Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor
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145 “Yokohama, the city”: Henry W. Kinney, “Earthquake Days,” Atlantic Monthly, Jan. 1924, p. 23.
145 Though an earthquake: Hugh Byas, “Most of All Japan Fears an Air Attack,” New York Times, Aug. 4, 1935, p. SM6.
145 To limit the spread of fire: USSBS, Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects Tokyo, Japan, pp. 71–72.
145 “If you can start”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 37.
146 Doolittle debated: Background on raid planning is drawn from J. H. Doolittle, Report on the Aerial Bombing of Japan, June 5, 1942; Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 264–65.
146 “I spent more time”: Jack Hilger, undated questionnaire, Box 3, Series II, DTRAP.
147 The fliers pored over: Chase Nielsen testimony in the case of United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada, Yusei Wako, Ryuhei Okada, and Sotojiro Tatsuta, Box 1728, RG 331, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Legal Section, Prosecution Division, NARA; The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, pp. 458–60.
147 “Every outline of the coast”: Charles L. McClure as told to William Shinnick, “How We Bombed Tokio: Flyers aboard Hornet,” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 28, 1943, p. 4.
147 “We went over”: James Doolittle testimony in the case of United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.
147 “A briefing”: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, p. 457.
147 “If they were captured”: Ibid., p. 473.
147 “We all wanted it”: Chase Nielsen testimony in the case of United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.
147 “You are to bomb”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 265–66.
148 “Even though I could have”: Ibid., p. 266.
148 Most would carry: Charles R. Greening to James H. Doolittle, Report on Bombs Used in Tokyo-Osaka Raid, May 2, 1942, included with Merian C. Cooper, “The Doolittle Air Raid on Japan,” June 22, 1942.
148 “You will drop the demolition”: This exchange comes from Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 266–67.
148 “Each pilot must decide”: Ibid., p. 270.
149 “We figured”: Ralph Wakley, “Fliers Risked Lives in Daring Raid,” Standard-Examiner, April 5, 1992, p. 1.
149 Each combat crew member: Report of Major Harry Johnson Jr., Adjutant, B25B Project, undated.
149 “I went through”: McElroy, “When We Were One,” p. 28.
149 “Lusau hoo metwa fugi”: Stephen Jurika Jr., “Prepare to Launch,” in Carrier Warfare in the Pacific: An Oral History Collection, ed. E.T. Wooldridge (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), p. 27.
149 “The Japanese wore tabi”: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, pp. 488–89.
149 Greening continued: J. H. Doolittle, Report on the Aerial Bombing of Japan, June 5, 1942; Report of Major Harry Johnson Jr., Adjutant, B25B Project, undated.
149 “Know anything about a tail gun?”: “Tokyo Flyer,” Los Angeles Times, April 25, 1943, p. G2.
149 “Pilots plotted”: Report of Major Harry Johnson Jr., Adjutant, B25B Project, undated.
149 “I don’t want you”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, pp. 42–43.
150 Mission doctor Thomas White administered: T. R. White to Air Surgeon, “Report of Activities Covering the Period from March 1, 1942, to June 16, 1942,” June 23, 1942.
150 “One chap swore”: Thomas White, “Memoirs of ‘Doc’ White,” p. 2.
150 “The way the Doc talked”: Joseph Manske diary, April 15, 1942.
150 “Are there snakes”: This exchange comes from Richard Tedesco, “Thirty Seconds over Tokyo,” San Antonio Light, March 4, 1989, p. H1.
CHAPTER 9
151 “Four months today”: Breckinridge Long diary, April 7, 1942, in Israel, ed., The War Diary of Breckinridge Long, p. 255.
151 Japan had seized: USSBS, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, pp. 26–32; Raymond Daniell, “Rangoon Capture Confirmed in India,” New York Times, March 10, 1942, p. 5; “Darwin Is Raided,” ibid., Feb. 19, 1942, p. 1; “Darwin Raids Rank with London Blitz,” ibid., Feb. 22, 1942, p. 3; “Java Seen Most Involved,” ibid., Feb. 21, 1942, p. 3.
151 who sulked for weeks: Winston Churchill to Franklin Roosevelt, April 1, 1942, in Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence (New York: Saturday Review Press/E. P. Dutton, 1975), p. 200.
151 “I do not like”: Winston Churchill to Franklin Roosevelt, Feb. 19, 1942, ibid., p. 181.
