by Imani Perry
15. William James Edwards, Twenty-Five Years in the Black Belt (Boston: Cornhill, 1918), 54–55.
16. Lance G. E. Jones, The Jeanes Teacher in the United States, 1908–1933: An Account of Twenty-Five Years’ Experience in the Supervision of Negro Rural Schools (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 22.
17. Ibid., 77.
18. Bonnie J. Krause, “‘We Did Move Mountains!’ Lucy Saunders Herring, North Carolina Jeanes Supervisor and African American Educator, 1916–1968,” North Carolina Historical Review 80, no. 2 (April 2003): 188–212.
19. Alice Brown Smith, Forgotten Foundations: The Role of Jeanes Teachers in Black Education (New York: Vantage, 1997), 15.
20. Mildred M. Williams and Kara Vaughn Jackson, The Jeanes Story: A Chapter in the History of American Education, 1908–1958 (Jackson, Miss.: Jackson State University, 1979).
21. Smith, Forgotten Foundations, 34–35.
22. “History of Negro Race Compiled by Teachers; Club Studies, Museum Art, and Mural Decorations at Congressional Library,” Washington Post, May 25, 1924, R3.
23. “Reminiscences of Yesteryear: Roy Hill and Fannie Douglass,” Black Perspective in Music 2, no. 1 (Spring 1974): 61.
24. Alison Stewart, First Class: The Legacy of Dunbar, America’s First Black Public High School (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013).
25. Berea College v. Kentucky, 211 U.S. 45 (1908).
26. George C. Wright, A History of Blacks in Kentucky, vol. 2, In Pursuit of Equality, 1890–1980 (Frankfort: Kentucky Historical Society, 1992), 137.
27. Stewart, First Class, 88.
28. Betty J. Reed, The Brevard Rosenwald School: Black Education and Community Building in a Southern Appalachian Town, 1920–1966 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2004), 90.
29. See Ann Short Chirhart, Torches of Light: Georgia Teachers and the Coming of the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005).
30. Beulah Rucker, A Rugged Pathway, quoted in Winfred E. Pitts, A Victory of Sorts: Desegregation in a Southern Community (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2003), 18.
31. Albert Murray, South to a Very Old Place (New York: Vintage, 1971).
32. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 118.
33. Albert Murray, Stomping the Blues (Boston: Da Capo, 1976), 241.
34. Donald L. Maggin, Dizzy: The Life and Times of John Birks Gillespie (New York: Harper Collins, 2006), 8.
35. Dizzy Gillespie, To Be or Not to Bop (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 8.
36. Maggin, Dizzy, 9.
37. Mildred J. Hudson, “Finding My Life’s Work,” in Multicultural Education: A Reflective Engagement with Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation, ed. Carl A. Grant (New York: Routledge, 1999), 120.
38. Quoted in Julian Bond and Sonya Kathryn Wilson, eds., Lift Every Voice and Sing: A Celebration of the Negro National Anthem, 100 Years, 100 Voices (New York: Random House, 2000), 158–59.
39. Ibid., 44–45.
40. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), June 16, 1925.
41. Vanessa Siddle Walker, Ninth Annual Brown Lecture in Education Research, “Black Educators as Educational Advocates in the Decades before Brown v. Board of Education,” Educational Researcher 42, no. 4 (May 2013): 20–22.
42. Christine A. Woyshner, The National PTA, Race, and Civic Engagement, 1897–1970 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2009).
43. Proceedings of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association, Louisville, April 21–24, 1926, Kentucky Digital Library, http://kdl.kyvl.org/catalog/xt718911nt2s_1.
44. Kentucky Negro Educational Association Journal 6, no. 2 (1935): 22.
45. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 48.
46. Quoted in ibid., 136.
47. Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 10, 1986.
48. Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 26, 1985.
49. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 50.
50. Quoted in ibid., 172.
51. “Falls Church Gleanings,” Washington Bee, August 27, 1921.
52. W. E. B. DuBois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940), 102.
53. Jacqueline Goggin, Carter G. Woodson: A Life in Black History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 85.
