50 Kurma Purana 1.16.109-20; Doniger O’Flaherty, The Origins of Evil, 310.
51 Devi-bhagavata Purana 7.39.26-32.
52 Woodruffe, Shakti and Shakta, 570; Doniger O’Flaherty, The Origins of Evil, 318.
53 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 254, 211.
54 Mahayoga Tantra, cited by Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog,” 385.
55 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 253.
56 Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog.”
57 Mahanirvana Tantra 6.1-20.
58 Flood, Introduction, 189.
59 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 220.
60 Ibid., 254.
61 Ibid., xiii.
62 Ibid., 72.
63 Markandeya Purana 85-90.
64 Vamana Purana 44.30-38; Markandeya Purana 88.39-61; Matsya Purana 179.1-86; O’Flaherty, Women, 34.
65 Padma Purana 1.46.1-32, 47-108, 119-21; Skanda Purana 1.2.27-29 (Doniger O’Flaherty, Hindu Myths, 251-61); Matsya Purana 154-57.
66 Urban, “Matrix of Power.”
67 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 68.
68 Ibid., 220.
69 Ibid., 7-8.
70 Ibid., 67.
71 Ibid., 235
72 Flood, Introduction, 166.
73 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 235.
74 Ibid., 159.
75 Ibid., xii.
76 Mahanirvana Tantra 6.20.
77 Ibid., 11.110-20.
78 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 77, 268-71.
79 Sanjukta Gupta, “The Domestication of a Goddess,” 62.
80 Mahanirvana Tantra 6.1-20.
81 Wedemeyer, “Beef, Dog,” 392-93.
82 Urban, “What’s in It.”
83 Flood, Introduction, 191.
84 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 82.
85 Yoni Tantra 7.16b-17b.
86 Bharati, “Making Sense out of Tantrism and Tantrics,” 53.
87 Urban, The Economics of Ecstasy, 82-90; Magia Sexualis, 91-92; Tantra, 9-10, 41, 229.
88 Urban, “Matrix of Power.”
89 Flood, Introduction, 195-96.
90 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 253-54.
91 Flood, Introduction, 191-92.
92 As the historian Kshemendra reports, in Kashmir in the tenth or eleventh century CE.
93 Flood, Introduction, 161.
94 Skanda Purana 1.8.18-19.
95 Mahanirvana Tantra 14.180-89.
96 Skanda Purana 4.2.87-89.
97 Bipradas, Manasabijay, 235, cited by Doniger O’Flaherty, Siva, 227.
98 Banerjea, The Development of Hindu Iconography.
99 Mahanirvana Tantra 6.104-19.
100 Ibid., 11.120-30.
101 Ibid., 11.130-43.
102 Mitter, Indian Art, 56.
103 Ibid., 48; cf. Dehejia, Indian Art, 128.
104 Mitter, Indian Art, 48; cf. Dehejia, Indian Art, 128-31.
105 Keay, India, xxviii.
106 Mitter, Indian Art, 53-54.
107 Dehejia, Indian Art, 132-33.
108 Doniger O’Flaherty, Dreams, 94-95.
109 Mitter, Indian Art, 66-67
110 Devangana Desai, Religious Imagery, 153.
111 Keay, India, 278.
112 Ibid.
113 Michell, Hindu Art and Architecture, 30.
114 Mitter, Indian Art, 79, citing Michael Meister.
115 Ibid., 68.
116 Flood, Introduction, 158.
117 Devangana Desai, Religious Imagery.
118 Dehejia, Yogini, Cult and Temples.
119 Mitter, Indian Art, 81.
120 White, Kiss of the Yogini, 12.
121 Mitter, Indian Art, 42-43.
122 Keay, India, 213.
123 Michell, Hindu Art and Architecture, 29.
124 Keay, India, 213.
125 Rushdie, “Introduction” to the Baburnama.
126 Keay, India, 278.
CHAPTER 16. FUSION AND RIVALRY UNDER THE DELHI SULTANATE 1 Hess and Singh, The Bijak of Kabir, 42.
