by Ray Raphael
Chapter 4 is from Benson J. Lossing, The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1851–1852).
Chapter 7, by Barry Faulkner, is from the National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Chapters 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, and 15 are from the Granger Collection, New York.
INDEX
Note: Page numbers in boldface represent images.
ABC-CLIO (Internet reference site), 336n25
abolitionists: on black patriots, 210–11, 374n14; Longfellow and, 331n20; and Underground Railroad, 221
Adams, Abigail, 49, 168, 228; as Founder, 161, 164, 221, 340n2; and the Massachusetts Revolution, 350n50; textbooks and, 305
Adams, John, 167–70, 366n16, 391n12; and Samuel Adams, 27, 31; and the Continental Congress, 168–70; and Declaration of Independence, 133–34, 313, 358n31, 359n32; as Founding Father, 157, 158, 167–70, 367n22; and Fourth of July celebrations, 281; and Jefferson, 133–34, 142, 365n8; and Massachusetts “independency†movement, 37–38, 85
Adams, Samuel, 4, 27–48, 157, 300; as architect of independence, 36–38, 300, 336n25, 337n30; attempts to implicate as traitor, 32–33, 334n12; and Boston Massacre, 31, 34–35; and Boston Tea Party, 29, 31, 35–36, 335n22; depiction as master revolutionary strategist, 30–33, 38–40, 314–15; historians and, 27, 33, 41–44; and Massachusetts Revolution, 85, 89, 91–92, 350n42; opposition to violence and rebellions, 38–40; and Paul Revere’s ride, 11, 13, 18, 89, 296; portrait, 28; and Stamp Act Riots, 31, 33–34, 45, 334n16; Tory adversaries, 30–33, 42, 44, 47
Advanced Placement (AP) United States History test, 320–22
Adventurers for Draining the Great Dismal Swamp, 222
African Americans. See black historians; black patriots, myth of; slaves and slavery
Albemarle volunteers, 182
Alexander, John K., 344n33
Ali, Hyder, 255
Allen, Paul, 91, 199, 291–92
Allentown, New Jersey, 62
American Academy of Language and Belles Lettres, 291
American Anecdotes: Original and Select, 14, 56–58
American Historical Association, 294
The American Journey (Prentice Hall textbook), 389n32
American National Biography, 66, 200, 372n27, 390n5
American Pageant (Bailey), 42–44, 259, 317, 384n42
American Political Society (APS), 79–80, 81
The American Promise (Bedford/St Martin’s), 388n23
American Revolution (DK Eyewitness Books), 306
American Revolution Written in the Style of Ancient History (1793 textbook), 290
American Sphinx (Ellis), 124
Andrews, John, 32, 83–84, 394n3
Anecdotes of the American revolution (1828), 289
Angel in the Whirlwind (Bobrick), 372n27
Annual Register (Britain), 90, 252–53, 285–86
Anti-Federalists, 143, 284–85
Aptheker, Herbert, 212
Armistead, James, 217
art. See visual arts and the American Revolution
Articles of Confederation, 41, 143, 144–45, 148, 150, 276
“Atlantic world,†260–61, 315, 385n46
Bailey, Thomas A., 42–44, 259, 317
Baldwin, Abraham, 152–53
Bancroft, George, 15, 292–94, 331n19; on Samuel Adams, 33, 35–36, 41, 338n53; on black patriots and the Revolution, 374n14; on British brutality, 234–35; and Bunker Hill, 199, 374n14; and Massachusetts Revolution, 91; and Paul Revere’s ride, 15; on post-Yorktown War and global context, 258; on Valley Forge winter, 354n49
Barnstable, Massachusetts, 83
Bates, Issachar, 194, 195
Battle of the Saints, 254–55
Beard, Charles A., 92, 144, 376n19
Beard, Mary, 376n19
Becker, Carl, 92, 376n19
Bedford, Gunning, Jr., 145–46, 361n7
Beginner’s American History (Montgomery), 275
Belknap, Jeremy, 13–14
Bernard, Thomas, 18
Bigelow, Timothy, 82, 85, 88
Bingham, George Caleb, 262
Binney, Barnabas, 284
Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (Sanderson), 159, 289
