Vampire Forensics
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For Krafft-Ebing, see Psychopathia Sexualis, 113, 129.
30–31 For more on Haarmann, Haigh, and Kürten, see Melton, The Vampire Book, 317–319 and 400–401; there are also many Web resources. For Kürten’s quote, see http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/kurten/trial_5.html.
For more on Kuno Hoffman, see Perkowski’s Vampire Lore, 63–64. For more on Chase, see Katherine Ramsland, “The Making of a Vampire” (http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/weird/chase/index_1.html). For the information on Riva, see Jennifer Mann, “Marshfield’s ‘Vampire Killer’ Up for Parole.”
Concise overviews of Báthory are legion; see, for example, Melton, The Vampire Book, 34–39. For arguments that political motives may have played a role in her trial, see McClelland, Slayers and Their Vampires, 150–51. For other treatments, see Valentine Penrose’s The Bloody Countess and novelist Marguerite Yourcenar’s That Mighty Sculptor, Time, 100–101.
For Jaffé and DiCataldo’s quote, see their essay, “Clinical Vampirism: Blending Myth and Reality,” in Dundes, The Vampire: A Casebook, 143.
CHAPTER TWO: “THE VERY BEST STORY OF DIABLERIE”
On Stoker’s note to Gladstone, see Miller, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 274.
Ibid., 267, for Conan Doyle’s note.
For the 1831–32 cholera epidemic, see Belford’s Bram Stoker and the Man Who Was Dracula, 18–19.
On the literary background, see Twitchell, The Living Dead: A Study of the Vampire in Romantic Literature, 32–38. For Croglin Grange, see Summers, The Vampire in Europe, 111–15.
Emily Gerard’s article is excerpted in the Norton Critical Edition of Dracula, 332–33.
All quotes are from Klinger, The New Annotated Dracula.
For Hamilton Deane, see David J. Skal, “‘His Hour Upon the Stage’: Theatrical Adaptations of Dracula,” in Miller, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 300–308.
For a concise look at Florence Stoker versus Nosferatu, see Miller, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 299.
Ibid., 304–05, for the reference to the cape.
For Béla Lugosi, see Miller, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 319–20, and Klinger, The New Annotated Dracula, 556–59. For his effectiveness in the role, see Douglas, Horrors!, 66–67. For a humorous look at Lugosi’s funereal cape, see Nuzum, The Dead Travel Fast, 204.
Zoologist David E. Brown has collected fascinating facts and anecdotes in Brown’s Vampiro: The Vampire Bat in Fact and Fantasy. See also Ditmars and Greenhall, “The Vampire Bat,” 295–310 in Perkowski’s Vampire Lore.
On “Vlad the Impaler,” the standard biography is still Florescu and McNally, Dracula, Prince of Many Faces. A concise sketch is Elizabeth Miller’s essay, on pages 209–17 of her sourcebook, Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Another paper of note is Grigore Nandris, “The Historical Dracula: The Theme of His Legend.”
For a Romanian perspective during the Ceausescu dictatorship, see Nicolae Stoicescu, Vlad Tepes: Prince of Walachia.
For stories of Vlad’s atrocities, see the comprehensive list neatly tabulated in McNally and Florescu, In Search of Dracula, 193–219.
On the “art” of impalement, see the Tyndale Bible Dictionary, 269. Although hardly objective, “Turkish Culture: The Art of Impalement” (http://www.e-grammes.gr/2004/11/souvlisma_en.htm) is worth a glance. See also http://www.angelfire.com/darkside/forgottendreams/Impalement.html.
On Dracula’s campaign, see Florescu and McNally, Dracula: Prince of Many Faces, 125–52.
For the Snagov tomb, see Florescu and McNally, Dracula: Prince of Many Faces, 179–83.
CHAPTER THREE: GATHERINGS FROM GRAVEYARDS
For more on the summer of 1816 at the Villa Diodati, see Hoobler and Hoobler, The Monsters: Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein, 127–50. Details of the conversations—including vampires, galvanism, and of course, the famous ghost story contest—are related there.
On the Byron-Polidori split, see Hoobler and Hoobler, The Monsters, 219–30. On Byron’s description and character, see Trelawny, Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron, 33–34, 53, 225.
For Charlotte Brontë and the “corsair,” see Heather Glen, Charlotte Bronte: The Imagination in History, 109. Quotations from Polidori’s “The Vampyre” came from Morrison and Baldick, eds., The Vampyre and Other Tales of the Macabre.
