Reading Ovid

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Reading Ovid Page 25

by Peter Jones


  Study section

  1. Write out and scan ll.593–8.

  2. What picture of Arethusa emerges from this story? How is it different from e.g. that of Daphne (passage 2) and Io (passage 3), and why? (Bear in mind who the narrator is.)

  3. Account for the changes Ovid has made to the two epic similes at 626–9.

  4. Does Arethusa express any resentment at her treatment by Alpheus? Why not?

  Vocabulary and grammar

  572 exigō 3 ask

  alm-us a um kindly

  Cerēs Cerer-is 3f. Ceres

  nātā: i.e. Proserpina

  sēcūr-us a um free of care, relieved

  573 tibi: in this part of Calliope’s reported song, Ceres is envisaged to be chatting away with Arethusa

  causa fugae [sit]: in her earlier encounter with Arethusa (5.487–508), Ceres had learned that Arethusa, though born in Greece, now regarded Sicily as her home

  574 conticeō 2 fall silent. The undae = the waters of Arethusa’s spring

  575 siccō 1 remove excess moisture from, dry

  capillōs: acc. of respect after siccāta

  576 Ēlē-us a um of Elis (in Greece, through which the river Alpheus ran)

  577 Achāis Achāid-is 3f. Achaea, the Peloponnese (southern Greece)

  578 studiōs-us a um keen, eager (here a comp. adv.; note mē, abl., and the clever verbal balancing of 578–9)

  salt-us ūs 4m. glade

  579 cass-is is 3m. hunting-net

  581 fōrmōs-us a um beautiful; (noun) a beauty. Note the word-play with fortis, fāma and fōrma in 580–1

  582 iuuō 1 please

  583 rūstic-us a um from the country

  dōs dōt-is 3f. gift, dowry (of beauty). Here it is abl. expressing cause, RL108.2, WSuppl.syntax

  584 ērubēscō 3 ērubuī blush, feel shame

  crīmen: supply esse, ‘it to be a crime to . . .’

  585 lass-us a um tired, exhausted

  reuertor 3 dep. turn back from (+ abl.)

  Stymphālis Stymphālid-is 3 of Stymphalus (in the Peloponnese)

  586 geminō 1 double

  587 uertex uertic-is 3m. eddy, swirl. The description of a locus amoenus begins (see Introduction, p. 8)

  *murmur -is 3n. low noise, murmur

  588 perspicu-us a um clear

  numerābil-is e able to be counted

  589 calcul-us ī 2m. pebble

  īre: i.e. flow, move (aquās still subject)

  putārēs: note conditional subj. and ‘apostrophe’. Do the spondees of quās tū uix īre putārēs imitate the sluggishness of the river?

  590 cān-us a um white

  salict-um ī 2n. willow

  nūtriō 4 feed

  pōpul-us ī 2f. poplar tree

  591 sponte suā of its own accord

  nātās . . . umbrās: object of dabant; nāt-us here means ‘natural’

  rīpīs: dat. pl.

  dēclīu-is e sloping

  592 tingō 3 tīnxī dip

  593 poples poplit-is 3m. knee

  tenus + abl. up to, so far as

  content-us a um satisfied

  recingor 3 (pass.) strip

  594 impōnō 3 place X (acc.) on Y (dat.). Nearly a golden line

  salix salic-is 3f. willow

  uēlāmen uēlāmin-is 3n. clothes

  595 feriō 4 strike

  596 excutiō 3/4 excussī excussum shake (out)

  iactō 1 throw

  597 gurges gurgit-is 3m. stream, flood, eddy. A sinister golden line

  598 īnsistō 3 stand

  propior -is nearer

  599 Alphē-us ī 2m. god of the river Alpheus, who lives in its streams

  600 rauc-us a um husky, hoarse

  602 īnstō 1 press forward, be urgent

  603 parāt-us a um ready, prepared

  605 *accipiter accipitr-is 3m. hawk. Note the verbal balance and variety of 604–6

  trepidō 1 tremble

  *columb-a ae 1f. dove

  606 trepid-us a um terrified

  urgeō 2 chase

  607 Orchomenon: Greek acc. of Orchomenos; the first of a list of six Greek locations, in the order three towns, two mountain areas and a region. The three towns of 607 are given their locations in the three areas of 608

  Psōphīda: Greek acc. of Psophis

  Cyllēnēn: Greek acc. of Cyllene (note the rare fifth-foot spondee)

  608 Maenali-us a um of Maenalos

  sin-us ūs 4m. hollow, gulf

  Erymanthon: Greek acc. of Erymanthus

  Ēlin: Greek acc. of Elis

  610 tolerō 1 sustain

  impār -is unequal in (+ abl.)