2 Keay, India, 279.
3 Chattopadhyaya, Representing the Other, 29, 43, 89-90.
4 Rajatarangini 7.1090-95.
5 Chattopadhyaya, Representing the Other, 71
6 Ibn Batuta, Travels, A.D. 1325-1354 , written in the fourteenth century, trans. H. A. R. Gibb.
7 Keay, India, 180.
8 Ibid., 167.
9 Ibid., 181.
10 Ibid., 182.
11 Schimmel, The Empire, 107.
12 Keay, India, 185.
13 Mitter, Indian Art, 85.
14 Keay, India, 207.
15 Ibid., 209.
16 Ibid., 235, citing Ibn Asir.
17 Mitter, Indian Art, 85.
18 Keay, India, 245.
19 Ibid., 247.
20 Ibid., 245-47.
21 Ibid., 240.
22 Ibid., 259.
23 Ibid., 255.
24 Ibid., 60.
25 Ibid., 266.
26 Ibid., 270.
27 Ibid., 266, 270-71.
28 “Jains and Hindus Befriended,” in Husain’s Tughluq Dynasty.
29 Keay, India, 266.
30 Ibid., 272.
31 Ibid., 274.
32 Ibid., 271-72, 274.
33 Ibid., 181.
34 Ibid., 275.
35 Ibid., 211.
36 Eaton, The Rise of Islam, 268-90.
37 Keay, India, 235.
38 Ibid., 242.
39 Ibid., 235.
40 Ibid., 225.
41 Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 248-71.
42 Chattopadhyaya, Representing the Other, 52, 55, 57, 60, 84, 88.
43 West, Indo-European Poetry, 467.
44 Digby, Warhorse and Elephant.
45 Babur, Baburnama, 335.
46 Keay, India, 211.
47 Ibid., 189.
48 Ibid., 275.
49 Encyclopaedia Britannica, s. v. “polo.”
50 Keay, India, 240.
51 Ibid., 276-77.
52 Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, 71.
53 Ibid., 78.
54 Keay, India, 277.
55 Stephen Inglis, personal communication, March 26, 1985.
56 Pusalker, The Struggle for Empire, 523.
57 Nagaswamy, “Gateway to the Gods.”
58 Mookerji, The History of Indian Shipping, 195.
59 Leshnik, “The Horse in India,” 56.
60 Keay, India, 306.
61 Ibid., 306.
62 Subrahmanyam, “The Political Economy of Commerce”; C. Gupta, “Horse Trade in North India.”
63 Keay, India, 277.
64 Abu’l Fazl, Ain-i-akbari, vol. 1, 142.
65 Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, 72.
66 Ibid., 73.
67 Ibid., 72-73, quoting J. L. Kipling, Beast and Man in India, 167-68.
68 Keay, India, 276-77.
69 Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, 74.
70 Polo, The Travels, 357; Marco Polo: The Description of the World, 174.
71 Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, 74.
72 Keay, India, 288.
73 Eaton, “Temple Desecration in Pre-modern India.”
74 Keay, India, 288.
75 Mitter, Indian Art, 85.
76 Keay, India, 188.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid., 187.
79 Ibid., 207.
80 Ibid., 209.
81 Davis, Lives of Images, 90-112.
82 Thapar, Somanatha.
83 Keay, India, 237.
84 Ibid., 241, citing Ferishta.
85 Mitter, Indian Art, 75.
86 Keay, India, 257.
87 Thapar, Somanatha.
88 Sarkar, Beyond Nationalist Frames, 255
89 Davis, Lives of Images, 113, citing Amir Khusraw,
90 Keay, India, 258, citing Barani.
91 Davis, Lives of Indian Images, 133-35.
92 Eaton, “Temple Desecration in Pre-modern India.”
93 Keay, India, 242.
94 Schimmel, The Empire, 107.
95 Keay, India, 202.
96 Ibid., 278, 286.
97 Metcalf, A Concise History, 3.
98 Ibid., 275, 278.
99 Keay, India, 242.
100 Eaton, “Temple Desecration in Pre-Modern India,” 303.
101 Ibid., 285, 287, citing Tod, Annals, vol. 1, 23.
102 Ernst, “Situating Sufism and Yoga,” 24-25, citing Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, The Book of the Marvels of India, 132.