On Byron being credited with “The Vampyre,” see Hoobler and Hoobler, The Monsters, 227. For more on Bérard and Nodier, see Melton, The Vampire Book, 223. On the success of “The Vampyre,” especially in Paris, see Senf, The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature, 40–42; Twitchell, The Living Dead: A Study of the Vampire in Romantic Literature, 104–16; and an unsigned article, “On Vampirism,” 140–49.
For more on Planché, see Senf, The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature, 42. On Polidori’s suicide, see Hoobler and Hoobler, The Monsters, 233–35.
On Shelley’s pyre, see Trelawny, Recollections, 135–37. On the desiccated heart, see Sunstein, Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality, 384-385.
On the “restless graveyard,” see Newcomb, The Imagined World of Charles Dickens, 166–69.
For premature burial in general, see Bondeson’s fascinating Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear. On “Bateson’s Belfry,” see http://www.members.tripod.com/DespiteThis/death/prebur.htm.
On Chopin’s heart, see “Home Is Where the Heart’ll Stay” (http://www.news24.com/Content/SciTech/News/1132/d9a2b6c0e9a241b392fe947c69380a7a/26-07-2008-10-51/Home_is_where_the_heartll_stay). The Blackwoods article is mentioned in Senf, The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature, 23.
For “burking” in general, see Thomas Frost, “Burkers and Body-Snatchers” in Andrews’s The Doctor in History, 167–80. On grave robbing methods, see “The Resurrectionists” in Chambers’s Book of Days, 251–52.
On William Burke’s remains, see http://www.webcitation.org/5bUW8rrX2. For the “snatching” of John Harrison and the quote from the Zanesville paper, see Schultz, Body Snatching, 85–90.
The ghoulish Wendish superstition is quoted in Bell’s Food for the Dead, 213.
The authorship of Varney the Vampyre was once ascribed to Thomas Peckett Prest but is now largely credited to James Malcolm Rymer. Twitchell’s quote is found in Twitchell, The Living Dead, 123. Anyone not wishing to wade into the daunting original should not miss Twitchell’s hilarious plot synopsis (207–14).
On the “trashy” quote, see Skal, Vampires: Encounters with the Undead, 48.
For insightful readings of Wuthering Heights and the vampire, see Senf, The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature, 75–93, and Twitchell, The Living Dead, 116–22.
For the wider significance of Dickens’s graveyard scenes, see Trevor Blount’s “The Graveyard Satire of Bleak House in the context of 1850,” 370–78. For the “two million” London dead, see Dr. George Walker, Gatherings from Grave Yards, 196.
The Spa Fields gravedigger’s testimony originally appeared in March 5, 1845 edition of The Times; it is reprinted in the Norton edition of Bleak House, 906–09. The “body bugs” are described in Walker, Gatherings from Grave Yards, 155.
For “mephitic vapors” and their deleterious impact, see Walker, Gatherings from Grave Yards, 114–44. On the smallpox killing Lady Dedlock, see John Sutherland’s Who Betrays Elizabeth Bennet? Further Puzzles in Classic Fiction, 115–27.
See McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 231. James Hogg’s “Some Terrible Letters from Scotland” is found in The Vampyre and Other Tales of the Macabre, edited by Morrison and Baldick, 99–112.
See “John Snow and the Broad Street Pump,” Ockham’s Razor, September 5, 2004 (http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s1190540.htm). For the “witch-ridden” quote, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 246.
The 1799 description is from Dubos and Dubos, The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society, 118.
For the information on Lucy Westenra fitting a tuberculosis diagnosis as much as an anemia one, I am indebted to Pa
ul Sledzik, who first pointed that out in his paper, “Vampires, the Dead, and Tuberculosis: Folk Interpretations.” He also pointed out the Nicholas Nickleby quote.
For Sheridan Le Fanu, see Alfred Perceval Graves, “A Memoir of Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu” (http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lefanu/graves/), and M. R. James, “The Novels and Stories of J. Sheridan Le Fanu,” Ghosts & Scholars Newsletter 7 (http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~pardos/ArchiveLeFanu.html).
On the original Styrian locale, see Miller, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, 171–73.
The anonymous “Travels of Three English Gentlemen,” originally written in 1734, was not published until 1810, when it appeared in the Harleian Miscellany, 218–319. Lord Byron’s quote can be found in Hoobler and Hoobler, The Monsters, 228.
CHAPTER FOUR: THE VAMPIRE EPIDEMICS
For the Browne quote, see Jill Steward, “Central Europe,” Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia, 220–24. For the distribution of the “Turkey Oak” (Quercus cerris) in southeastern Europe, see Polunin and Walters, A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe, 143–55.