54. Ibid., 85.
55. Pero Dagbovie, The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 55.
56. Houston A. Baker Jr., “Meditation on Tuskegee: Black Studies Stories and Their Imbrication,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 9 (Autumn 1995): 53.
57. “Negro History Week,” Augusta Chronicle, February 11, 1929.
58. Howard Thurman, With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard Thurman (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1979), 23.
59. Charles W. Wadelington and Richard F. Knapp, Charlotte Hawkins Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute: What One Young African American Woman Could Do (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 30.
60. Craig Kridel, “Progressive Education in the Black High School: The General Education Board’s Black High School Study, 1940–1948” (2013), http://www.rockarch.org/publications/resrep/kridel2.pdf (retrieved December 20, 2015).
61. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 119.
62. “Negro History Week,” National Notes 32, no. 6 (March 1, 1930): 11.
63. “Book of the Month,” Negro History Bulletin 2, no. 1 (October 1, 1938): 8.
64. Ruth White Willis, “Let Our Rejoicings Rise: A Pantomime with Music and Reading,” Negro History Bulletin 4, no. 8 (May 1, 1941): 187.
65. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 193.
66. Muriel Wellington, “The Negro Anthem,” Negro History Bulletin 12, no. 2 (November 1, 1948): 40.
67. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 147.
68. Quoted in ibid., 102.
69. Quoted in ibid., 105–6.
70. Quoted in ibid., 295.
71. “Ten Years of Bookmobile Service, 1942–1952, Stanford L. Warren Public Library,” North Carolina Digital Collections, State Archives of North Carolina, http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll36/id/1102 (retrieved December 16, 2015).
72. Gertrude Parthenia McBrown, “History Play,” Negro History Bulletin 21, no. 5 (February 1, 1958), 113.
73. W. E. B. DuBois, “Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?,” in “The Courts and the Negro Separate School,” special issue, Journal of Negro Education 4, no. 3 (July 1935): 329.
74. “John W. Davis Contends That ‘Separate but Equal’ Is a Matter for the Legislature Not the Courts to Decide,” in In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century, ed. Senator Robert Toricelli et al. (New York: Washington Square, 1999), 197.
75. Quoted in Carla Kaplan, Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 611.
76. Kansas Historical Society, “Brown v. Board of Education–Oral History Part 1,” https://www.kshs.org/p/brown-v-topeka-board-of-education-oral-history-collection-at-the-kansas-state-historical-society-fin/14000 (retrieved December 15, 2015).
77. Ibid.
78. Scott Baker, “Pedagogies of Protest: African American Teachers and the History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1940–1963,” Teachers College Record 113, no. 12 (2011): 2778.
79. Greg Toppo, “Brown v. Board of Education: Thousands of Black Teachers Lost Jobs,” USA Today, April 28, 2004 (cites National Education Association, “Horizons of Opportunity: Celebrating 50 Years of Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954–2004”). Carol Karpinski, “Faculty Diversity: Brown and the Demise of the Black Principal,” New York City Department of Education.
80. Lee Ann Caldwell, “Pure in Heart, Brave in Spirit: The Life of Silas X. Floyd,” Augusta Magazine, February–March 2015, http://www.augustamagazine.com/Augusta-Magazine/February-March-2015/Pure-in-Heart-Brave
-in-Spirit-The-Life-of-Silas-X-Floyd/ (retrieved December 20, 2015).
81. Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, in The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou (New York: Random House, 2012), 132.
82. Ibid., 139.
83. Ibid., 143.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Barbara Diane Savage, Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938–1948 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 64.
2. Ibid., 65.
3. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), March 6, 1940.
4. Savage, Broadcasting Freedom, 64.
5. Ibid., 75.
6. “Negro Press Challenges the Nation,” Plaindealer (Kansas City, Kans.), March 3, 1944.