103 Ibid., citing Taranatha’s History of Buddhism in India, 320.
104 Schimmel, The Empire, 128.
105 Keay, India, 235.
106 Schimmel, The Empire, 109.
107 Behl and Weightman, Madhu Malati, xiii.
108 Ernst, “Islamization of Yoga,” 107.
109 Ibid.
110 Doniger, “The Clever Wife in Indian Mythology.”
111 Keay, India, 189.
112 Schimmel, The Empire, 107.
113 Keay, India, 285.
114 Mitter, Indian Art, 87-89.
115 Flood, Introduction, 144.
116 Amartya Sen, Foreword to K. M. Sen, Hinduism, xix, citing K. M. Sen, Medieval Mysticism of India, 146-52.
117 Flood, Introduction, 142.
118 Ibid., 145.
119 Lorenzen, Kabir Legends, 26-27, citing Anantadas, 7, 43-44, 47, citing contemporary oral tradition.
120 Hess, The Bijak, 4-5.
121 Lorenzen, Kabir Legends, 43-45, 47, citing contemporary oral tradition.
122 Ibid., 3.
123 Ibid., 18-19.
124 Ibid., 50, from the Dabistan-i-Mazahib.
125 Nandy, “Sati as Profit Versus Sati as a Spectacle,” 136.
126 Kabir, The Weaver’s Songs, trans. Dharwadkar, 162.
127 Ibid., 10.
128 Hess, The Bijak, no. 30, 51.
129 Ibid., no. 84, 69-70.
130 Ibid., no. 75, 67.
131 Flood, Introduction, 145.
132 Lorenzen, Kabir Legends, 29, citing Anantadas, Kabir parachai, 1693 ms. 4.10-15.
133 Ibid., 65, citing Paramananda-das, Kabir Manshur.
134 Hess, The Bijak, no. 41, 55.
135 Hess, A Touch of Grace, xxi.
136 Keay, India, 280.
137 Narayana Rao et al. Textures of Time.
138 Ajay Rao, “Othering Muslims or Srivaisnava-Saiva Contestation?”
139 Pollock, “Ramayana and Political Imagination in India,” 278.
140 Ajay Rao, Srivaisnava Hermeneutics.
141 Ajay Rao, “Othering Muslims or Srivaisnava-Saiva Contestation?
142 Verghese, Religious Traditions at Vijayanagara, 121.
143 Chattopadhyaya, Representing the Other, 60
144 Wagoner, “Sultan among Hindu Kings,” 851-80.
145 Keay, India, 303, 305, 307.
146 Mitter, Indian Art, 62.
147 Narayana Rao et al., Textures of Time, 44-52, 73-77.
148 Ibid.
149 Michell, Art and Architecture, 133.
150 Keay, India, 179, 212.
151 Mitter, Indian Art, 3.
152 Ibid., 86.
153 Ramanujan, Speaking of Siva.
154 Flood, Introduction, 171.
155 Ramanujan, Speaking of Siva, 28.
156 Ibid., 88; “The Myths of Bhakti,” 99.
157 Ibid., 297.
158 Davis, The Lives of Indian Images.
159 Shulman, untitled review of Siva’s Warriors, 313.
160 Ibid.
161 Narayana Rao, Siva’s Warriors, 235.
162 Ibid., 196-201.
163 Ramanujan, “Varieties of Bhakti,” 324-31; Speaking of Siva, 111-42.
164 Mahadevyyakka 328; Ramanujan, Speaking of Siva, 141; “Varieties of Bhakti,” 324.
165 Ramanujan, “Varieties of Bhakti,” 326.
166 Ramanujan, Speaking of Siva, 127.
167 Ibid., 114.
CHAPTER 17. AVATAR AND ACCIDENTAL GRACE IN THE LATER PURANAS 1 Padma Purana 2.1.5.1-35; Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 136-37.
