The Hindus
Page 96
78 Kapil Raj, “Refashioning Civilities.”
79 Flood, Introduction, 124.
80 Partha Mitter, “Rammohun Roy and the New Language of Monotheism.”
81 Nandy, The Intimate Enemy; Doniger, The Woman Who Pretended.
82 Keay, India, 431.
83 Sumit Sarkar, Modern India.
84 Dalrymple, “India: The Place of Sex.”
85 McConnachie, The Book of Love, 198.
86 Ibid., 197-98.
87 Figueira, ”To Lose One’s Head for Love.”
88 Published in Goethe, Werke, 1840, 1.200; here cited from the English translation by Edgar Alfred Bowring, The Poems of Goethe.
89 Yourcenar, “Kali Beheaded.”
90 Ibid., 146.
91 Doniger, Splitting the Difference, 235.
92 Kulkarni, “Darstellung des Eigenen im Kostum des Fremden”; Schulz, “Hindu Mythology in Mann’s Indian Legend”; Mahadevan, “Switching Heads and Cultures.”
93 Doniger, “ ‘I Have Scinde.’ ”
94 Moon, The British Conquest, 567-75.
95 The Whig Morning Chronicle, cited by Priscilla Napier, I Have Sind, 197.
96 Priscilla Napier, I Have Sind, xvi.
97 Mehra, A Dictionary, 496-97.
98 George Daniel, Democritus in London, 51.
99 Priscilla Napier, I Have Sind, xv, 160, 197.
100 Keay, India, 421.
101 Rowley, More Puniana, 166-67.
102 Rushdie, Shame, 88.
103 Gould, “To Be a Platypus,” 269.
104 Priscilla Napier, I Have Sind, 160.
105 Mehra, A Dictionary, 497.
106 William Napier, The Life and Opinions of General Sir Charles James Napier, vol. 4, 38.
107 David, The Indian Mutiny, 34-44; Edwardes, Red Year: The Rebellion of 1857, 21-22.
108 Charles Napier, cited in Ball, The History of the Indian Mutiny, 36.
109 William Napier, The Life and Opinions, vol. 2, 275.
110 Lifton and Mitchell, Hiroshima in America, 176.
111 Keay, India, 453.
112 Cited by Bryant, The Quest for the Origins, 324.
113 Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, 98.
114 Alder, Beyond Bokhara, 50-51.
115 Schimmel, The Empire, 101.
116 William Napier, The Life and Opinions, vol. 1, 164-66, 186, 346, 351, 385; Priscilla Napier, I Have Sind, 58.
117 Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, 99.
118 Yang, Bazaar India, 116.
119 Alder, Beyond Bokhara, 105, 209.
120 Yang, Bazaar India, 116.
121 Alder, Beyond Bokhara, 107, 209, 341, 357-58, 367.
122 Kipling, Kim, 161.
123 Ibid., 191.
124 Said, “The Pleasures of Imperialism,” 45.
125 Orwell, “Rudyard Kipling,” 135.
126 Rushdie, “Kipling,” 80; italics added.
127 Shakespeare, Henry V, 5.2.182-83.
128 Trautmann, Aryans, 15, 18.
129 Gandhi, Selected Political Writings, 89.
CHAPTER 22. SUTTEE AND REFORM IN THE TWILIGHT OF THE RAJ 1 Cited by Mani, Contentious Traditions, 172.
2 Cited by Weinberger-Thomas, Ashes of Immortality, 99.
3 Vessantara Jataka, 495 (PTS text); Gombrich and Cone, The Perfect Generosity.
4 Dehejia, “The Iconographies of Sati,” 52.
5 Mani, Contentious Traditions, 22.
6 Hawley, Sati, 13.
7 Doniger, “Why Did They Burn?”
8 Courtright, “The Iconographies of Sati,” 42.
9 Hawley, Sati, 26. Some legal texts (Shankha and Angiras Smritis) use Arundhati instead; Kane, History, 2.1, 631.
10 K. M. Sen, Hinduism, 95-96.
11 Killingley, Rammohun Roy, 61.
12 K. M. Sen, Hinduism, 95-96.
13 Ibid.
14 Killingley, Rammohun Roy.
15 Mani, Contentious Traditions, 54-55.
16 Nandy, “Sati as Profit,” 137.
17 Keay, India, 457.
18 Weinberger-Thomas, Ashes, 89.
19 Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” 297.