7. Cited in Charles A. Simmons, The African American Press: A History of News Coverage during National Crises, with a Special Reference to Four Black Newspapers (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006), 80; and Pat Washburn, “The Pittsburgh Courier’s Double V Campaign in 1942,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism, East Lansing, Mich., August 1981, ed. gov. collection, ED 205 956.
8. “Mass Meeting Monday,” Plaindealer (Kansas City, Kans.), March 28, 1941.
9. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945–2006, 3rd ed. (Oxford: University of Mississippi Press, 2007), 12; Alexander Bielakowski, African American Troops in World War II (Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2012), 4.
10. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 13; Brian Greenberg et al., Social History of the United States (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABL-CLIO, 2008), 40.
11. “Lift Every Voice and Sing Said the Poet: Poems from Our Men in the Armed Forces,” Peachite (Fort Valley, Ga.), December 1, 1944.
12. “Recorded Music,” Dallas Morning News, January 3, 1943.
13. “Music: Song of Faith,” Time, September 14, 1942.
14. Peter Dana, “Johnson’s Stirring Number Defended,” Atlanta Daily World, May 11, 1942.
15. “Religion: In Throop Street,” Time, March 5, 1945.
16. Herbert L. Shore, “The Resurrection and the Life,” Phylon 22, no. 4 (1961): 386.
17. Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Cinematic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 62.
18. James H. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 82.
19. Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 247.
20. Harry Reed, “Me and Jackie Robinson: Awakenings as a Historian,” Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 2, no. 2 (Fall 2000): 87.
21. Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Minority Groups, Part 1, Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 81st Cong., 1st sess., 1949, 479–83 (Joyner Docs CWIS: Y 4: Un 1/2: C 73/11/pt.1).
22. Senator Robert Toricelli et al., eds., In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century (New York: Washington Square, 1999), 170.
23. Maurine Hoffman Beasley et al., eds., The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2001), 510.
24. Philip S. Foner, “Letter to the Editor,” New York Times, May 2, 1987.
25. Ibid.
26. Martha Biondi, The Black Revolution on Campus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).
27. Penny Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
28. Ibid., 57.
29. Quoted in John Oliver Killens, “Charles White, the People’s Artist,” Georgia Review 40, no. 2 (Summer 1986): 453.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Wanda Lloyd, “Boycott ‘Voices’ Document History Once Again,” Montgomery Advertiser, November 27, 2005, 13.
2. Arkansas State Press (Little Rock), January 4, 1957.
3. George G. McCray, “Slang in Ghana Eclipses Harlem’s ‘In New Africa’ Column,” Chicago Defender, April 5, 1958.
4. Homer A. Jack, “Americans at Confab: Attend Event as Observers,” Chicago Defender, January 10, 1959.
5. “Ex-Chicagoan Praised for TV Show in Ohio,” Daily Defender, July 3, 1957.
6. Ted Ston, “Heard and Seen,” Chicago Defender, March 5, 1958.
7. Sponsor, March 1948, 93.
8. “Robeson’s Singing Wins a Great Ovation out West,” Chicago Defender, February 27, 1958.
9. Wilson Fallin Jr., The African American Church in Birmingham, 1815–1963: A Shelter in the Storm (New York: Routledge, 1997), 84.
10. Chicago Defender, March 7, 1959.
11. “Little Rock Central High Student to Speak at First Baptist,” Plaindealer (Kansas City, Kans.), February 28, 1958.
12. Civil Rights Movement Veterans, “1960,” http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm (retrieved July 9, 2015).
13. Highlander Folk School is a social justice training school founded in 1932 by Myles Horton. In the labor and civil rights movement, Highlander was a critically important training site for organizers.
14. David King Dunaway and Molly Beer, Singing Out: An Oral History of America’s Folk Music Revivals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 141–42.
15. Bernice Johnson Reagon, “A Freedom Singer Shares the Music of the Movement,” interview by Neal Conan, Talk of the Nation, WBUR and National Public Radio, August 1, 2012.
16. Faith Holsaert, ed., Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 182.
17. Interview with Bernice Johnson Reagon by Blackside Inc. for Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, Washington University Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection, camera rolls 589–92, sound rolls 1539–40, http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eop;cc=eop;rgn=main;view=text;idno=rea0015.0155.086.