2 Pollock, “Sanskrit Literary Culture from the Inside Out,” 102.
3 Hess, The Bijak, no. 8, 45-46.
4 Kirfel, Kosmologie.
5 Thapar, Early India, 276.
6 Killingley, “Hinduism, Darwinism and Evolution.”
7 Vayu Purana 2.36.74.
8 Taittiriya Samhita 7.1.5.1; Shatapatha Brahmana 14.1.2.11.
9 Vishnu Purana 1.4.
10 Mitter, Indian Art, 47.
11 Hawley, Krishna, The Butter Thief.
12 Rank, The Myth of the Birth of the Hero; Dundes, “The Hero Pattern.”
13 Harivamsha 47-48.
14 Wadley, Raja Nal, 193.
15 Bhagavata Purana 10.6.
16 Ibid. 10.7.37, 10.13.44.
17 Brahmavaivarta Purana 4.15; Doniger O’Flaherty, Women, 103-04.
18 Beck, “Krishna as Loving Husband,” 71, citing Charlotte Vaudeville.
19 Behl and Weightman, Madhu Malati.
20 Brahmavaivarta Purana 4.15.
21 Whaling, The Rise of the Religious Significance of Rama, 138; Hess, “Rejecting Sita.”
22 Adhyatma-ramayana 3.7.1-10.
23 Ibid., 6.8.21.
24 Brahmavaivarta Purana 2.14.1-59.
25 Mahabharata 1.175.
26 The earliest texts that allude to the Buddha avatar may antedate the Mahabharata (Banerjea, The Development of Hindu Iconography, 392; Schrader, Introduction, 43-47), but this has yet to be proved (Klostermaier, Hinduism, 58-59).
27 Kumbhakona ed. of Mahabharata, 2.348.2; 12, appendix 1, no. 32, lines 1-17; Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 188.
