Exodus From the Alamo: The Anatomy of the Last Stand Myth

by Phillip Thomas Tucker

  77. Franklin, The Militant South, p. 102; Davis, Lone Star Rising, pp. 74–77; Editors of Time-Life, The Texans, p. 34.

  78. Alfred N. Hunt, Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean (Baton Rouge, La: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), p. 127.

  79. Richard Bruce Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution (Abilene: State House Press, 2004), pp. 18–19.

  80. Horgan, Great River, p. 486; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 35.

  81. Horgan, Great River, p. 486; Hardin, Texas Iliad, p. 6.

  82. Horgan, Great River, pp. 486–487.

  83. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, pp. 22–24; Horgan, Great River, pp. 487–488.

  84. Nathaniel W. Stephenson, Texas and the Mexican War (New York: United States Publishers Association, Inc., 1978), pp. 24–25, 30.

  85. William H. Goetzmann, When the Eagle Screamed: The Romantic Horizon in American Diplomacy, 1800–1860 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966), p. 27; Horgan, Great River, pp. 488–489; William Chemerka, Alamo Anthology (Austin, Texas: Eakin Press, 2005), p. 3.

  86. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, pp. 29, 33–34; Will Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), p. 163.

  87. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 34; Hardin, Texas Iliad, p. 6; Connecticut Herald, September 22, 1829.

  88. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, pp. 29–31; Horgan, Great River, p. 472.

  89. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 35.

  90. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 35.

  91. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, pp. 36–39, 48; Frank W. Johnson to W. A. McArdle, November 27, 1837, The McArdle Notebooks (Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas); Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 163.

  92. Johnson to McArdle, November 27, 1837, TSL and AC.

  93. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 18; Robinson, trans. and ed., The View from Chapultepec, p. 37; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 163.

  94. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 163.

  95. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 163; Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 4, 13, 20–23, 36–37.

  96. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 241.

  97. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 241.

  98. Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 43.

  99. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 239–244.

  100. Hunt, Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America, pp. 1–192.

  101. Hunt, Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America, pp. 1–192; Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 28; William C. Davis, The Pirates Laffite: The Treacherous World of the Corsairs of the Gulf (New York: Harcourt, Inc., 2005), pp. 72–74; Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 3–305.

  102. Horgan, Great River, pp. 490–491.

  103. Horgan, Great River, p. 490.

  104. Franklin, The Militant South, p. 76.

  105. Hunt, Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America, p. 100.

  106. Gardner,Lead King, pp. 160, 167.

  107. The Telegraph and Texas Register, August 5, and September 16, 1837 and April 18, 1838; Enquirer, August 30, 1831; Hunt, Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America, pp. 1–100; John B. Duff and Peter M. Mitchell, eds., The Nat Turner Rebellion: The Historical Event and the Modern Controversy (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1971), pp. 92–112.

  108. Franklin, The Militant South, pp. 80–81, 96–97.

  109. Franklin, The Militant South, pp. 96–97, 101–104; Hunt, Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America, pp. 1–36, 107–146; Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 239–244.

  110. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 239–240.

  111. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 239–244.

  112. Barr, Black Texans, p. 32; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 255

  113. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 40; Carlos E. Castaneda, The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution (Dallas: P. L. Turner Company, 1928), p. 330; Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 86.

  114. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 42; Herbert G. Uecker, The Archaeology of the Alamo (Bulverde: Monte Comal Publications, 2001), pp. 29, 84; Jeff Milan to H. A. McArdle, January 2, 1901, The McArdle Notebooks.

  115. Maryland Gazette, Annapolis, Maryland, February 2, 1837; John Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967), pp. 87–327; George Buker, “Introduction,” Notices of East Florida (Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1973), pp. 41, 44–45, 48, 84–85; Frank Laumer, Massacre! (Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1968), pp. 1–165.

  116. Castaneda, The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, p. 383.

  117. Castaneda, The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, p. 383; Bisson, Nat Turner, pp. 41–97.

  118. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 41.

  119. New York Herald, April 28, 1836.

  120. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 242.

  121. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 42.

  122. Gustave de Beaumont, Ireland (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. vi–xii; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 174–175.