20 Allan Bloom, The Closing, 26.
21 Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India, 66, 74.
22 Mani, Contentious Traditions, 53.
23 Kane, History, 2.1.631-33.
24 Mani, Contentious Traditions, 21.
25 Weinberger-Thomas, Ashes of Immortality, 202-07.
26 Keay, India, 429.
27 Figueira, “Die flambierte Frau,” 69, citing Roger, 220-21.
28 Ibid., 58, 61.
29 Ibid., 65, citing Wagner, Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtung, vol. 6, 255-56.
30 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 389, citing Samskaravidhi 289-95.
31 Ghai, Shuddhi Movement in India, and Jordens, “Reconversion to Hinduism, the Shuddhi of the Arya Samaj.”
32 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 389.
33 Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalism, 2007, 31.
34 Van der Veer, Religious Nationalism, 91-92.
35 Adcock, Religious Freedom and Political Culture.
36 Keay, India, 475.
37 Gandhi, in Young India, January 5, 1924, 145.
38 Keay, India, 492.
39 Ibid., 471.
40 Scott, Weapons of the Weak.
41 Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 52 ff.
42 Gandhi, An Autobiography, 20-21.
43 Ibid.
44 Hardiman, The Coming of the Devi, 209.
45 Gandhi, The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi, 265-99.
46 Gandhi, “The Message of the Gita,” in Mitchell, The Bhagavad Gita, 218-19.
47 Keay, India, 487, 514.
48 Ibid., 448.
49 P. J. Marshall, Bengal, xiv-xv, 5.
50 Forbes-Mitchell, Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny.
51 Hardiman, The Coming of the Devi, 1, 33, 46.
52 Nath, Puranas and Acculturation, 145.
53 The material in the next six paragraphs is taken from Hardiman, The Coming of the Devi, particularly 40, 53-54, 82, 99, 104-05, 129, 134, 139-40, 147, 154, 159, 164, 179, 203.
54 Ibid., 41; Kirin Narayan, Mondays on the Dark Side of the Moon.
55 Hardiman, The Coming of the Devi, 42, 175, 216.
56 Ibid., 169, 189-90, 200-01.
57 Keay, India, 486.
58 Hardiman, The Coming of the Devi, 4, 51-52, 170.
59 Harlan, “Perfection and Devotion,” 84-85.
60 Keay, India, 447.
61 Dube, Untouchable Pasts, 115, 260-61,
62 Ibid., 115-16.
63 Ibid., 15.
64 Keay, India, 532.
65 Tartakov, “B. R. Ambedkar,” 38.
66 Ambedkar, Why Go for Conversion?, 10.
67 Omvedt, 43, citing Ambedkar, Towards an Enlightened India.
68 Doniger O’Flaherty, Dreams, Illusion.
69 Ambedkar, The Buddha and His Dhamma; Tartakov, B. R. Ambedkar and the Navayana Diksha.
70 Keer, Dr. Ambedkar, 499.
71 Isaacs, India’s Ex-Untouchables, 46.
72 Justin Huggler, “India’s Untouchables Turn to Buddhism in Protest at Discrimination by Hindus,” Independent, October 13, 2006.
CHAPTER 23. HINDUS IN AMERICA 1 Baker, A Blue Hand, 214-15.
2 Stephen Prothero of Boston University, cited in “Poll Finds a Fluid Religious Life in U.S.,” New York Times, February 26, 2008. Reported by Neela Banerjea. Report of the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, http://religions.pewforum.org.