28 Bhavisya Purana 3.1.6.35-421; Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 203.
29 Hazra, Studies in the Puranic Records, 88.
30 Krishna Sastri, “Two Statues of Pallava Kings,” 5; Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 188.
31 Vishnu Purana 3.17-18.
32 Garuda Purana 1.32.
33 Bhuridatta Jataka, no. 543, esp. verses 210-11.
34 Kalika Purana 78.206.
35 Doniger O’Flaherty, Women, 80-129.
36 Bhagavata Purana 6.8.19.
37 Varaha Purana 48.22.
38 Matsya Purana 47.24, 54.19.
39 Kshemendra, Dashavatarcharita 9.1-74.
40 Gita Govinda 1.1.9.
41 Krishna Sastri, “Two Statues of Pallava Kings,” 5-7.
42 Devibhagavata Purana 10.5.13, dushta-yajnavighataya.
43 Glasenapp, Von Buddha zu Gandhi, 113.
44 Hess, The Bijak, no. 8, 45-46.
45 Basham, The Wonder, 309.
46 Anagatavamsa, 33-54.
47 Personal communication from Prof. Richard F. Gombrich, Oxford, U.K., 1973.
48 Holt, The Buddhist Vishnu.
49 Huntingon, A Study of Puranic Myth, 33.
50 Doniger O’Flaherty, The Origins of Evil, 179.
51 Ibid., 204-05.
52 Goetz, Studies in the History and Art, 77-80, discussing a frame in Srinagar Museum, of Shankara-varman (r. 883-902).
53 Thapar, Early India, 277.
54 Basham, The Wonder, 309.
55 Revelation 19.11-15.
56 Mahabharata 3.188.86-93, 189.1-13.
57 Vishnu Purana 4.24.98.
58 Ibid., 5.17.11; 5.18.1-6; cf. Bhagavata Purana 6.18.19.
59 Banerjea, The Development, 424.
60 Kalki Purana 1.1.14-39; 2.6-7, 3.6-7.
61 Sternbach, reveiw of R. C. Hazra.
62 Michell, Art and Architecture, 101.
63 Bhagavata Purana 12.2.19.
64 Ivanow, “The Sect of Imam Shah in Gujurat,” 62-64.
65 Bhagavata Purana 8.24.7-57; Agni Purana 2.1-17.
66 Vishnu Purana 5.17.11; Bhagavata Purana 5.18.1-6.
67 Devibhagavata Purana 1.5.1-112; Doniger O’Flaherty, Women, 224.
68 Vishnu Purana 5.6.
69 Michell, Art and Architecture, 51.
70 Doni
ger, Splitting the Difference, 204-16.
71 Goldman, “Fathers, Sons, and Gurus.”
72 Shatapatha Brahmana 1.2.5.1-9.
73 Vayu Purana 2.36.74-86.
74 Taittiriya Brahmana 1.5.9.1; Mahabharata 12.160.26-28.
75 Harivamsha 71.48-72, Vamana Purana 51, Matsya Purana 244-46.
76 Devibhagavata Purana 4.15.36-71.
77 Skanda Purana 1.1.18.121-29.
78 Vishnu Purana 1.15-20; Bhagavata Purana 7.1-10.
79 Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 248-71.
80 Vamana Purana 15-16.
81 Èliade, Briser le toit de la maison.
82 Vamana Purana S. 24.6-17.
83 Skanda Purana 1.1.31.1-78.
84 Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 248-72.
85 Doniger O’Flaherty, “Ethical and Non-Ethical Implications,” 196-98.
86 Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 231-36.
87 Skanda Purana, Kedara Khanda, 5.101.
88 Ibid., 8.1-13.
89 Shiva Purana 2.1.17.48-2.1.18.39.
90 Shiva Purana Mahatmya 2.1-40.
91 Skanda Purana 1.1.18.53-120; Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 127-28.
92 Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 308-09.
93 Hazra, Studies in the Puranic Records, 99n.
94 Bhagavata Purana 7.1.29-30; 10.44.39.
95 Skanda Purana, Kedara Khanda, 5.92-95.
96 Ibid., 33.1-64.
97 Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 321-31.
98 Vamana Purana S. 26.4-62; 27.1-23.
99 Skanda Purana 7.1.336.95-253; cf. Garuda Purana 6.4-8.
CHAPTER 18. PHILOSOPHICAL FEUDS IN SOUTH INDIA AND KASHMIR 1 Rushdie, Haroun, 40.
2 Purva-mimamsa-sutra 6.1.8 and 6.1.25-38.
3 K. M. Sen, Hinduism, 67. He called them ardhavainashika, punning on vai-sheshika (people who make distinctions) and vai-nashika (people who make extinctions—of religion).
4 Ibid., 69.
5 Ibid., 66.
6 Flood, Introduction, 238-46.
7 Ibid., 132.
8 Klostermaier, Hinduism, 60; see also the Sarvadarsanasamgraha of Madhava (not to be confused with Madhva), a fourteenth-century Advaitia philosopher.
9 Schimmel, The Empire, plate 75.
10 Keay, India, 194.
11 Kripal, “Hinduism and Popular Western Culture.”
12 Shankara’s commentary on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (iii.5.1 and iv.5.15); Lorenzen, Who Invented Hinduism?, 121.
13 Ramanuja’s commentary on Badarayana’s Brahmasutra (Shribhashya 2.2.27); Isayeva, Shankara and Indian Philosophy, 14.
14 Grierson, “Madhvas,” 235.
15 Shankara-dig-vijaya of Madhava, 1.28-43.
16 Shankara-dig-vijaya of Madhava, chapter 9; Shankara-vijaya of Anandagiri, 58-59; Ravicandra’s commentary on Amaru; Siegel, Fires of Love, 4-5.
17 Flood, Introduction, 240.
18 Gopinatha Rao, Elements, 1.1.266; Narayana Rao and Shulman, Classical Teluga Poetry 143-44.
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