  123. New York Herald, April 23, 1836.

  124. New York Herald, April 30, 1836; The Telegraph and Texas Register, November 21, 1835.

  125. Jerry J. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt: Contemporary Newspaper Accounts of the Texas Revolution (Fort Collins: The Old Army Press, 1973), p. 15.

  126. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, p. 15.

  127. Joel W. Martin, Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees’ Struggle For a New World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), pp. ix–167; Alexander Walker, The Life of Andrew Jackson (Philadelphia, Pa: G. G. Evans Publisher, 1860), p. lxxiii.

  128. The Telegraph and Texas Register, November 14, 1835; Stephen L. Moore, Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume I, 1835–1837, (Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press, 2002), pp. vii, 14, 29–30.

  129. The Telegraph and Texas Register, June 2, 1838; Maryland Gazette, February 2, 1837; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, p. 82; Lord, A Time to Stand, pp. 46, 48.

  130. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery, p. 48–49.

  131. Alwyn Barr, Texans in Revolt, The Battle for San Antonio, 1835, (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), pp. 13–14, 56; Samuel Carter, III, Blaze of Glory, The Fight for New Orleans, 1814–1815 (New York: MacMillan London Ltd., 1971), pp. 69–86, 349–263, 320; Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 4, 6–9, 120–179, 209–270.

  132. George Nelson, The Alamo: An Illustrated History (Uvalde, Texas: Aldine Books, 1998), p. 32; Carter III, Blaze of Glory, 1814–1815, pp. 69–86, 249–263.

  133. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 148–149; Herman L. Bennett, Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570–1640 (Blacks in the Diaspora) (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2003), pp. 1–125; Fehrenbach, Lone Star, p. 65; Long, Duel of Eagles, pp. 16, 18–19.

  134. Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 21–22; Chipman, Spanish Texas, pp. 188–189; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 112–113.

  135. Starling, Land Is the Cry!, p. 71; Chipman, Spanish Texas, p. 250.

  136. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 14.

  137. Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 18–19.

  138. Bennett, Africans in Colonial Mexico, pp. 1–125.

  139. Chipman, Spanish Texas, p. 212.

  140. Ivan Van Sertima, Golden Age of the Moor (London: Transaction Publishers, 2004), pp. 1–2,

  7, 161–162.

  141. Alwyn, Black Texans, pp. 5–6.

  142. Alwyn, Black Texans, p. 15; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 163.
r />   143. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial AngloSaxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 213–215.

  144. Vincent, The Legacy of Vincente Guerrero, pp. 1–338; Carmen Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas: A Personal Narrative of the Revolution by Jose Enrique de la Pena, (College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1975), pp. 24, 32.

  145. Tucker, Poltroons and Patriots, p. 59.

  146. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 155–158.

  147. Davis, Three Roads to the Alamo, p. 584; Hardin, Texas Iliad, p. 6.

  148. Shackford, David Crockett, pp. 238–239.

  149. Davis, Lone Star Rising, pp. 207–208.

  150. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, p. 154.

  151. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience, pp. 211–221.

  152. Gaddy, Texas in Revolt, pp. 20–21; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 162, 174.

  153. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 174.

  154. Brands, Andrew Jackson, pp. 343–345; Brands, Lone Star Nation, p. 63.

  155. Hardin, Texas lliad, p. 6.

  156. Pedro Sanchez, March 4, 1836 letter, Box 2Q174, vol. 334 (Center of American History, University of Texas, Austin, Texas).

  157. King, James Clinton Neill, pp. vii, 78, 85–86, 89.

  158. Fehrenbach, Lone Star, pp. 81–109; Kennedy, The Scots-Irish in the Hills of Tennessee, pp.

  19–41, 99–100; Max Dixon, The Wataugans, First “free and independent community on the continent” (Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 1976), pp. 4–37, 73–75.

  159. Graham Davis, Land! Irish Pioneers in Mexican and Revolutionary Texas (College Station: Texas A & M Press, 2002), pp. 9, 11, 39–153; Chipman, Spanish Texas, pp. 182, 184–187, 190.