For the “orientalizing” of eastern Europe, and for Mozart, see Steward, “Central Europe.”
For landscapes, agriculture, and the shifting zone of desolation, see Thomas Kabdebo, “Pre-World War II Eastern Europe,” in Literature of Travel and Exploration, 368–373, and Kann and David, The Peoples of the Eastern Hapsburg Lands 1526-1918, 10, 78, and 97. For the Durham quote, see Omer Hadziselimovic, “Pre-1914 Balkans,” 67–71. For the establishment of lazzaretti, see Steward, “Central Europe.”
For Balkan travel, see Hadziselimovic, “Pre-1914 Balkans.” For the colorful details—the slivovitz, the mosques, the churches, the garb—see De Windt, Through Savage Europe, 167–90. On the zapis tree, carved with a cross outside Balkan churches, see Traian Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe, 38.
For the Balkan forests and the lyrical paean to them, see Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds, 24–29. For the Belgrade details and for the warning not to be caught out at night, see De Windt, Through Savage Europe, 114–20, 192.
For the impenetrable Serbian forests, see Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds, 26. For Mary Wortley Montague’s experiences in them, see her letter of April 1, 1717, to the Princess of Wales in The Letters of M.W. Montague 1716-18. For the Janissaries’ treatment of villagers, see the same letter, and Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe, 71–72.
On the hajduks, see Stu Burns, “‘And With All That, Who Believes in Vampires?’: Undead Legends and Enlightenment Culture.” For events in Medvegia, I have followed the version of Lieutenant Flückinger’s report, Visum et Repertum, found in Barber, Vampires, Burial, and Death, 16–18.
For more on Peter Plogojowitz, see Barber, Ibid., 3–9, and Beresford, From Demons to Dracula, 110.
For the impact of Visum et Repertum, and for the flood of dissertations it inspired, see Senf, The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature, 23; and Massimo Introvigne, “Antoine Faivre: Father of Contemporary Vampire Studies,” 602.
For the debate between the doctor and the lady, and for Walpole and King George II, see Clery and Miles, Gothic Documents: A Sourcebook 1700-1820, 24–25. For the word vampire entering western European languages, see Katharina M. Wilson, “The History of the Word Vampire” in Dundes, The Vampire: A Casebook, 3–11. For the Lettres Juives, see D’Argens, The Jewish Spy, 122–32. For the Grimaldi quote, see Introvigne, 609.
I have drawn from the Reverend Henry Christmas’s translation of Calmet’s Traite, published as The Phantom World in 1850.
For Davanzati, Pope Benedict, and the “fallacious fictions of human fantasy,” see Introvigne, 608–09.
For Empress Maria Theresa and her physician Gerhard Van Swieten, see McClelland, Slayers and Their Vampires, 126–46. For the vampire decrees, see Ankarloo and Clark, Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, 71–72; and Bostridge, Witchcraft and Its Transformation, 220.
Voltaire’s entry on vampires in the Dictionnaire Philosophique can be found in Volume 14 of his Works, 143–49.
For Rousseau’s “Letter,” see Kelly and Grace, The Collected Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 68. It is widely quoted elsewhere, and much of the letter is in Morley, Rousseau, 284–87.
On the Pantheon tombs, see “Voltaire and Rousseau: Their Tombs in the Pantheon Opened and Their Bones Exposed,” New York Times, January 8, 1898 (http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/).
For the Thoreau quote, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 225. For the Walton Cemetery and JB-55, see Sledzik and Bellantoni, “Bioarcheological and Biocultural Evidence for the New England Vampire Folk Belief” Bellantoni, Sledzik, and Poirier, “Rescue, Research, and Reburial: Walton Family Cemetery, Griswold, Connecticut,” in Bellantoni and Poirier, In Remembrance: Archaeology and Death, 131–54; and Bell, 167–76.
For stories of various New England “vampires,” see Bell, especially 7–12, 18–22, 140–43, and 283–89. On the relation of tuberculosis to the vampire belief, I found Paul Sledzik’s unpublished “Vampires, the Dead, and Tuberculosis: Folk Interpretations” to be illuminating.
CHAPTER FIVE: CORPI MORTI
On the “macabre” in medieval art, see Elina Gertsman, “Visualizing Death: Medieval Plagues and the Macabre” in Mormando and Worcester, Piety and Plague: From Byzantium to the Baroque, 64–85. For the spear-wielding angel and winged devil, see Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 48. For the Black Death’s toll, see McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 168.
