The Persian Empire
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Gardens, 1:127–132
Garshasp, 2:3, 56
Garsivaz, 2:4, 17, 43, 63
Gathas, 2:200, 207–208, 227–229
Gauls, 1:292
Gaumata, 1:9–10, 155; 2:212
Gayomard (Gaya Maretan, Gayomart), 2:1, 22–24, 30, 52
Gev (Gēv), 2:24–25, 46
Ghagha-shahr, 1:25–26
Ghassanids, 1:260
Ghaznavid dynasty, 1:79
Girshah, 2:23
Gīw, 2:25
Gochihr, 1:224
Godarz, 2:24
Godin Tepe, 2:124
Gold Man, 2:136–137
Gondishapur, 1:261
Gordarz, 2:25
Gordian III, 1:6–8, 28, 31, 272, 273–274
Gorgan. See Hyrcania
Gorgan, Great Wall of, 1:90–91, 96
Gorgin, 2:4–5, 57–58
Goruy Zereh, 2:24
Goshnaspdad, 1:254
Goshtasp, 1:73; 2:9, 10–11, 25–29, 37, 48, 179
Gotarzes I, 1:181–182, 186, 1:187
Gotarzes II, 1:57, 182
Gozihr, 1:224, 225
Great Wall of Gorgan, 1:90–91, 96
Greco-Bactrian kingdom, 1:45, 74–75, 98, 309. See also Bactria (Bakhtrish)
Greece
Achaemenid dynasty and, 1:141–144, 158–161, 164–165
Seleucid dynasty and, 1:292, 296, 304, 309; 2:143
Gushnasp fire. See Adur Gushnasp
Guti, 1:152
Hadrian, 1:58; 2:103
Hadyab, 1:59
Haft Khan, 2:59
Haft Sin table, 1:122–124
Hagmatana, 1:216; 2:83
Hakhamanish, 1:138–139
Hall of a Hundred Columns, 1:2
Hamedan, 1:18, 19–20, 216
Hamedan-Malayer-Kangavar Triangle, 2:124
Haoma, 2:208–209
Haoshyangha, 2:52
Haraiti Barez, 1:61
Haraiva, 1:68–69
Harakhushti, 1:66–67
Haroyu, 1:68–69
Harpagus, 1:211
Haurvatat, 2:184, 209–210
Hecatompylos, 1:84, 173, 174; 2:107
Helena, Queen, 1:56, 57
Heliades, 1:291
Helliodorus, 1:298
Hephthalites
Bactria, 1:76
Hyrcania, 1:90
Kavad I and, 1:252–254; 2:130
overview of, 2:110–112
Parthia, 1:96
Sasanian dynasty and, 1:221–222, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 250, 260, 271, 283
Sogdiana, 1:46, 99
Heraclius, 1:71, 223, 231, 245, 265, 266; 2:131, 132
Herat, 1:53, 68–69
Hermias, 1:295
Herodian, 2:308–310
Herodotus, 1:68; 2:161–163, 234–235, 259–260, 277–280
Himerus, 1:90
Historical places, overview, 1:1–4
Histories, 2:161–163, 234–235, 254–260, 277–280
History of Alexander, 2:270–271, 272, 275
History of Menander the Guardsman, 2:324–327
History of Tabari, 2:319–324
History of the Roman Empire, 2:308–310
Homai, 2:11–12, 28
Hordad, 2:209–210
Hormozd, 1:7, 221, 234–235
Hormozd II, 1:228, 246, 247–248, 275
Hormozd III, 1:248, 283
Hormozd IV, 1:241, 249–251, 262, 263
Hushang, 2:23, 30–32
Hotakhshbadh, 2:134
Huns, 1:237, 239
Huns, White. See Hephthalites
Hushang, 2:30–32, 52
Husrava, 2:62
Hussein, 1:6
Huvakhshtra, 1:209–210, 213–215; 2:84, 121
Huwarazmish, 1:77–80
Hyrcania, 1:4, 86–92, 171; 2:94