Birnbaum, Louis, 34, 372n27
Black Guides and Pioneers, 222
black historians, 212–15, 376nn20–21
Black Horse Tavern (Menotomy), 19
black patriots, myth of, 205–23; abolitionists on, 210–11, 374n14; Continental Army soldiers, 206–8, 212–13, 217, 374n8, 374–75n14; historians on, 210–15, 374n14, 375–76n19, 376nn20–21; post–Civil War, 143, 211; textbooks on, 212, 216–19, 377n31, 378n45. See also slaves and slavery
Black Pioneers, 222
Bobrick, Benson, 346n48, 372n27
Body of the Trade, 45
Boone, Daniel, 262
Boston, Massachusetts: Samuel Adams and, 27–48; local declaration of independence, 129; Old North Church, 9, 11, 20, 24; Stamp Act riots, 31, 33–34, 45, 334n16; town meetings, 46–47, 79, 339n58. See also Massachusetts Revolution of 1774
Boston Caucus, 32, 45, 47
Boston Committee of Correspondence, 46, 47
Boston Gazette, 14, 38–39, 46
Boston Massacre, 31, 34–35
Boston Port Act, 25, 78–79, 90
Boston Society for Encouraging Trade and Commerce, 44–45
Boston Tea Party, 29, 31, 35–36, 77–78, 296, 335n22, 335n24, 347n5
Bourn, Melatiah, 44
Bowman, Solomon, 20
Boyd, Julian, 134, 359n31
Brandywine, Battle of, 54, 192
Brearly, David, 148
Breed’s Hill, Battle of, 158, 195–97. See also Bunker Hill, Battle of
Britain. See British brutality, myth of; Great Britain and the Revolutionary War; Yorktown, British defeat at
British brutality, myth of, 224, 225–39; and brutal civil war in the South, 228–39; historians, 232–39; and The Patriot (film), 225–31, 236–37; and Waxhaws incident, 190–91, 228–29
Broom, Jacob, 160
Brown, Peter, 193, 196
Brown, Solomon, 19
Brown, Thomas, 230, 232–33, 234, 237
Brown, William Wells, 376n20
brutality of the Revolution in the South, 228–39, 248. See also British brutality, myth of
Buchanan, John, 229
Buckingham County, Virginia, 129
Buckman Tavern (Lexington), 19
Buford, Abraham, 190–91, 228–29
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 86, 158, 189–201; actual battle, 195–97; artistic depictions, 188, 200–201; black soldiers, 374n14; commander’s identity, 199–200, 372n25; creation of myth, 197–201; firsthand accounts, 193–96, 371n15; historians, 197–200, 372n25, 372n27, 373n28; myth of man-to-man combat (“whites of their eyes†command), 188, 189–201, 372n25, 372n27, 373n28; Prescott and, 189, 193–94, 199–200, 372n25, 372n27, 373n28; Putnam and, 158, 189, 198–200, 371n22, 372n25, 372n27, 373n28; textbooks, 200–201
Burgoyne, John, 246
Burke, Edmund, 285–86
Burr, Aaron, 161, 164, 365n8
Burr-Hamilton duel, 365n8
Bush, Charles G., 8
Butterfield, Emily Lewis, 59
California Indian lands, 388n31
California Public Schools, History and Social Science Standards, 306–7
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 20, 89, 348n16
“camp followers,†51, 53–56, 60, 66, 69–70, 341n14
Campbell, William, 231
Canada,
British, 271
Canning, Elizabeth, 345n33
“Captain Molly†name and legend, 53–60, 64–65, 69–71, 342n20, 343n26, 345n42. See also Pitcher, Molly
Carey, Matthew, 286–87
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 51, 53, 61–67, 344n33, 345n42
Carroll, Charles, 282
Carter, Dennis Malone, 60
Cayuga Indians, 265–66, 272
Centennial and Memorial Association of Valley Forge, 118
Chappel, Alonzo, 188
Charles of Prussia, Prince, 190
Charleston, Battle of, 192
Charlestown, Massachusetts, 18, 19, 25, 195
Chase, Samuel, 169, 282, 390–91n6
Cherokee Indians, 184, 234, 267–70
Chester, John, 193
Chickamauga Indians, 184, 269–70
China, 254
Choctaw Indians, 269–70
Church, Benjamin, 14, 334n12, 349n34
Civil War, American, 143
Clark, George Rogers, 271–72, 273–75, 278, 386n17
Clarke, Jonas, 19
Clendenin, Rebecca, 343n29
Clinton, Henry, 205, 218, 229, 246–47