  611 patiēns able to put up with (+ gen.)

  [But even . . . I ran]: a later addition to the text

  614 praecēdō 3 move ahead

  615 nisi sī timor: ‘unless it was my fear that . . . ’

  616 sonit-us ūs 4m. sound

  617 crīnāl-is e in my hair

  uitt-a ae 1f. band

  adflō 1 breathe on

  anhēlit-us ūs 4m. gasping

  619 armiger -a -um armour-bearer

  620 inclūs-us a um enclosed

  621 spiss-us a um dense, thick

  *nūb-ēs is 3f. cloud

  ūnam: i.e. of the clouds

  622 iniciō 3/4 iniēcī throw

  lūstrō 1 survey, scan

  cālīgō cālīgin-is 3f. mist

  tēctam: supply mē

  623 *amn-is is 3m. river (god)

  cau-us a um hollow

  nūbil-um ī 2n. cloud

  624 *bis twice

  īnsc-us a um ignorant

  ambiō 4 go round, skirt

  625 iō hey! Note the three hiatuses involving iō (see passage 1, 1.363)

  626 quid animī: lit. ‘what [of] mind’, i.e. what thoughts (subject of fuit), RLL(d)2, W15

  anne quod agnae est: lit. ‘whether [my animus is] what it is for a lamb’ (gen. of characteristic)

  627 lup-us ī 2m. wolf

  circum + acc., around

  stabul-um ī 2n. sheepfold, pen

  fremō 3 howl

  628 lepus lepor-is 3m. hare

  uepr-is is 3m. thorn-bush

  hostīl-is e hostile

  629 can-is is 3m./f. dog

  mot-us ūs 4m. movement

  630 abscēdō 3 leave (the god is the subject)

  631 longius: i.e. further on

  632 obsideō 2 obsessī obsessum besiege

  sūdor -is 3m. sweat

  frīgid-us a um cold

  633 caerule-us a um blue-green (because she is a water-nymph)

  gutt-a ae 1f. drop

  634 mānō 1 drip

  635 rōs rōr-is 3m. dew

  citius more quickly

  renārrō repeat, tell

  636 latic-ēs um 3m. pl. water

  637 quod: refers to ōre

  638 propri-us a um own

  misceō 2 mix X (acc.) into Y (dat.), i.e. have intercourse with

  639 Dēli-a ae 1f. Delia (lit. ‘born on Delos’), i.e. Diana

  rumpō 3 rūpī break, cleave

  caec-us a um blind, dark

  cauern-a ae 1f. cavern

  640 aduehor 3 pass. be carried off

  641 Ortygi-a ae 1f. Ortygia, an island at the entrance to the harbour of Syracuse. Arethusa was carried along an underground river from Greece to this island in Sicily, where she finally emerged into the upper air again and became a spring

  cognōmine dīuae . . . meae: i.e. because it bore the name of my [patron] goddess. Ortygia (‘Quail island’) was the original name of the Greek island of Delos, where Diana (Artemis) and Apollo were born

  Notes

  572–84: Calliope reports how Ceres, relieved at the return of her daughter, asked Arethusa about her flight and transformation into a fōns (572–3). It will emerge that, as a young girl from the region of Elis in Greece, Arethusa had been pursued by the local river-god Alpheus and ended up in Sicily as a spring (goddess). It is interesting that Aret
husa describes Alpheus’ attempted rape as amōrēs (see Introduction, pp. 9–10). Arethusa/her spring falls silent as she rises from its waves, wrings the water out of her hair – a homely touch: no nymph can tell her story with wet hair – and prepares to tell the tale of what happened to her long ago (574–6).

  Arethusa’s situation is typical of a number of Ovid’s heroines: a country (583) girl, part of a gang (577–8), with an enthusiasm for and skill in hunting (578–9, cf. fortis 581), known for her beauty but having no interest in it. Indeed, she thought it wrong to be attractive in this way – that was for others (580–4). She is, in other words, a simple, modest girl. We know what happens to such girls in Ovid.

