MS 59,899, fos. 64 & 65; Anglo, ‘The Court Festivals of Henry VII’, 40; S. Gunn, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk (Oxford, 1988), 6.

  6. LP Hen. VII I, 225–7; OxfordDNB, ‘Hussey’.

  7. T. B. Pugh, ‘Henry VII and the English Nobility’ in G. W. Bernard, ed., The Tudor Nobility (Manchester, 1992) 49–110, 72–4.

  8. Palgrave, Antient Kalendars III, 397, item 31.

  9. Gunn, Brandon, 28.

  10. S. J. Gunn, ‘Henry Bourchier, earl of Essex (1472–1540)’ in G. W. Bernard, ed., The Tudor Nobility, 134–79, 136; GEC V, 137–9.

  11. Hazlitt, Remains II, 127.

  12. Ibid., 123, 128.

  13. CSP Sp. I (1485–1509), 439.

  14. Hazlitt, Remains II, 128–9.

  15. Memorials, 103–30.

  16. Ibid., 116, 120, 124.

  17. Young, Tournaments, 194.

  18. Memorials, 120; Hazlitt, Remains II, 124, 126.

  19. Hazlitt, Remains II, 124, 126; Memorials, 122.

  20. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, 7; Bruce, The Making of Henry VIII, 195, 201, 246.

  21. Memorials, 106, 110.

  22. Correspondencia di Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida, ed. the duque de Berwick e de Alba (Madrid, 1907), 454.

  CHAPTER 16: DYING

  1. CSP Sp. I (1485–1509), pp. 408, 439.

  2. Memorials, 108; Busch, Henry VII, 314.

  3. Memorials, 112–13.

  4. Ibid., 124; Condon, ‘Itinerary’.


  5. Memorials, 115, 123.

  6. TNA: E 404/81/ (warrant dated 20 June 1494).

  7. Memorials, 112, 122, 123.

  8. Memorials, 113.

  9. D. Starkey, ‘Intimacy and Innovation’ in D. Starkey, ed., The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (1987), 71–118, 72–6.

  10. HKW IV, pp. 147–9, 282–3.

  11. BL Add. MS 28,623, fos. 11–15.

  12. Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 449, paraphrased by Garret Mattingley, Catherine of Aragon (1963), 92.

  13. BL Add. MS 28,623, fo. 11v.

  14. OxfordDNB, ‘Erasmus’.

  15. D. Starkey, ‘The King’s Privy Chamber, 1485–1547’, unpublished Cambridge Ph. D. dissertation (1973), 27–34.

  16. Vergil B, 127.

  17. Memorials, 125.

  18. Vergil B, 129.

  19. W. C. Richardson, Tudor Chamber Administration, 1485–1547 (Baton Rouge, 1952), 197–213.

  20. LP I i, 257/80; TNA: E 101/517/15, fos. 1–2, 5–6.

  21. Ibid., fo. 9v.

  CHAPTER 17: END

  1. ‘“The Spousells” of the Princess Mary’, ed. J. Gairdner, Camden Miscellany 9 (1893), 1–35, 15.

  2. Ibid., pp. 8–27.

  3. Condon, ‘Itinerary’; TNA: E 101/517/15, fos. 6r., 9v.

  4. J. E. B. Mayor, ed., The English Works of John Fisher, 2 vols, EETS extra series 7 (1876) I, 271.

  5. Ibid., 273.

  6. Condon, ‘Itinerary’; Mayor, Works of Fisher I, 272; Starkey, ‘Privy Chamber’, 33–4.

  7. Starkey, ‘Privy Chamber’, 46–50, where I was wrong to assert that he lost office at the end of Henry VII’s reign; J. Kirby, ed., The Plumpton Letters and Papers, CS 5th series 8, nos 165, 185; TNA: LC2/1/1, fo. 73r.

  8. Mayor, Works of Fisher, 274, 277, 279.

  9. Ibid., 285–6; G. Mattingley, Catherine of Aragon (1942), 95; LP I i, 84.

  10. S. Gunn, ‘The Accession of Henry VIII’, HR 64 (1991), 278–88, 287.

  11. Ibid., 287.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Ibid.; Great Chronicle, 336.

  14. Gunn, ‘Accession of Henry VIII’, 287; Great Chronicle, 336.

  CHAPTER 18: KING

  1. Gunn, ‘Accession of Henry VIII’, 287; The Chronicle, 505.

  2. LP Hen. VII I, p. 233; P. S. and H. M. Allen, Letters of Richard Fox, 1486–1527 (Oxford, 1929), 43.

  3. LP I ii, appendix 2; Gunn, ‘Accession of Henry VIII’, 285.

  4. Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 518; Gunn, ‘Accession of Henry VIII’, 287–8.