151 “The weight of the war”: Winston Churchill to Franklin Roosevelt, March 7, 1942, ibid., p. 187.
151 “No matter how serious”: Franklin Roosevelt to Winston Churchill, Feb. 18, 1942, ibid., p. 179.
151 “There is no use”: Franklin Roosevelt to Winston Churchill, March 18, 1942, ibid., p. 195.
151 “Once a month”: Ibid., p. 196.
152 “You wax positively”: Franklin Roosevelt to Fred I. Kent, March 12, 1942, in Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945, vol. 2 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), pp. 1294–95.
152 Under orders from Roosevelt: Joseph T. McNarney memo to Franklin Roosevelt, Food Situation in the Philippines, April 8, 1942, Box 55, RG 165, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Office of the Director of Plans and Operations, NARA; Jonathan Wainwright, “Wainwright’s Story,” pt. 9, “Japs Struck Bataan like Silent Snakes,” Evening Citizen, Oct. 15, 1945, p. 3.
152 “Our troops have been subsisted”: Jonathan Wainwright radiogram to George Marshall, April 8, 1942, quoted in Joseph T. McNarney memo to Franklin Roosevelt, Situation in Bataan, April 8, 1942, Box 55, RG 165, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Office of the Director of Plans and Operations, NARA.
152 “In view of my intimate”: Douglas MacArthur radiogram to George Marshall, April 8, 1942, quoted ibid.
152 “I have nothing”: Franklin Roosevelt proposed dispatch to Jonathan Wainwright, undated, ibid.
153 “terrible silence”: Jonathan Wainwright, “Wainwright’s Story,” pt. 13, “Half-Starved Troops Ordered to Attack,” Evening Citizen, Oct. 19, 1945, p. 3.
153 “If there is anything”: Ibid.
153 “Our flag still flies”: Jonathan Wainwright to Franklin Roosevelt, April 10, 1942, quoted in Joseph T. McNarney memo to Franklin Roosevelt, undated, Box 55, RG 165, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Office of the Director of Plans and Operations, NARA.
153 “Bataan is a bugle call”: San Francisco Chronicle, as quoted in Bureau of Intelligence, Office of Facts and Figures, Survey of Intelligence Materials No. 19, April 15, 1942, Microfilm Roll #30, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 4: Subject Files.
153 “Attack is not only suited”: “From Lease-Lend to Attack,” editorial, New York Times, March 12, 1942, p. 18.
153 “Deck lashings”: Sims, First over Japan, p. 23.
154 “Can you fix it?”: This exchange comes from Edward Saylor, “Doolittle Tokyo Raid,” personal narrative, Jan. 14, 1989, Box 5, Series II, DTRAP.
154 “There was nobody around”: Ibid.
154 “Ran it up”: Ibid.
155 “All right, sir”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 38.
155 “I’ve been training”: This exchange comes from Hite oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 16–17, 1982.
155 “I would have gone”: Ibid.
155 The airmen used: Greening, “The First Joint Action,” p. 18.
155 With a background: Jack Hilger, undated questionnaire, Box 3, Series II, DTRAP.
155 Doolittle’s navigator: Potter oral history interview with Hasdorff, June 8–10, 1979.
155 Richard Cole likewise: Cole oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 12–13, 1988.
155 Joseph Manske visited: Joseph Manske diary, April 10, 12, 1942.
155 “Hey, has Bill been here
?”: This exchange comes from Macia oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 15–16, 1987.
155 “The meals in the Navy”: Kenneth Reddy diary, April 2, 1942.
155 “The Navy fattened”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 38.
155 “I had never eaten”: Robert Bourgeois to Ross Greening, Individual Histories questionnaire, undated (ca. 1950).
156 “What in the world”: Jones oral history interview with Hasdorff, Jan. 13–14, 1987.
156 “I fear the dice games”: McClure as told to Shinnick, “How We Bombed Tokio: Flyers Aboard Hornet,” p. 4.
156 “Since I’ve been aboard”: Kenneth Reddy diary, April 7–15, 1942.
156 Davy Jones shared: Jones oral history interview with Hasdorff, Jan. 13–14, 1987; Greening, Not As Briefed, p. 20.
156 “When you brag”: Barrett Tillman, Clash of the Carriers: The True Story of the Marianas Turkey Shoot of World War II (New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 77.