Hystaspes, 1:139, 155, 163
Imgur-Enlil, 1:152
Immortals, Achaemenid army and, 2:76
Inaros, 1:141
Intelligence gathering, 1:259
Ir, 2:91
Iraj, 2:20, 32–35, 49–50
Iranian calendar, 1:118–120
Iranian cuisine, 1:112–115; 2:280–282
Iranian languages, 1:115–118, 120, 125–127
Isaiah, 1:152–153; 2:239–243
Isfandarmadh, 2:6
Isidore of Charax, 1:33; 2:125–126, 293–297
“Isis and Osiris” (Plutarch), 2:232–234
Izates II, 1:56–57
Izeh, 2:107
Jamasp (Zamasp), 1:251–252, 254; 2:11, 12, 26, 27–28
Jamshid, 2:1–2, 18, 35–37, 53–54, 134
Jashn, 1:130
Jashn-e Sadeh, 1:130
Jaxartes river, 1:35
Jerusalem
Achaemenid dynasty and, 1:142, 152
Helena and, 1:56, 57
Old Testament passages, Ezra and Isaiah, 2:239–243
Sasanian dynasty and, 1:223, 256, 264, 265; 2:131
Seleucid dynasty and, 1:289, 300, 305; 2:144
Jeyhun, 1:101
Josephus, 2:273
Judaism, in Adiabene, 1:56–59
Julian, 1:221, 276–277
Julius Caesar, 1:190, 196
Justin, 1:254
Justinian, 1:255, 259–260
Ka’ba of Zoroaster, 1:2, 20–23, 31; 2:312–314
Ka’ba-ye Zardosht, 1:2, 20–23, 31
Kai Apiveh, 2:41, 48
Kai Kaus, 2:41
Kai Kavad, 2:48
Kai Pisin, 2:48
Kambujiya, 1:139
Kambujiya I, 1:147
Kambujiya II, 1:147–149
Kangavar, 1:23–24; 2:107
Kanishka I, 1:75, 99; 2:104–105, 116
Karbala, 1:6
Karen, 1:226, 242; 2:87, 112, 113, 2:114, 134
Kartir (Karder), 1:3, 21, 28, 29, 31, 47, 234; 2:163–164, 312–314
Katayun, 2:12, 26–27, 37–38, 48
Kavad I, 1:52, 219, 222, 251, 252–255, 257; 2:111, 130
Kavad II Shiruya (Shiroy), 1:223–224, 230, 255–256; 2:133
Kaveh, 1:61–62; 2:15, 39–40, 54–55
Kavi Husravah, 2:44, 62
Kavi Kavata. See Kay Qobad
Kavi Usa. See Kay Kavus
Kavi Vishtaspa, 1:73; 2:48
Kavus, 1:222, 254
Kayanian dynasty
Alborz Mountains, 1:63–64
Ardur Gushnasp and, 2:179–180
Bactria (Bakhtrish), 1:72–73
Kay Kavus, 2:3, 41–44
Kay Khosrow, 2:44–47
Kay Qobad (Kavata), 2:47–48
Kayen, 1:262
Kay Kavata. See Kay Qobad (Kay Kavata)
Kay Kavus, 1:73; 2:25, 41–44, 45, 46, 62
Kay Khosrow, 2:4, 14, 16, 24–25, 41, 44–47, 62, 63
Kay Qobad, 1:64; 2:3, 41, 47–48
Kayumars. See Gayomard (Gaya Maretan, Gayomart)
Kazakhstan, 1:46
Kermanshah, 1:9, 237
Khark, 1:54
Khazars, 1:250
Khorasan, 1:52–53, 92–97
Khordad, 2:209–210
Khordeh Avesta, 2:200
Khosrow, 2:62
Khosrow I Anushiravan
History of Tabari, excerpt from, 2:319–324
Mazdak and, 2:169–170
overview of, 1:52, 71, 76, 90, 219, 222–223, 237–238, 249, 256–262; 2:88, 111, 130–131
Sogdiana, 1:46, 99
Khosrow II Parvez (Parviz), 1:4, 49, 71, 72, 219, 223, 240, 241–242, 245, 250, 262–268; 2:131–133
Khshathra Vairya, 2:184, 210–211