  5. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin, eds, Tudor Royal Proclamations, 3 vols (New Haven and London, 1964–9) I, 79–81; Gunn, ‘Accession of Henry VIII’, 278 n.1, 281 n. 17; LP I i, 11/1; Great Chronicle, 337.

  6. LP I i, 11/10i & ii; Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 517.

  7. Mayor, Works of Fisher I, 280; Collectanea IV, 305–9.

  CHAPTER 19: FIRST STEPS

  1. Byrne, Letters of King Henry VIII, 152; Vergil B, 6, 122.

  2. Gairdner, Paston Letters VI, 151.

  3. TNA: LC2/1/1, fo. 73; CSP Sp. I (1485–1509), 359; Palgrave, Antient Kalendars III, 397–8, items 37, 40.

  4. Jones and Underwood, King’s Mother, 288.

  5. CSP Ven. III (1520–26), 658; TNA: OBS/1419.

  6. LP I i, 37, 94/53, 64–9, 77; GEC IV, 73–4; XII ii, 846–9; Allen, Letters of Fox, 43–4.

  7. LP I i, 54/10, 11–14, 21–4, 34; HKW IV, 344–5.

  8. LP I i, 54/69–71.

  9. Allen, Letters of Fox, 43–4.

  10. LP I i, 725, 731/41.

  11. C. Coleman and D. Starkey, eds, Revolution Reassessed: revisions in the history of Tudor government and administration (Oxford, 1986), 47–9, 63 and n. 11.

  12. Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 484; Palgrave, Antient Kalendars III, 397–8, items 6, 11, 19, 27, 30, 35.

  13. Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 516.

  14. Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 518; LP I i, 19 (warrant 1 May 1509).

  15. Correspondencia de Fuensalida, 519–20.

  CHAPTER 20: ‘VIRTUE, GLORY, IMMORTALITY’

  1. Nichols, The Epistles of Erasmus I, 459; GEC IX, 340.

  2. Nichols, Epistles of Erasmus I, 457.

  3. GEC IX, 338 and n.f.

  4. Nichols, Epistles of Erasmus I, 457–8; 463.

  CHAPTER 21: CORONATION

  1. LP I i, 94/43.

  2. LP I i, 81; C. Blair, ed., The Crown Jewels, 2 vols (1998) I, 201–2 and 255 n. 262.

  3. A. G. Dickens, ed., Clifford Letters of the Sixteenth Century, Surtees Society 172 (1962), 18–23, 140.

  4. LP I i, 94/87.

  5. Great Chronicle, 339–40.

  6. The Chronicle, 508; Memorials, 123.

  7. LP I i, 82 (p. 38), 132/39, 1221/18.

  8. L. G. Wickham Legg, ed., English Coronation Records (1901), 170–1.

  9. W. Jerdan, ed., Rutland Papers, CS old series 21 (1842) 21, 14–15.

  10. The Chronicle, 511–12.

  11. LP I i, 82/2; Fisher, English Works I, 306.

  12. BL Add. MS 12, 060, fos. 23–23v.

  CHAPTER 22: ‘I SAW A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH …’

  1. The Complete Works of St Thomas More (New Haven and Yale, 1984), III, part 2, 97–117.

  2. Vergil B, 148–9; G. R. Elton, ‘Henry VII: a restatement’, in G. R. Elton, Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government, 4 vols (Cambridge, 1974–92) I, 66–99, 88.

  3. Public Record Office, Third Report (1842), appendix II, pp. 226–8.

  4. LP I i, 448/4.

  5. LP I i, 132/50, 69, 71; 218/24, 35; 257/12, 80; 289/44; 414/26, 58.

  6. LP I i, 104.

  7. Complete Works of More III, part 2, 109. Vergil B, 151.

  8. LP I i, 190/4.

  9. LP I i, 158/75; 438 Part 3 m. 21. The bills for Dorset’s grants in August were dated at Woking, which suggests that he was present at court and able to submit them in person.

  10. LP I i, 158/19, 20.

  11. H. Pierce, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473–1541 (Cardiff, 2003), 1–32 and n. 14.

  12. TNA: LC2/1/1, fo. 74; Palgrave, Antient Kalendars III, 395, items 17 and 23.

  13. LP I i, 20 fo. 136, 158/20; II ii, p. 1442.

  14. RP VI, 546.

  15. LP I i, 170; I ii, appendix 9.

  16. H. Miller, Henry VIII and the English Nobility (Oxford and New York, 1986), 8 and ns 12 and 13; A. Wagner, ‘The Origin of the Introduction of Peers in the House of Lords’, Archaeologia 101 (1967), 119–150, 124.