3 Brenda Goodman, “In a Suburb of Atlanta, a Temple Stops Traffic,” New York Times, June 5, 2007, B1.
4 Siegel, Net of Magic.
5 Lamont, The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick, 81
6 Kripal, “Western Popular Culture, Hindu Influences On.”
7 Vivekananda, Swami Vivekananda and His Guru, 25.
8 Huffer, Guru Movements in a Globalized Framework.
9 Stephen Kinzer,“Art on Streets Til the Cows Come H
ome,” New York Times, August 20, 2001.
10 Vasquez and Marquardt, Globalizing the Sacred, 92, 117.
11 Baker, A Blue Hand, 146.
12 Ibid., 146, 214-15.
13 Kripal, “Western Popular Culture, Hindu Influences On.”
14 O’Brien, “Sweetheart,” 110.
15 www.tantricgoddesskali.com.
16 anniesprinkle.org.
17 Rajesh Priyadarhi, on BBC News, June 9, 2004.
18 Rama Lakshmi, “In India, Gods Rule the ‘Toon’ Universe; Hindu Myth a Fount of Superheroes,” Washington Post Foreign Service, January 9, 2008, A11.
19 Mr. Boffo cartoon by Joe Martin, Inc., distributed by Universal Press Syndicate, published in the September 29, 2000, Chicago Tribune.
20 Tolputt, The Cartoon Kama Sutra, and Manara’s Kama Sutra.
21 “Tantric Sex Class Opens Up Whole New World of Unfulfillment for Local Couple,” Onion (March 30-April 5, 2000), 8.
22 Spayde, “The Politically Correct Kama Sutra,” 56.
23 The musical was conceived by Terry Abraham-son and directed by Arnie Saks, with music by Stephen Joseph.
24 Britt, “Avatar.”
25 American School of Laughter Yoga, e-mail advertisement, June 2, 2005.
26 White, Kiss of the Yogini, xi.
27 Ibid., xii.
28 Ibid., xii, 109.
29 Statements made in public hearings before the California Board of Education and the Fairfax County School Board between 2000 and 2005.
30 Kripal, “Western Popular Culture, Hindu Influences On.”
31 Ibid.
32 Huffer, Guru Movements.
33 Exemplified in Krishnan Ramaswamy et al., Invading the Sacred.
34 Kripal, “Western Popular Culture, Hindu Influences On.”
35 Jason Overdorf, “Saving the Raja’s Horse: British Horsewoman Francesca Kelly Brings India’s Fiery Marwari to the United States in Hopes of Reviving the Breed.” Smithsonian, June 2004. See also www.horsemarwari.com and Kelly and Durfee, Marwari: Legend of the Indian Horse.
CHAPTER 24. THE PAST IN THE PRESENT 1 Gough, “Harijans in Thanjavur,” 234.
2 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 398.
3 Ibid., 394.
4 Frederick M. Smith, “Indra Goes West,” 259-60, citing Madhava.
5 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 394.
6 Ibid., 393-94; in Solapur in 1978 and in Pune in 1955.
7 Smith, “Indra Goes West,” 259.
8 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 394.
9 K. M. Sen, Hinduism, 47.
10 Kosambi, Myth and Reality, 91-92.
11 Doniger, ”A Burnt Offering.” review of D. N. Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow.
12 J. L. Kipling, Beast & Man in India, vol. 6, 116.
13 Biardeau, Hinduism, 36.
14 Appadurai, “Gastro Politics,” 506.
15 White, “Dogs die.”
16 Personal communication from Nagaraj Paturi, Chicago, January 2007.
17 Sontheimer, “King of Warriors,” 52-53.
18 Elison, “Immanent Domains.”
19 BBC news, November 8, 2007.
20 CNN.com Europe, November 13, 2007.
21 New York Times, March 7, 2008, “Kashmir: City Plans to Poison 100,000 Dogs”; March 8, 2008, “Kashmir: Strays Saved from Poisoning.”