156 “Deep in the Heart of Texas”: Edward B. Harp Jr., “God Stood beside Us,” in This Is It!, ed. Harry Davis (New York: Vanguard Press, 1944), p. 22.
156 “He forgot one thing”: Greening, “The First Joint Action,” p. 54.
157 The Navy’s senior officers: Balch deck log, April 15, 1942, Box 688, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Deck Logs, 1941–1950, NARA.
157 “How are you doing?”: This exchange comes from Sutherland oral history interview with the Navy, May 14, 1943.
157 “Most of them slept in”: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, p. 462.
157 “Being so flush”: McClure as told to Shinnick, “How We Bombed Tokio: Flyers Aboard Hornet,” p. 4.
157 “If you didn’t play poker”: Richard Cole, undated questionnaire, Box 1, Series II, DTRAP.
157 The airmen spied whales: Joseph Manske diary, April 6, 1942. Details of the tuna are drawn from NARA photos #330696-97.
157 “I began to wonder”: C. Hoyt Watson, DeShazer (Winona Lake, Ind.: Light and Life Press, 1972), p. 22.
158 “Looking down”: Harp Jr., “God Stood beside Us,” p. 12.
158 “The service was nice”: Kenneth Reddy diary, April 5, 1942.
158 “Easter Sunday”: Joseph Manske diary, April 5, 1942.
159 “When I boarded the plane”: Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 102.
159 Halsey spent April 7: E. B. Potter, Bull Halsey (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1985), pp. 57–58.
159 The Enterprise sortied: Enterprise deck log, April 8, 1942, Box 3150, RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Deck Logs, 1941–1950, NARA; G. D. Murray to Chester Nimitz, “Report of Action in Connection with the Bombing of Tokyo on April 18, 1942,” April 23, 1942, Box 966, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Action and Operational Reports, NARA.
159 “same old Punch and Judy show”: Robert Casey diary, April 8, 1942, in Robert J. Casey, Torpedo Junction: With the Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor to Midway (Garden City, N.Y.: Halcyon House, 1944), p. 290.
159 “Maybe things”: Ibid.
159 “All we know”: Robert Casey diary, April 9, 1942, ibid., p. 291.
159 “Cold as all Alaska”: Walter Karig and Welbourn Kelley, Battle Report: Pearl Harbor to Coral Sea (New York: Rinehart, 1944), p. 295.
159 “The ships ahead”: Robert Casey diary, April 12, 1942, in Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 300.
160 The Hornet had received news: Marc Mitscher to Chester Nimitz, April 28, 1942, “Report of Action, April 18, 1942, with Notable Events Prior and Subsequent Thereto”; Hornet deck log, April 12–13, 1942.
160 “As I flew”: Ronald W. Russell, No Right to Win: A Continuing Dialogue with Veterans of the Battle of Midway (New York: iUniverse, 2006), p. 15.
160 “They’re B-25s!”: This exchange comes from Potter, Bull Halsey, pp. 58–59.
160 Hornet took over: Hornet deck log, April 13, 1942; G. D. Murray to Chester Nimitz, Report of Action in Connection with the Bombing of Tokyo on April 18, 1942, April 23, 1942.
160 “This force”: Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 102.
161 “Never have I heard”: Ibid.
161 “Intention fuel heavy ships”: Ellet war diary, April 13–14, 1942, Box 832, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, NARA.
161 “This is a big force”: Robert Casey diary, April 13, 1942, in Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 423.
161 “You are about to take part”: Ibid., p. 425.
161 The same day the task force: Hornet deck log, April 13–15, 1942.
161 “Here lies”: Robert Casey diary, April 14, 1942, in Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 302.
161 Each new day: Details are drawn from a review of Hornet deck log, April 1–18, 1942; Hornet war diary, April 7, 1942, Box 953, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, NARA.
162 “It seemed to me”: Robert Bourgeois to Ross Greening, Individual Histories questionnaire, undated (ca. 1950).
162 The danger was reflected: R. M. Ihrig, “Battle Instructions No. 2,” April 4, 1942, and “Battle Instructions No. 3,” April 6, 1942, included with Cimarron war diary.
162 “Throw overboard”: R. M. Ihrig, “Battle Instructions No. 3,” April 6, 1942.
162 “Keep all unnecessary lights”: Ibid.
162 Bad weather continued: Marc Mitscher to Chester Nimitz, April 28, 1942, “Report of Action, April 18, 1942, with Notable Events Prior and Subsequent Thereto”; Cimarron war diary, April 7, 1942.