  160. Davis, Land!, pp. 9–10, 147–148; Moore, Eighteen Minutes, p. 53.

  161. Moore, Eighteen Minutes, pp. 15, 49.

  162. Mary Ann Noonan Guerra, Heroes of the Alamo and Goliad: Revolutionaries on the Road to San Jacinto and Texan Independence (San Antonio: The Alamo Press, 1987), pp. 5, 24–25; David T. Gleeson, The Irish in the South, 1815–1877 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 31–32; Gary Brown, The New Orleans Greys:Volunteers in the Texas Revolution (Plano: Republic of Texas Press, 1999), pp. 302–306, 308; St. Louis Republican, St. Louis, Missouri, April 28, 1836; The Telegraph and Texas Register, March 24, 1836; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, pp. 21, 34, 42, 47–48, 58, 63, 77–78, 113–114, 117–118; Lord,A Time to Stand, pp. 47–48.

  163. Groneman, Alamo Defenders, pp. 47–48.

  164. Groneman, Alamo Defenders, pp. 88–89.

  165. King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 1, 3–4.

  166. Guerra, Heroes of the Alamo, n.p.

  167. Gleeson, The Irish in the South, pp. 31–32; Editors of American Heritage, Andrew Jackson, Soldier and Statesman (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), pp. 11–14.

  168. Gleeson, The Irish in the South, p. 32; Craig H. Roell, Remember Goliad!, (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1994), pp. 24–27, 31.

  169. Gleeson, The Irish in the South, 1815–1877, pp. 26–28; 31–32.

  170. Brown, The New Orleans Greys, pp. 18, 37, 299, 302–304, 306, 308.

  171. Mary Frances Cusack, An Illustrated History of Ireland, from AD 400 to 1800 (London: Bracken Books, 1995), pp. 257–634.

  172. Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 56.

  173. Jackson, Alamo Legacy, pp. 47–51.

  174. New York Times, January 27, 1895.

  175. St. Louis Republican, April 28, 1836; Brown, The New Orleans Greys, pp. 36–37, 81; King, James Clinton Neill, pp. 79–80; Nelson, The Alamo, p. 111; Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader, pp. 712–713; Winders,Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 89–95.

  Chapter 2: NAPOLEONIC INFLUENCES

  1. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. ix–xi, xviii–xix; Scheina, Santa Anna, p. vii.

  2. Robinson, ed. and trans., The View From Chapultepec, p. xv; Fowler,Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. ix, xviii–xix, xxiii.

  3. New York Herald, June 10, 1836; Adam Zamoyski, Moscow 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March, (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2004), pp. 294–295; Richard K. Riehn, 1812: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991), pp. 265–407; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 10; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, ix, xviii–xix, xxiii, 170, 179.

  4. Robert L. Scheina, Latin America’s Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899, (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, Inc., 2003), p. 157; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, pp. 6, 9; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 163.

  5. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. xi, xxi, xxii, 6–7, 12–13, 15; Edwin Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America, (New York: Penguin Books, 1992), pp. 258–261; John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America, (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2001), pp. 126–127, 152–153; Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 4–5; Brands, Lone Star Nation, pp. 41–42; Roger Borroel, editor and translator, Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, (East Chicago: “La Villita Publications,” 2001), vol. iii, p. 51.

  6. Weems and Weems, Dream of Empire, p. 8; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 60.

  7. The Portable Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (New York: The Viking Press, 1952), pp. 515–630.

  8. Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 15–19; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, pp. 60; Groneman, Alamo Defenders, p. 81.

  9. De Brahl, Sword of San Jacinto, p. 206; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 209–210.

  10. De Brahl, Sword of San Jacinto, pp. 199–213; James W. Pohl, The Battle of San Jacinto, (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1989), pp. 22–48; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 188–217; James Marshall-Cornwall, Napoleon, (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1967), pp. 127, 142–145; Roger Borroel, ed. and trans., Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, (East Chicago: “La Villita Publications,” 2001), vol. iv, p. 16; F. G. Hourtoulle, Austerlitz, The Eagle’s Sun, (Paris, France: Histoire & Collections, 2003), pp. 4–127.

  11. New York Herald, June 15, 1836; Hardin, Texian Iliad, pp. 216–217; De Brahl, Sword of San Jacinto, p. 206.

  12. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. ix, xviii–xix, xxiii; Scheina, Santa Anna, p. 3.