  585–98: She goes hunting; it is summer; she gets hot and tired (585–6) – no surprise, since Stymphalus, from which she is returning, is sixty miles from her home in the Elis region. Lo, she comes across a locus amoenus: clear, still, silent water (587–9 – note how she elicits the listener’s sympathy with putārēs, 589), and overhanging trees (willows and poplars, common beside rivers), fed by the stream, giving shade to the banks (590–1). She takes all her clothes off and plunges in, and Ovid lingers over the strip show – she dabbles the toes, goes in up to the knees, finds it all irresistible (neque eō contenta), then off with the clothes (carefully hanging them from a willow-tree, 594 – a nice touch) and in she glides (592–5). Then what happens? Enter a river-god. Ovid motivates his entrance by making Arethusa splash around a lot (595–6) – more horizontal drowning than swimming, but the ancients were not renowned for their interest in the activity – and in such a normally peaceful spot it is not surprising Alpheus notices. But Arethusa too senses something is wrong, and territa – this is such a quiet spot – immediately hops out onto the nearer bank (597–8). But are her clothes within reach . . . ? One’s thoughts race at the delightful vision, all the more agreeable for being left to the imagination. The answer is, of course, no (601–2).

  599–617: Alpheus twice bellows the same question roughly at her (599–600: subtlety is not his strength), and that is enough to put Arethusa to flight (see 573), naked too, for reasons she explains, making Alpheus all the more enthusiastic, as she well understands (601–3). One cannot blame him (she certainly does not seem to). He is a pagan god. In his eyes, what are beautiful naked women in woods for? Especially ones who have been frolicking about in his river? The chase is accompanied by an image adapted from Homer: ‘As a mountain hawk, the fastest thing on wings, effortlessly swoops after a timid dove; under and away the dove dives off, and the hawk, shrieking close behind, strikes at it again and again . . . ’ (Iliad 22.139–42, Rieu–Jones). Arethusa sees the chase from both sides – the pursuer and the pursued, the terrifying and the terrified – and in language that closely mirrors the opposing points of view (604–6). The length of the chase is ludicrous: to interleave 607–8, Alpheus to Orchomenus (near the plain of Maenalus) is thirty-five miles; from there to Psophis (near Mount Erymanthus) is twenty-five miles; and from there to Cyllene (on the coast in Elis) is forty-five miles – a grand total of 105 miles. Fit girl, Arethusa, especially when you realise that her day’s hunting had already taken her to Stymphalus (sixty miles from home) and then back to the Alpheus (say, fifty miles) where she had (briefly) enjoyed her cooling dip. But this is what people in myth can do. Arethusa is going well, but the god’s stamina is superior and, whether she imagines seeing his shadow or not (a nice touch, 615), she hears his feet and feels his panting breath on her hair (609–17) – a vivid, Homeric touch. In the funeral games for Patroclus, Odysseus races against Ajax son of Oileus and keeps hard behind him: ‘So close was Odysseus behind Ajax, his feet falling in Ajax’s tracks before the dust had settled down again; and he kept up so well that his breath fanned Ajax’s head. He was desperate to win, and all the Greeks cheered him on, shouting encouragement to a man who was doing all he could already’ (Iliad 23.763–7, Rieu–Jones). In Homer, our eyes are on Odysseus, the pursuer: in Ovid, on the pursued. Arethusa does not, of course, see the terrifying, unseen predator: she has no time to look round.

  618–41: As an enthusiastic huntress, Arethusa (we now learn) had served the virgin goddess Diana as her armour-bearer; to her, therefore, she calls for help (618–20). The goddess responds, hiding Arethusa in thick cloud. This leaves Alpheus baffled, and he stalks around this cloud, repeatedly calling out for her (622–5: after a 105-mile chase, one might have expected Alpheus to register that he was not wanted, but obviously not). Arethusa now turns the spotlight on her feelings which, in an unexpected way, will be the key to her fate. Two apt epic images occur to her: first, 627, sheep hearing wolves howling round a sheepfold (Turnus prowls round the Trojan camp ‘like a wolf in the dead of night, lying in wait in all the wind and rain by a pen full of sheep, and growling at the gaps in the fence, while the lambs keep up their bleating, safe beneath their mothers’, Virgil, Aeneid 9.59–63, West); second, 628–9, a hare cowering under a bush in sight of the hunting dogs’ jaws, terrified of moving (Menelaus leaves the battlefield, looking all round him ‘like an eagle, which is said to have the sharpest sight of any bird in the sky: however high in the air, it still spots the swift hare crouching under a leafy bush and swoops down, seizes it and takes its life’, Iliad 17.674–8, Rieu–Jones). But, dim and baffled (623, 624) as Alpheus is, he does not give up – after all, he sees no footprints leading away from the cloud, so she must still be in there – so he just keeps watching and waiting (630–1). Back to Arethusa, on whom the pressure is beginning to tell: she starts to sweat, drops fall, the ground under her feet gets soaked, it pours from her hair – and lo, she is gradually and almost naturalistically liquefying (632–6! – though we are not told that Diana brought this about). At this point Arethusa presumably starts trickling her way out of the cloud; at any rate, Alpheus, who may be dim in some respects but knows a thing or two about water, realises the stream must be her and immediately reverts to liquid form himself in order to mate with her (636–8). But Diana now intervenes to anticipate him. She splits the earth, Arethusa pours into it before Alpheus can do anything about it and, swept due west along an underground tunnel under the sea, surfaces about 250 miles away on Ortygia, an island off Syracuse in Sicily (639–41). Virtue triumphant! It is rare for a nymph in Metamorphōsēs to escape the attentions of a rampant god.