162 The Vincennes lost: Vincennes deck log, April 6, 1942; Cimarron deck log, April 9, 1942.
162 Heavy seas one night: Vincennes deck log, April 7, 1942; Joseph W. Manske oral history interview with James C. Hasdorff, June 22, 1988, AFHRA; Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 39.
162 “We ran into the God damnedest weather”: Robin Merton Lindsey oral history interview with the Navy, Sept. 17, 1943 Box 17, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946, NARA.
163 “You could feel it”: Field, “With the Task Force,” p. 90.
163 “Anybody seen the Staten Island ferry”: Ibid.
163 “How are we going”: This exchange comes from Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, p. 119.
163 “In the dusk I saw”: Harp Jr., “God Stood beside Us,” p. 16.
163 Doolittle held a final inspection: “Preparation for Flight,” undated (ca. April 1942), included with Cooper, “The Doolittle Air Raid on Japan,” June 22, 1942.
163 “It sure didn’t sound”: Joseph Manske diary, April 14, 1942.
163 Shorty Manch packed: Greening, “The First Joint Action,” p. 54; Kenneth Reddy diary, April 7–17, 1942.
163 “It may be quite”: Robert Emmens to Mrs. J. J. Emmens, April 14, 1942, Box 8, Series II, DTRAP.
164 “Reuters, British news agency”: Field, “With the Task Force,” p. 90.
164 The news alarmed Halsey: Potter, Bull Halsey, p. 59; Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 40; E. B. Mott oral history interview with the Navy, March 22, 1944, Box 20, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946, NARA.
164 “The Japanese radio”: “A Denial on Previous Day,” New York Times, April 18, 1942, p. 3.
164 The Cimarron came along: Information is drawn from the Cimarron, Hornet, Northampton, Salt Lake City, Sabine, Nashville, Enterprise, and Vincennes deck logs, April 17, 1942; Task Force Sixteen war diary, April 17, 1942, Box 61, Cimarron war diary, April 17, 1942, Box 731, and Sabine war diary, April 17, 1942, Box 1394, all in RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, NARA.
164 “I had left the destroyers”: “Halsey Remembers Day Doolittle Struck Tokyo,” Arizona Daily Star, April 18, 1959, p. B1.
165 Sailors brought the incendiary bombs: A. Soucek, “Air Department Plan for Fri
day, 17 April, 1942,” Box 1, Series XI, DTRAP.
165 Others helped load: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 273; Travis Hoover, Personal Report, May 15, 1942. All personal reports of the mission are included with Cooper, “The Doolittle Air Raid on Japan,” June 22, 1942.
165 Two freshly painted: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 271.
165 Airplane handlers spotted: Marc Mitscher to Chester Nimitz, April 28, 1942, “Report of Action, April 18, 1942, with Notable Events Prior and Subsequent Thereto.”
165 “Jim, we’re in the enemy’s backyard”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 271.
165 Two Brooklyn Navy Yard employees: H. Vormstein to Frank Knox, Jan. 26, 1942, and E. J. Marquart to Frank Knox, Jan. 31, 1942, Box 1731, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Action and Operational Reports, NARA; “Japanese Medals Dropped on Tokyo,” New York Times, June 16, 1942, p. 5.
165 “May we request”: H. Vormstein to Frank Knox, Jan. 26, 1942.
165 “Following the lead”: Daniel J. Quigley to Frank Knox, March 2, 1942, Box 1731, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Action and Operational Reports, NARA.
165 Jurika contributed: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, pp. 467–69.
165 The reserved Mitscher: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 272–73.
165 Thatcher grinned: McClure, “How We Bombed Tokio: Flyers aboard Hornet,” p. 4.
165 “I don’t want to set”: M. A. Mitscher to W. F. Halsey, April 23, 1942, Box 1731, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Action and Operational Reports, NARA.
166 “You’ll get a BANG”: Greening, “The First Joint Action,” p. 54.
166 “Bombs Made in America”: Floyd Arnold to Jimmy Doolittle, Dec. 8, 1977, Box 2, Series I, DPUT.
166 “This one is from Peggy”: Griffin, A Ship to Remember, p. 66.
166 “We painted them all up”: “Tokyo Bombs Carried Plenty of Jap Medals,” Los Angeles Times, April 22, 1943, p. 4.