Khshathrita, 2:123
Khuzestan, 1:80–82
Khvarnah, 2:211–212
Khwarazm, 1:77–80
Khwarazm Shah, 1:79
Kidarites, 1:221; 2:130
Kings of Characene, 2:333–334
Kings of Elymais, 2:334
Kings of Persis, 2:334–335
King’s Road, 2:127–129
Kiy
umars. See Gayomard (Gaya Maretan, Gayomart)
Ksatrapas, role of, 2:115
Kuh-e Khwaja, 1:24–26; 2:107
Kuh-e Mehr, 1:41
Kuh-e Rahmat, 1:41
Kuh-e Sorsoreh, 1:43–44
Kujula Kadphises, 1:75; 2:115, 140
Kul Oba, 2:136
Kurgans, 2:135–136
Kurush I, 1:64–65, 139
Kurush II. See Cyrus II the Great
Kushan Empire
administration and organization, 2:115–117, 139–140
Arachosia, 1:67
Aria, 1:69
Arsachid Empire and, 2:104–105
Chorasmia, 1:79
chronology of, 2:336
Silk Road and, 1:75–76
Sogdiana, 1:98–99
Kushano-Sasanians, 2:336
Kushanshahr, 1:76
Kyrgyzstan, 1:46
Labienus, 1:192, 196–197
Lake Hamun, 1:24–26
Lakhmid, 1:237, 259
Languages, Iranian, 1:115–118, 120, 125–127
Laodice, 1:294, 306, 308
Lazica, 1:241, 250, 255, 257, 263
League of Corinth, 1:160
Lohrasp, 1:73; 2:11, 26, 27, 37, 46, 48–49
Longhand, 1:140; 2:9
Longimanus, 1:140; 2:9
Luhrasp. See Lohrasp
Lydia, 2:84, 122
Lysias, 1:303
Lysimachus, 1:287, 306, 307, 308
Macedonia, 1:55
Macrinus, 1:180
Macrocheir, 1:140; 2:9
Mada, 2:117–125. See also Median Empire
Magi, 2:212–214
Mahafarid, 2:20, 55
Mahaksatrapas, role of, 2:115
Makush, 2:212
Ma’munids, 1:79
Mandane, 1:147, 149, 210, 211–212, 216–217
Mani, 1:29, 220, 234, 274; 2:164–168
Manichaeism, 2:164–168
Manijheh, 2:4–5, 58
Manuchehr (Manōchihr, Manushchihr), 1:63; 2:2, 5, 6, 18, 20–21, 33–34, 49–52, 55–56
Manush, 2:48
Maracanda, 1:45, 97
Marcus Aurelius, 2:103
Mardi, 1:94, 183
Mardonius, 1:164
Marduk, 1:152
Mardush, 2:15, 37
Margiana, 1:51
Mark Antony, 1:70, 197–198; 2:100, 103
Marv, 1:53
Mashi, 2:23
Mashya, 2:22, 30
Mashyanag, 2:22, 30
Massagetae, 2:138, 148
Maurice, Emperor, 1:265
Mauryan Empire, 1:74, 307
Mawara’ al-Nahr, 1:101
Mazdak, 1:222, 251–254, 257–259; 2:130, 168–170
Meals, 1:112–115
Medes, overview of, 2:117–125. See also Median Empire
Media Atropatene, 1:69–72, 70
Media Minor, 1:70
Median Empire
Adiabene, 1:55
administration and organization, 2:74, 82–84
Azerbaijan, 1:70
chronology of, 1:xlvii–xlviii; 2:331
Cyrus II the Great and, 1:150
Ecbatana, 1:16–19
Histories (Herodotus), 2:234–235
kings and queens, overview of, 1:209–211 (See also specific ruler names)
magi, role of, 2:212–213
overview of, 2:117–125
Ray, 1:43–45
Median Triangle, 1:209; 2:124
Megapanus, 1:87
Meh Adur Gushnasp, 1:230, 231
Mehran, 1:44; 2:113, 2:114
Mehregan (Mehrgan), 1:103; 2:40