18. Pete Seeger, Everybody Says Freedom: A History of the Civil Rights Movement in Songs and Pictures (New York: Norton, 2009), 76–77.
19. Interview with Bernice Johnson Reagon conducted by Blackside Inc. for Eyes on the Prize.
20. Deborah E. McDowell, Leaving Pipeshop: Memories of Kin (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 131.
21. Ibid., 132.
22. Ibid., 137.
23. Dave Potter, “‘We Shall Overcome’ New Negro Anthem,” Daily Defender, September 17, 1963.
24. University of Georgia, Freedom on Film: Civil Rights in Georgia, cities: Rome, 1963, Student Sit-Ins, civilrights.urga.edu/cities/rome/sit-ins.htm.
25. Bessie Hughes, “The People Speak: Deeply Disturbed,” Chicago Defender, August 8, 1963, 12.
26. Howell Raines, My Soul Is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South (New York: Penguin, 1977), 153.
27. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Selma Jail,” New York Times, February 5, 1965.
28. Shana Alexander, “Three Strangers in Selma,” Life, March 26, 1965, 28.
29. “History Mural for NAACP near Finish,” Atlanta Daily World, July 4, 1969; “College Plans Art Convo Thursday,” Anderson (Ind.) Herald, March 5, 1969.
30. Joseph Tirella, Tomorrow-land: The 1964–65 World’s Fair and the Transformation of America (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013), 160, 197.
31. Ibid.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Herb Aptheker, A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol. 7, From the Alabama Protests to the Death of Martin Luther King Jr. (Secaucus, N.J.: Carol, 2010), 431.
2. Sgt. Gerald Westbrook, “The Essence of Soul,” Negro Digest, May 1964, 12.
3. Ibid., 13.
4. Donald M. Henderson, “Negro Militancy Is Not New: A History of Protest in America,” Negro Digest, February 1965, 36–42.
5. Quoted in Julian Bond and Sonya Kathryn Wilson, eds., Lift Every Voice and Sing: A Celebration of the Negro National Anthem, 100 Years, 100 Voices (New York: Random House, 2000), 199.
6. Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?,” speech delivered at the Eleventh Annual SCLC Convention, Atlanta, August 16, 1967, http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/where_do_we_go_from_here_delivered_at_the_11th_annual_sclc_convention/ (retrieved December 20, 2015).
7. Emily Yellin, “The Sanitation Strike, the Assassination and Memphis in 1968,” American Radioworks, http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/king/yellin.html (retrieved December 20, 2015).
8. Martin Luther King Jr., excerpted from The Radical King, ed. Cornel West (Boston: Beacon, 2015), http://www.truth-out.org/progressivepicks/item/28568-martin-luther-king-jr-all-labor-has-dignity (retrieved December 20, 2015); Martin Luther King Jr., Mason Temple, Memphis, Tennessee, March 18, 1968.
9. Martin Luther King Jr., “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” April 3, 1968, http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_ive_been_to_the_mountaintop_3_april_1968.1.html (retrieved December 20, 2015).
10. Donald Johnson, “Afro-American Flag Raised,” Boston Globe, April 9, 1968, 13.
11. Adam Fairclough, A Class of Their Own: Black Teachers in the Segregated South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), 389.
12. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, Assignment America, air date February 25, 1975.
13. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing.
14. Lynn Abbot and Doug Seroff, “Time, Harmony, and Articulation: Quartet Training and the Birmingham Gospel Quartet Style,” in To Do This You Must Know How: Music Pedagogy in the Black Gospel Quartet (Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2013), 141.
15. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 311.
16. Howell Raines, My Soul Is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South (New York: Penguin, 1977), 107.
17. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 27–28.
18. Leroi Jones, “Home on the Range,” in “Black Theatre,” special issue, Drama Review 12, no. 4 (Summer 1968): 110.
19. Quoted in Bond and Wilson, Lift Every Voice and Sing, 110.