22 Gold, Fruitful Journeys, 5.
23 Cohn, “The Changing Status of a Depressed Caste,” 285.
24 Dube, Untouchable Pasts, 8.
25 Forster, Hill of Devi, 176.
26 Ann Grodzins Gold, personal conversation, August 2007.
27 I owe this concern, and much of its wording, to Arshia Sattar, personal communication, August 13, 2006.
28 BBC News, December 7, 2007. The judge was Sunil Kumar Singh.
29 He bought it from New York dealer Ben Heller for David L. Shirey. “Norton Simon Bought Smuggled Idol,” New York Times, May 12, 1973.
30 Davis, Lives of Indian Images, 252, citing N. Vidyasagar, “Back Home—but Not Yet,” Aside, August 31, 1991.
31 Bakker, Ayodhya.
32 S. Balakrishnan, “Ayodhya: The Communal Tinderbox,” Illustrated Weekly of India, vol. 11, no. 5 (1989), 30.
33 Forster, Hill of Devi, 202.
34 Gopal, ed., Anatomy of a Confrontation.
35 Keay, India, 532.
36 Dalrymple, “India: The War over History.”
37 BBC News, September 12, 2007.
38 Romila Thapar, “Opinion,” in The Hindu, September 28, 2007; reprinted in Economic and Political Weekly (September 29, 2007).
39 eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop /photo.pl?mission= STS067&roll=718A&frame=60.
40 Doniger O’Flaherty, The Implied Spider.
41 Seely, The Slaying of Meghanada.
42 Richman, “E. V. Ramasami’s Reading of the Ramayana.”
43 Omvedt, Dalit Visions, 100-01, citing Madhu Kishwar, in the Times of India, January 28, 1993.
44 Van der Veer, Gods on Earth, 14.
45 Upasni Baba, The talks of Sadguru Upasani-Baba Maharaj, vol. 2B, 542-54.
46 Shiva Purana 2.4.13.4, 4.27.23-24; cf. Ramayana 7.4.3-4, 7.16.44.
47 Padma Purana 2.1.5.1-35; Doniger O’Flaherty, Origins of Evil, 136-37.
48 Elwin, Myths of Middle India, 65-67.
49 Hindu Janajagruti Samiti, January 18, 2008. See http://www.hindujagruti.org/news/3819.html.
50 Yahoo News, February 26, 2008.
51 Raghu Karnad, “Unlikely Arrows in Ram’s Quiver,” Tehelka Magazine, New Delhi (March 15, 2008).
52 Mahesh Rangarajan, “Enemies of Open Society Threaten the Idea of India,” Economic and Political Weekly, February 23, 2008; Ramachandra Guha, “Devotions Destructive and Divine,” The Hindu, March 2, 2008.
53 Pratap Bhanu Mehta, “Our Freedoms, Your Lordships,” Indian Express, March 4, 2008.
54 Omvedt, Dalit Visions, 31, 101.
55 Kishwar, “Yes to Sita, No to Ram,” 300 ff.
56 Omvedt, Dalit Visions, 101-02.
57 Tharoor, The Great Indian Novel, 141.
58 Omvedt, Dalit Visions, 28, translating Tarabai Shinde, Stri-Purush Tulna, 6.
59 Ibid.
60 Sumanta Banerjee, “Women’s Popular Culture in Nineteenth Century Bengal,” in Sangari and Vaid, Recasting Women, 138-39.
61 Chakravarti, Themes in Indian History, 78, citing the short story entitled “Kunti O Nishadi” by Mahashweta Devi.
62 Omvedt, Dalit Visions, 98.
63 Ibid., 78, quoting an untitled poem by Waman Nimbalkar (called “Just Poem”), Vagartha, 12 (January 1976), trans. Graham Smith.
64 Ibid., 8, citing Shashikant Hingonekar, “Ekalavya,” Asmitadarsh, no. 12 (April-May-June 1989), trans. Gail Omvedt and Bharat Patankar.
65 Anand and Zelliot, Anthology of Dalit Literature, 152. This poem (from Surung) was translated by Eleanor Zelliot.
66 Surekha Bhagat, “The Lesson.” Personal communication from Eleanor Zelliot, 2005.
67 Jaffrey, The Invisibles; Nanda, Neither Man nor Woman.
68 Associated Press, November 9, 2006.
69 davidgodman.org/interviews/ttimes.shtml.