Mehr Narseh, 1:282
Menander, 2:324–327
Meno, 1:66
Mesha, 2:22
Meshana, 2:22
Mesopotamia, 1:55, 58
Meturnu, 1:152
Meyshan, 2:23
Middle Persian language, 1:120
Mihragan, 2:40
Mihr Narseh, 1:239
Minocihr. See Manuchehr
Mishan, 2:23
Mithra, 1:4, 61; 2:214–216, 232
Mithridata. See Mithridates I
Mithridates, 1:212
Mithridates I
Elymais, 1:81, 304–305
Fars, 1:85
historical accounts of, 2:288–290
Hyrcania, 1:89–90
overview of, 1:33, 55, 168, 175, 182–185, 289; 2:123, 144
Parthia, 1:94–95
Mithridates II, 1:55, 169–170, 185–188
Mithridates III, 1:188, 189
Mobads, 2:113, 134
Molon, 1:81, 295
Monaeses, 1:197
Monobazus, King, 1:56
Mordad, 2:190–191
Mosul, 1:59
Mount Damavand, 1:60
Mount Hossein, 1:27–29
Mount of Khwaja, 1:24–26
Mount of Mercy, 1:41
Mount of Mithra, 1:41
Mundhir I, 1:237
Musa, 1:191–192, 198, 199; 2:87
Muslim Arabs, end of Sasanian Empire, 1:224, 245, 284–285; 2:133
Mygdonia, 1:55
Nabonidus, 1:10
Nabopolassar, 1:213, 214; 2:121
Nabu, 1:152
Nahid, 1:105
Najaf, 1:238
Nameh-ye Tansar, 2:310–312
Naming of children, 2:160
Naqsh-e Rajab, 1:27–29
Naqsh-e Rostam, 1:1–3, 20–23, 29–32, 85; 2:253–254, 312–314
Narseh, 1:220, 234, 235–236, 238, 268–270
Navazak, 1:73
Nebuchadrezzar, 1:10, 12
Necho II, 1:214
Neoptolemus, 2:92
Nero, 1:179, 201
Nestorian Christians, 1:267
Nēv Shapur, 1:52–54
New Year (Nowruz), 1:121–124
Neyshabur, 1:53
Nidintu-Bel, 1:10
Nineveh, 1:213, 1:214, 223; 2:84, 120, 121, 235–236
Nisa, 1:2, 5, 32–35
Nisibis, 1:7, 57, 58
No’man II, 1:254
No’man III, 1:264
Nowruz, 1:104, 121–124; 2:36
Nowzar, 2:2–3, 56, 66
Ochos, 1:140. See also Darius II
Ochus, 1:87, 302; 2:96
Octavian (Augustus), 1:70
Oeconomicus, 2:254–259, 276–277
Ohrmazd, 1:3–4, 27–28, 31
Old Persian language, 1:125
Olympias, 2:92
Onchus, 1:138
Orobazus, 1:186
Orodes, 1:82
Orodes I, 1:188–189
Orodes II, 1:189–191; 2:103
Orodes III, 1:191–192
Oronotobates, 2:97
Orontes, 1:144
Osroes, 1:58
Otanes, 1:140
Oxus river, 1:35
Oxus Treasure, 1:35–36, 73–74
Oxyartes, 2:95
Pabag, 1:224, 232–233
Pacorus, 1:178, 190–193, 196–197
Pahlavi. See Middle Persian language
Palestine
Achaemenid dynasty and, 1:141, 142, 152
Alexander of Macedon and, 2:92
Arsacid (Parthian) dynasty and, 1:191, 192
Old Testament passages, Ezra and Isaiah, 2:239
Sasanian dynasty and, 1:223, 256, 265–266; 2:131–132
Seleucid dynasty and, 1:289, 295, 296, 298, 300, 302, 303, 305; 2:141, 142, 143–144
Panjkand (Panjakent), 1:37
Papak, 1:224, 225, 232–233
Paradhata, 2:30
Parcorus, 1:71
Parmenio, 2:93, 97
Parni (Aparni), 1:106, 293, 309; 2:138–139