Clymer, George, 160, 282
“Coercive Acts,†78–80, 83, 90–91, 94, 396n6
Cohen, Lizabeth, 384n42
Cold War, 179, 259
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (Nell), 210–11
Columbian (journal), 285–86
Commager, Henry Steele, 65, 92, 263–64
Committee of Detail, 151
Committees of Correspondence, 43, 46, 47, 82, 300, 307
Common Core State Standards, 306–7, 319–23, 398n16
Common Sense (Paine), 137–38, 238, 360n46
Conant, Colonel, 18
Concord, Massachusetts, 394n3; and Massachusetts Revolution of 1774, 88–89, 351n54; and Paul Revere’s ride, 11–15, 16–21, 25
“Concord Hymn†(Emerson), 76
Congress, U.S. See Continental Congress
Constitution, U.S.: and Declaration of Independence, 131; notions of equality, 135–36; ratification debates, 131, 143, 369n16; and slavery issue, 135–36, 151–53, 369n16; Washington on, 154
Constitutional Convention. See Federal Convention (1787)
Continental Army, 101–20; black soldiers, 206–8, 212–13, 217, 374n8, 374–75n14; civilians in, 102–3; Hard Winter at Morristown, 107–13, 353n36; hardships, 101–7, 354n39; mutinies and other resistance, 104–7; post-Yorktown, 243–49; recruitment, 102–3; Sullivan campaign against Iroquois, 265–66, 272–375, 388n23, 389n36; Washington and, 70, 104–14, 206–8, 217, 243–49, 307, 354n39, 397–98n13; winter at Valley Forge, 91–120. See also Valley Forge, winter at
Continental Congress, 168–70; John Adams and, 168–70; Samuel Adams and, 41, 336n25; and Continental Army, 102–3, 113–16, 206–8, 212–13, 217; and Declaration of Independence, 129–34, 169–70, 301–2, 390n4, 397n12; First, 25, 37–38, 78, 336n25; Fourth of July celebrations, 281–82, 397n12; and Massachusetts “independency†movement, 37–38, 85; Second, 125; slavery question, 206–8, 217, 365n8; and Sullivan campaign against Iroquois, 265–66, 272; on westward expansion and land ordinances, 275–77
Coombe, Thomas, 352n21
Cooper, William, 44
Copley, John Singleton, 10, 28
Corbin, Margaret, 54, 64–65, 67, 69. See also Pitcher, Molly
Cornwallis, General, 226; defeat and surrender at Yorktown, 242, 243, 246, 256, 260
Cowpens, Battle of, 208, 226
Creek Indians, 269–70
Cuba, 179
Currier, Nathaniel, 50, 60, 242
Custis, George Washington Parke, 57–58, 342n21
Daniels, Bruce, 372n27
Danvers, Massachusetts, 84
Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, 100, 224
Darrah, Lydia, 14
Dartmouth, Lord, 81, 92
Daughters of the American Revolution, 64–65, 294–95
Daughters of the Colonial Wars, 236
David and Goliath tales, 75–77
Davis, Solomon, 44
Dawes, Charles, 22
Dawes, William, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21–24, 312–13, 332n31, 333n33, 333n35, 395n2
The Day the American Revolution Began (Hallahan), 34
Dayton, Jonathan, 148
de Kalb, Johann, 110
De Pauw, Linda Grant, 66
The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker’s Hill (Trumbull painting), 27–29, 200–201
deaths of Revolutionary War: battlefield, 101, 191–92, 197, 351n2, 354n37; disease, 113, 191, 354n37; post-Yorktown, 248–49; Valley Forge winter, 101, 113; at Yorktown, 248
Declaration of Independence, 123–39; Adams and, 133–34, 313, 358n31, 359n32; authorship issues, 123–25, 126–29, 131–34; commemorations, 130, 132, 186, 281–82, 390n4; committee drafting, 129–34, 313, 358n31; Continental Congress and, 129–34, 169–70, 301–2; early reception, 129–34; equality notions, 130–31, 134–37, 359n40; and fear of domestic insurrections, 183; historians and, 123–25, 130, 132, 289–90; Jefferson and, 122, 123–39, 313, 356n8, 358n24, 359n32, 397n12; Lincoln and, 130–31, 134–37, 359n40; and local declarations, 125–29, 130, 137, 169, 313–14, 356n14, 357n15; and Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights, 124, 125–29, 130–31, 313, 359n40; and popular sovereignty, 125; signers and signing, 133, 143, 156, 159–60, 282–83, 289–90, 390nn4–6, 397n12; signing event, 281–82, 390nn4–5; textbooks, 137, 313, 320
Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776 (Trumbull painting), 3, 329n2
declarations of independence, local, 125–29, 130, 137, 169, 313–14, 356n14, 357n15
Delaware and the Great Compromise, 144–50
Delaware Indians, 266–67
Democrat-Republican party, 131–32
Devens, Richard, 18
Devlin, Dean, 206
Dickinson, John, 145, 147, 397n12
Dictionary of American Biography (DAB), 65
“Dirty Kate,†54
disease and Revolutionary War deaths, 113, 191, 354n37
document-based learning and document-based questions (DBQs), 319–23, 398n16, 399n19
Domonech, Augustina, 56
Doolittle, Amos, 74
Douglas, Stephen A., 130, 134
Drayton, William H., 268
Du Bois, W. E. B., 213–14
Dunmore, Lord: proclamation of freedom to slaves, 205, 211, 212–13, 216–18; and Virginia uprising, 181–84
Durivage, Francis Alexander, 57
Earl, Ralph, 74
East India Company, 255
Edes, Benjamin, 46
education, public. See history education and curricula; history textbooks
Eggleston, Edward, 211–12
electoral college, 149–50, 363n21
Ellery, William, 160
Ellis, Joseph: on Abigail Adams, 340n2; and the Founders, 161–63, 164–66, 365n8; on Jefferson and the Declaration, 124
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 76–77, 87–88, 97–98
empire, war of. See global context of the American Revolution
Epic Journeys of Freedom (Pybus), 221
Fallen Timbers, 271
Faulkner, Barry, 140
Federal Convention (1787), 131, 141–55; delegates, 141–44, 159–60, 289–90; electoral college and presidential selection method, 149–50; Madison’s notes, 144, 155, 361n5, 363n20; navigation laws,
153, 363n25; representation and the Great Compromise debates, 144–50, 361n7, 362n14, 362n17, 363n20; slave importation debate, 151–53, 369n16; slavery and three-fifths compromise, 150–53, 363n22; textbooks, 144. See also Constitution, U.S.
The Federalist Papers, 131, 141
Federalists, 131–32, 143, 284, 358n23
Ferling, John, 170, 367n22
Few, William, 160
First Continental Congress, 25, 37–38, 78, 336n25. See also Continental Congress
Fischer, David Hackett, 17–18, 22, 76, 95–96, 236
Fisher, Sydney, 288, 366n16, 392n25
Fiske, John, 22, 211, 235, 294
Fleming, Thomas, 123, 340n2, 380n26; on brutality of the Revolutionary War, 237; on Bunker Hill and Putnam, 372n27
Florida, 247–51, 250
Forbes, Esther, 22
Force, Peter, 293
Fort Clinton, 54, 70, 346n48
Fort Mifflin, 193
Fort Washington, 54, 65, 70, 345n33
Fort William and Mary, 86–87
Forten, James, 217, 221
Founders, 157–71, 305; early candidates, 41, 158–60, 337n42; framers and so-called “signers†of the Declaration, 133, 143, 156, 159–60, 289–90, 390n5, 397n12; as “greatest generation,†160–64, 364nn4–5, 364n7; historians on, 41, 160–71, 289–90, 364n4; and popular sovereignty, 165–70; slaveholders, 134–37, 151–53, 204, 207–8, 215–17, 221–23
Founding Brothers (Ellis), 161, 340n2, 365n8
Fourth of July celebrations, 2, 130, 280, 281–86, 293–94, 397n12
Fowle, Joshua, 13
Fowler, William, 372n27
Fradin, Dennis, 27
France and the American Revolution, 244–45, 247, 249–56, 261
Franklin, Benjamin, 313; as Founding
Father, 158, 159–60, 161, 221; Great Compromise debates, 146
Franklin, John Hope, 214
Frederick County, Maryland, 128–29
Frederick the Great, 190
Fredericksburg, Virginia, 181–82
Free Dictionary (Internet), 317
Freemasons, 13, 46
French and Indian War, 158, 227, 249–50, 252
French Revolution, 366n16
Friendly Sons of Molly Pitcher, 65
From Slavery to Freedom (Franklin), 214
Frost, John, 234, 257–58