  17. R. S. Sylvester, ed., The History of King Richard III; Complete Works of St Thomas More II, 3, 158–9.

  18. LP I i, 309.

  CHAPTER 23: BREAKING FREE: WILLIAM COMPTON

  1. TNA: OBS 1419; LP I i, 118, 289/39, 40, 41, 42.

  2. LP II ii, p. 1444; N. Sander, The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, ed. and trans. D. Lewis (1877), 161.

  3. M. A. E. Wood, ed., Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies, 3 vols (1846) I, 158 (LP I i, 127).

  4. CIPM: Henry VII, 3 vols (1898–1956) I, 882.

  5. BL Add. MS 28,623, fos. 15–15v.

  6. LP I i, 20 (p. 13), 82 (p. 42), 447/18.

  7. LP I i, 109; TNA: E 101/220/1 (LP I i, 579/1); LP I ii, 2766.

  8. The Chronicle, 513.

  9. Ibid., 514; LP II ii, 1492/ii.

  10. The Chronicle, 520.

  11. TNA: PRO 31/3/1 (LP I i, 734). My translation.

  12. Herbert, Life … of King Henry VIII, 8; Vergil B, 153: untranslated Latin text of the 1555 printed edition. I am grateful to Justine Taylor for her translation.

  CHAPTER 24: MARRIED LIFE

  1. Skelton, Complete English Poems, 110.

  2. Carlson, ‘The Latin Writings of Skelton’, 44–5.

  3. Byrne, The Letters of King Henry VIII, 11 (LP I i, 119).

  4. CSP Sp. II, 20 (LP I i, 128).

  5. TNA: OBS 1419; CSP Sp. II, 19 (LP I i, 112).

  6. Byrne, The Letters of Henry VIII, 11–12 (LP
I i, 220).

  7. The dates of the king’s movements, as reported variously by Hall, The Chronicle, pp. 513–14, his itinerary (TNA: OBS 1419) and the revels account (LP II ii, pp. 1490–2), do not agree. I have followed the revels account, which alone is contemporary.

  8. CSP Sp., supplement to vols I and II, pp. 35, 42–44.

  9. CSP Ven. II, 52; LP I i, 381/95.

  10. Ibid., 94/91, 132/29, 519/58.

  11. The Chronicle, 513–14.

  12. LP I i, 394/i; II ii, p. 1446.

  13. LP I i, 394/ii.

  14. CSP Sp., supplement to vols I and II, pp. 35, 42–44.

  15. Loc. cit.

  16. CSP Ven. II, 73.

  17. CSP Sp. II, 43.

  18. PPE Elizabeth of York, 41, 80, 99. LP I i, 82 (p. 41); Palgrave, Antient Kalendars III, 396, 7 item 24.

  19. CSP Sp., supplement to vols I and II, pp. 39–41.

  20. W. R. B. Robinson, ‘Henry VIII’s Household in the Fifteen-Twenties: the Welsh connection’, HR 68 (1995), 178–9 and n. 23; LP I i, 447/20, 640.

  21. CSP Sp., supplement to vols I and II, pp. 35, 43.

  22. TNA: OBS 1419; The Chronicle, 516; LP I i, 1463/v; II ii, p. 1448.

  23. S. Anglo, ed., The Great Tournament Roll of Westminster, 2 vols (Oxford, 1968) I, 109–111 (LP I i, 670–1); CSP Ven. II, 95.

  24. TNA: OBS 1419; The Chronicle, 516–17; C. R. Thompson, trans., The Colloquies of Erasmus (Chicago and London, 1965), 296–8; LP II ii, p. 1449.

  25. Great Chronicle, 370.

  26. Ibid., 373.

  27. Anglo, The Great Tournament Roll I, 56.

  28. Great Chronicle. 374; The Chronicle 519; LP II ii, 1495–7.

  CHAPTER 25: FRIENDS AND BROTHERS

  1. Great Chronicle, 369, 374.

  2. Memorials, 111–12.

  3. For this and Henry’s other poems, I have used R. G. Siemens’s elegantly modernized versions in The Lyrics of the Henry VIII Manuscript (British Library Add. MS 31, 922), forthcoming. I am grateful to Professor Siemens for early sight of his work. Gunn, Brandon, 3 and ns 7 and 8; LP I i, 94/12.