Parsa, 1:64, 83–86
Parthamaspates, 1:58
Parthaunisa, 1:4, 5
Parthia, 1:92–97, 106, 171
Parthian (Arsacid) Empire. See Arsacid (Parthian) Empire
Parthian language, 1:125–127
Parthians, 1:88, 106
Parthian Stations, 2:73
, 125–126, 293–297
Parthyena, 1:4
Parysatis, 1:302; 2:96
Pasargadae, 1:1–2, 37–40
Pashutan (Pashotan), 2:12
Paurava (Porus), 2:95
Peace of the King, 1:144
Peloponnesian War, 1:142, 159
Perdiccas, 1:306
Perfect lands, 2:222, 229–231
Peroz, 1:99, 239, 243, 244, 251, 270–272; 2:111
Peroz I, 1:222
Persepolis, 1:1–2, 19, 40–43, 83, 1:84; 2:36, 93, 136, 261–263, 317
Persian Gardens, 1:127–130, 131–132
Persis, 1:83–86
Persis, Kings of, 2:334–335
Peshang, 2:33
Pharnuches, 1:302; 2:147
Philip II, 1:146, 160–161; 2:92
Philip the Arab, 1:3, 6–8, 28, 31, 272
Philip V of Macedonia, 1:296; 2:143
Phocas, 1:265
Phoenicians, 2:77
Phraates I, 1:33, 89, 94, 167–168, 175, 193–194
Phraates II, 1:95, 168–169, 194–195, 290, 300, 305; 2:144–145, 290–291
Phraates III, 1:189, 195–196
Phraates IV, 1:178, 191, 196–198
Phraates V, 1:191–192, 199
Phraortes (Fravartish), 1:11, 215, 1:216, 217–218; 2:83, 122–123
Phrataphernes, 1:92; 2:94
Piran, 2:4, 17, 24
Pisanah, 2:41
Pishdadian dynasty, 2:30, 52–57, 64–66
Plutarch, 2:264–270, 272, 274–275, 297–304
Polo, 1:134
Polycrates, 1:148
Pompey, 1:192, 195–196, 196
Porus (Paurava), 2:95
Pouruchista, 2:26
Power structure, overview of, 2:112–115
Priapatius, 1:173, 175, 199–200
Prison of Solomon, 1:39
Psammetichus III, 1:148
Ptolemy, 1:287, 306–307; 2:142
Ptolemy Ceraunus, 1:288, 308
Ptolemy II, 1:293, 308
Ptolemy III, 1:294, 308
Ptolemy IV Philopator, 1:295; 2:142
Ptolemy Philometor, 1:290–291
Ptolemy V, 1:296
Punjab, 1:75
Puran (Boran), 1:231–232, 244–246
Qaleh-ye Yazdigird, 2:107
Qandahar, 1:66–67
Qeshm, 1:54
Quchan, 1:5
Quintus Curtius Rufus, 2:270–271, 272, 275
Rakhash, 2:13
Ray, 1:5–6, 43–45
Republic of Turkmenistan, 1:51
Rhagae, 1:43–45
Rhodogune, 1:95, 183, 300, 305
Rhodugune, 1:155
Roman History, 2:306–308
Rome (Roman Empire)
Annals of Imperial Rome, 2:304–305
Arsacid (Parthian) Empire and, 2:103–105
Battle of Carrhae, 2:297–304
collapse of, 1:189–190
History of the Roman Empire, 2:308–310
Roman History, excerpt from, 2:306–308
Sasanian dynasty and, 1:220–221, 223, 225–226, 227, 235–239, 254–260, 269, 272–273, 275–277, 280, 282–283
Seleucid dynasty and, 1:289, 296–297, 303; 2:143
Rostam, 1:232; 2:3, 4, 5, 8–9, 12, 28, 41, 42, 46, 47, 56, 57–59, 62
Roxane, 1:147, 153
Royal Road, 1:1; 2:74, 127–129, 259–260
Rudabeh, 2:57, 69–70