70 “Detect Eye Defects Early to Avoid Blindness,” The Hindu, September 8, 2006.
71 Personal communication from William Dalrymple, January 6, 2008.
72 Hudson, “Siva, Minaksi, Visnu.”
73 Indian Express, October 18, 2007.
74 Kurtz, All the Mothers Are One, 18; Lutgendorf, “Who Wants to Be a Goddess? Jai Santoshi Maa Revisited.”
75 Ritter, “Epiphany in Radha’s Arbor,” 181-84, 199, 201.
76 Omvedt, Dalit Visions, 19-20, citing Jotiba Phule, Gulamgiri (in Marathi, with an English introduction), 1885.
77 Ibid., 85.
78 Youngblood, “Cultivating Identity,” 275, 319-20.
79 Shekhar Gupta, “Lopsided Lessons,” India Today, July 31, 1990.
80 Vinay Lal, Introducing Hinduism, 93.
81 P. N. Oak, Tajmahal: The True Story (1989).
82 Hari Kumar, “After Clashes, Curfew Is Set in Taj Mahal Area,” New York Times, August 30 2007.
83 Huyler, Village India, 162.
84 Asutosh Bhattacarya, Folklore of Bengal, 48-49.
85 Inglis, “Night Riders,” 298, 302, 304.
86 Kramrisch, Village India, 57.
87 Personal communication from Stephen Inglis, January 8, 1987.
88 Inglis, “The Craft of the Velar,” 14-19.
89 Shulman, The King and the Clown, 3-4.
90 Lynn Hart, paper presented at the South Asian Conference at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, November 8, 1986.
91 Vequaud, Women Painters of Mithila.
92 Brown, “Contested Meanings.”
93 Vequaud, “The Colors of Devotion.”
94 Szanton and Bakshi, Mithila Painting: The Evolution of an Art Form, 3-17.
95 Ibid., 31-37.
96 Ibid., 61-67; Szanton, “Mithila Painting: The Dalit Intervention.”
97 Ibid., 69-71.
98 “Renuka’s Revenge,” Reuters report from Bangalore, March 7, 1995; “Naked Worshippers Lay Bare Dignity of Police and Press,” Times of London, March 15, 1986; cited in full in Doniger, Splitting the Difference, 214-216.
CHAPTER 25. INCONCLUSION, OR, THE ABUSE OF HISTORY 1 Golwalkar, We, Our Nationhood Defined, 48-49.
2 Gandhi, The Collected Works, vol. 25, 178.
3 Tendulkar, Mahatma, vol. 2, 286.
4 Keay, India, 533
BIBLIOGRAPHY: WORKS CITED AND CONSULTED
SANSKRIT, GREEK, PALI, AND HINDI TEXTS, BY TITLE
Adhyatma-Ramayana, with the commentaries of Narottama, Ramavarman, and Gopala Chakravarti. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing & Publishing House, 1935. Calcutta Sanskrit series, no. 11.
Agni Purana. Poona: Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, 1957.
Aitareya Brahamana, with the commentary of Sayana. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1895.
Anagatavamsa of Kassapa. Ed. J. Minayeff. Journal of the Pali Text Society. London, 1886. Pp. 33-54.
Apastamba Dharma Sutra. Ed. G. Bühler. Bombay: Bombay Sanskrit Series 44 and 50, 1892-94.
Arthashastra of Kautilya. Ed. and trans. R. P. Kangle. Vol. 1: text. Vol. 2: translation. Bombay: University of Bombay, 1960.
Atharva Veda, with the commentary of Sayana. 5 vols. Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1960.
Basava Purana. See Narayana Rao.
Baudhayana Dharma Sutra. Ed. C. Sastri. Benares: Kashi Sanskrit Series 104, 1934.
Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra of the Taittirya Samhita. Ed. W. Caland. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1913.