  13. Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 18–21; Leonard Cooper, Many Roads to Moscow: Three Historic Invasions, (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1968), pp. 3, 71–177; Vincent Cronin, Napoleon, (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994), pp. 302–335.

  14. Richard G. Santos, Santa Anna’s Campaign Against Texas, 1835-1836, (Waco, Texas: Texian Press, 1968), p. 10.

  15. Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 18–21; Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon and Europe, (London: Pearson Education Limited, 2001), pp. 128–135; Cronin, Napoleon, pp. 302–334; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, pp. 6–7.

  16. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, xi, 17; Brands, Lone Star Nation, pp. 140–141.

  17. De Bruhl, Sword of San Jacinto, p. 174; Hourtoulle, Austerlitz, pp. 4–127.

  18. R. F. Delderfield, Napoleon’s Marshals, (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002), p. 34; Scheina, Santa Anna, p. 6; Cronin, Napoleon, pp. 111–165.

  19. Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 7, 19, 89; Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 6, 24; Roberts and Oslon, A Line in the Sand, pp. 5–6, 66–67, 72; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 21; Cronin, Napoleon, pp. 43. 205–206.

  20. Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 102; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 7.

  21. Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 7–8,14, 16; Cronin, Napoleon, p. 279.

  22. “The Last Testament of Santa Anna,” Vera Cruz, Mexico, September 26, 1867, Roger Borroel, translator, Collection, East Chicago, Indiana: Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 7–8, 14, 16; Julia Kathryn, Garrett, Green Flag over Texas: The Story of the First War of Independence in Texas, (New York: Jenkins Publishing Company, 1939), pp. 32–235; Brands, Lone Star Nation, pp. 41–42; Michener, The Eagle and the Raven, pp. 43, 45, 46–73; Roberts and Olson,
A Line in the Sand, pp. 6–9; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 18; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 11–12, 17–29, 89.

  23. Robert L. Tarin, Jr., Papers, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; Horgan, Great River, pp. 476–477; Davis, Lone Star Rising, pp. 116–117, 163–164; Fehrenbach, Lone Star, pp. 128–130

  24. Jasper Ridley, Maximilian and Juarez, (London, England: Phoenix Press,1992), pp. 10–11.

  25. Stephenson, Texas and the Mexican War, pp. 27–28; The Telegraph and Texas Register, February

  20, 1836; Miller, New Orleans and the Texas Revolution, pp. xi–209.

  26. Binkley, The Texas Revolution, pp. 21–22

  27. William G. Cooke Papers, Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library at the Alamo, San Antonio, Texas; Brown, The New Orleans Greys, pp. 11–289.

  28. Miller, New Orleans and the Texas Revolution, pp. 51, 122; Hopewell, James Bowie, pp. 95–96.

  29. Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 23–26; Michener, The Eagle and the Raven, pp. 112–113; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, pp. 14–26; Winders, Sacrificed at the Alamo, pp. 44–47; William A. DePalo, Jr., The Mexican National Army, 1822–1852, (College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1997), p. 33.

  30. Scheina, Santa Anna, p. 26; The Telegraph and Texas Register, September 13, 1836; Michener, The Eagle and the Raven, p. 113; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 26.

  31. Michener, The Eagle and the Raven, p. 113; Roberts and Olson, A Line in the Sand, p. 27.

  32. Scheina, Santa Anna, pp. 25–26; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, p. 18.

  33. Scheina, Santa Anna, p. 27; Lozano,Viva Tejas, pp. 10–11; Hardin, Texian Iliad, p. 102; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, pp. 8, 9, 11; Long, Duel of Eagles, pp. 109–110; Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 15–16. 161,179.

  34. Santos, Santa Anna’s Campaign Against Texas, p. 1; Roger Borroel, editor and translator, Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of 1836, (East Chicago, Indiana: “La Villita Publications,” 2006), vol vi, p. 42; Perry, ed. and trans., With Santa Anna in Texas, pp. 11, 16, 29; Roger Borroel, editor and translator, Field Reports of the Mexican Army During the Texan War of