  11 Minerva and Arachne, Metamorphōsēs 6.1–145

  Background

  The Arethusa story (passage 10) was one of the contributions made by the Muse Calliope (as reported by another Muse) in the singing contest to which the Muses had been challenged by the proud (mortal) daughters of Pierus. The Muses, naturally, won, and the Pierides were turned into chattering magpies. These stories were being told to Minerva; and in this story, Minerva (who thoroughly approved of the Muses’ revenge) remembered that she had been challenged to a weaving contest by the mortal Arachne. This leads Ovid to tell the story of Minerva’s action against her.

  6.1–13: Minerva looks for revenge on the lowly but brilliant weaver Arachne

  †praebuerat dictīs Trītōnia tālibus aurēs,

  †carminaqueĀonidum iūstamque probāuerat īram.

  tum sēcum: †‘laudāre parum est, laudēmur et ipsae,

  nūmina^ nec †spernī sine poenā ^nostra sināmus.’

  †Maeoniaeque animum fātīs intendit Arachnēs,

  5

  †quam sibi lānificae^ nōn cēdere laudibus ^artis

  audierat. nōn †illa locō nec orīgine gentis

  clāra, sed arte, fuit. pater hc †Colophōnius Idmōn

  †Phōcaicō bibulās tingēbat mūrice lānās;

  †occiderat māter, sed et haec dē plēbe suōque

  10

  aequa uirō fuerat. †Ldās tamen illa per urbēs

  quaesierat studiō nōmen †memorābile quamuīs,

  orta domō paruā, paruīs habitābat †Hypaepīs.

  6.14–25: Everyone came to see Arachne’s work, which looked like Minerva’s

  hus ut adspicerent opu
s †admīrābile, saepe

  dēseruēre suī nymphae †uīnēta Timōlī,

  15

  dēseruēre suās nymphae †Pactōlides undās.

  nec factās sōlum uestēs, †spectāre iuuābat

  †tum quoque cum fierent: tantus decor adfuit artī.

  †sīue rudem prīmōs lānam glomerābat in orbēs,

  seu digitīs subigēbat opus, †repetītaque^ longō*

  20

  †^uellera mollībat nebulās ^aequantia *tractū,

  sīue leuī †teretem uersābat pollice fūsum,

  seu †pingēbat acū – scīrēs ā Pallade doctam.

  †quod tamen ipsa negat, tantāque offēnsa magistrā

  ‘certet’ ait ‘mēcum: †nihil est quod uicta recūsem!’

  25

  Figure 2 Spinning on Ithaca.

  6.26–33: Minerva, disguised as an old woman, tells Arachne to be humble

  Pallas anum simulat, falsōsque in tempora †cānōs

  addit et †īnfirmōs, baculō quōs sustinet, artūs.

  tum sīc orsa loquī: ‘nōn omnia †grandior aetās,

  †quae fugiāmus, habet; sērīs uenit ūsus ab annīs.

  cōnsilium †nē sperne meum. tibi fāma^ petātur

  30

  inter mortālēs faciendae ^maxima lānae.

  cēde deae, ueniamque tuīs, †temerāria, dictīs

  †supplice uōce rogā: ueniam dabit illa rogantī.’

  6.34–52: Arachne refuses and accepts Minerva’s challenge to a contest

  †adspicit hanc toruīs, inceptaque fīla relinquit,

  uixque manum retinēns, cōnfessaque uultibus īram,

  35

  tālibus obscūram †resecūta est Pallada dictīs:

  ‘mentis †inops longāque uenīs cōnfecta senectā,

 

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