For the Kaffa story, see Sherman, Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World, 79; McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 166; and Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 33–34. For plague symptoms and Paris diet, see Snodgrass, 34; for killing dogs and cats, see Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence, 374.
For more on rats and fleas, see McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 172; and Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence, 172 and 374. On the three forms of plague, see Sherman, Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World, 76. For events in Pistoia, see Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 37.
For the plague in Avignon, the Sienese chronicler, the Muslim reaction, the loss of villages, the heroic Scotswoman, and Les Innocents, see Snodgrass, 37–42. On the Vienna grave, see Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence, 375.
For Venetian measures and wolves in Ragusa, see Snodgrass, 35. For “corpi morti,” see Longworth, The Rise and Fall of Venice, 106. For the 1423 lazzaretto, Matteo Borrini references Nelli-Elena Vanzan Marchini, “Il Lazaretto Nuovo fra Venezia e il Mediterraneo.” See also Matteo Borrini, “Il Lazzaretto Nuovo, l’Isola dei Morti,” 10–11.
For Venetian preparations, and for Titian’s St. Mark Triumphant, see Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence, 374. For the 1576–77 epidemic, see Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 67, and Kohn, 34.
For doctors’ garb, see Sherman, Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World, 69. The image of the encircled islands comes from Matteo Borrini. For the Benedetti quote, see Maria Cristina Valsecchi, “Mass Plague Graves Found on Venice ‘Quarantine’ Island.”
For the 2006 dig details, I am indebted to conversations with Dr. Borrini, though any errors are mine.
For Philip Rohr’s De Masticatione Mortuorum, see Summers, The Vampire in Europe, 178–206.
Ibid.
For the Rohr quote, see Ibid. On Salem, see Bell, Food for the Dead, 257. For the “Pest Jungfrau,” see Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence, 375. For Philip V, see Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 32–62.
For these examples, see Snodgrass, 32–62.
For the malign conjunction, see Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 32, and Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “Finding a Scapegoat When Epidemics Strike.” On ID6, I again thank Dr. Matteo Borrini. See also his paper, “An Exorcism Against a Vampire in Venice: An Anthropological and Forensic Study on a Burial of the XVI Century.”
For the London Bills of Mortality, see Wills, Yellow Fever, Black Goddess, 37–39. The quote is from John Graunt, 1662.
On bloodsucking and folklore, see
Barber, Vampires, Burial, and Death, 100.
For Gettysburg, see Stiles, Four Years Under Marse Robert, 219–20.
For Elwood Trigg’s quote, see Barber, Vampires, Burial, and Death, 112. On telltale signs, see Barber, 106.
On skin slippage, saponification, and rigor mortis, see Barber, 161, 108, 117.
On the chromatic stages of decomposition, my thanks to Dr. Borrini.
On explosive gas, see Walker, Gatherings from Grave Yards, 204. On the “corpse light,” see Bell, Food for the Dead, 150–52.
On “purge fluid,” my thanks to Dr. Borrini.
On the groaning Paole, see Barber, 161. For the hole in the shroud, my thanks to Dr. Borrini.
For Defoe’s A Journal of the Plague Year, see the Wellcome Library (http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtx049939.html).
For the epidemic stomach rumbling, see Barber, 128.
For plague casualties and Il Redentore, see Snodgrass, World Epidemics, 67. See also McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 171. See also Barber, 25, and Tylor, Primitive Culture, 192.
See Barber, 18, and Borrini, “An Exorcism Against a Vampire in Venice.”
CHAPTER SIX: TERRA DAMNATA
For More’s spiritualist proclivities, including his ventures into haunted vaults, see Rupert Hall, Henry More and the Scientific Revolution, 128–45. On “objective ghost stories” in general, see Clery, The Rise of Supernatural Fiction 1762–1800, 19–21.
For quotations from More’s An Antidote Against Atheism, see Summers, The Vampire in Europe, 133–43.
On the Ars moriendi, see Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, 313–36, and Ariès, The Hour of Our Death, 95–106.
For the rabble of demons and infernal dukes, see Paine, The Hierarchy of Hell, 59–67. For last rites and “stinking Lazarus,” see Duffy, 310 and 313.
The “cult of the living in the service of the dead” is attributed to A. Galpern and cited in Duffy, 301. For Eastern Orthodox last rites, see Andrew Louth, “Eastern Orthodox Eschatology” in Walls, The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, 233–47, and Garnett, Balkan Home-Life, 119–53.